Manasara Series (I. A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture; II. Indian Architecture according to Manasara-Shilpashastra; III. Manasara on Architecture and Sculpture: Sanskrit Text; IV. Architecture of Manasara: Translation; V. Architecture of Manasara: Illustrations; VI. Hindu Architecture in India and Abroad; VII. An Encyclopaedia of Hindu Architecture) v2.c17: Appendix: The Language of the Śilpa-Śāstra

Mānasāra Series (I. A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture; II. Indian Architecture according to Mānasāra-Śilpaśāstra; III. Mānasāra on Architecture and Sculpture: Sanskrit Text; IV. Architecture of Mānasāra: Translation; V. Architecture of Mānasāra: Illustrations; VI. Hindu Architecture in India and Abroad; VII. An Encyclopaedia of Hindu Architecture) v2.c17

Language: English

Appendix: The Language of the Śilpa-Śāstra

v2.c17.2

The following instances taken exclusively from the *Mānasāra* will, it may be hoped, illustrate the style of Sanskrit used in it. Similar illustrations have also been added from a number of inscriptions. They might also be taken from other Śilpa-sāstras; but they are left out for the present in view of the fact that these Śilpa-sāstras are still in manuscript form, and that until their publication, reference to chapter and verse will be practically useless. When a sufficient number of Śilpa-sāstras have been critically edited, and when lists of irregularities like the one we are presenting here have been made from different treatises, a useful attempt may be made to treat the subject in a more systematic manner.

v2.c17.3

CASE IRREGULARITIES

v2.c17.4

v2.c17.5

CASE IRREGULARITIES—(*concluded*)

v2.c17.6

पार्व्वान् *for* पार्श्वेन II, 72. पुष्पिके *for* पुष्पिकाय VIII, 30. पुष्पदन्तं *for* पुष्पदन्ताय VIII, 37. भानुः *for* भानुना or भानुभिः IX, 68. भानुषु *for* भानुम् IX, 206. भास्करः *for* भास्कराय VIII, 27. भित्तिं सह *for* भित्त्या सह XXXIX, 152. मधुगन्धो *for* मधुगन्धे VIII, 27. महेन्द्रके *for* महेन्द्राय VIII, 26. माला *for* मालाम् VII, 158. मासौ *for* मासयोः VI, 31. मोनयोः *for* मोनेषु VI, 33. मुख्यके *for* मुख्यकस्य VIII, 41. मृगात *for* मृगस्य VII, 153. मृगे *for* मृगाय VIII, 43. शयने Loc. *for* शयनम् Acc II, 54. रोगं *for* रोगः VII, 91. वितथे *for* वितथाय VIII, 31. विवस्वान् *for* विवस्वतः VII, 113. विशेषतः *for* विशेषेण II, 47. विस्तारे *for* विस्तारस्य III, 24. विष्णुरालयम् *for* विष्णोशलयम् or विष्ण्वालयम् IX, 257. शालानां *for* शालाभिः XXIV, 38; see also XXV, 34. शास्त्रे *for* शास्त्रात् IV, 1. शूद्रेः *for* शूद्राणाम् III, 34. शोषे *for* शोषस्य VIII, 39. संग्रहणं पश्चात् *for* संग्रहणात् पश्चात् II, 54. सुग्रीवे *for* सुग्रीवस्य VIII, 37. सूत्रम् *for* सूत्रेण VII, 51. हिक्कान् *for* हिक्कायाः LXV, 169, 170, note हिक्कान् *for* हिक्काय LXVI, 9.

v2.c17.7

DISAGREEMENT IN GENDER, NUMBER OR CASE BETWEEN NOUN AND ADJECTIVE

v2.c17.8

अष्टकं वीथिका IX, 325.

v2.c17.9

आवरणाः सर्वम् *for* आवरणम् सर्वम् IX, 253.

v2.c17.10

उत्तरस्य मुखे *for* उत्तरस्मिन् मुखे II, 12.

v2.c17.11

उत्तरं दिशि *for* उत्तरस्यां दिशि XXXV, 86.

v2.c17.12

गुणितं धूलिः स्मृतम् II, 41.

v2.c17.13

तस्य (*for* तस्मात्) देवालयान् IX, 411.

v2.c17.14

तस्य (*for* तस्मात्) अङ्गुष्ठात् LXV, 141.

v2.c17.15

दारु (n. or m.) प्रकीर्तिता VI, 11.

v2.c17.16

देवताः सर्वे *for* देवताः सर्वाः VIII, 57.

v2.c17.17

देवान् उदितं *for* उदितान् XXXII, 110.

v2.c17.18

नंगरोणां (feminine) सर्वेषाम् (masculine) X, 110, note.

v2.c17.19

निम्नानि मौक्तिकोपेतं *for* मौक्तिकोपेतानि XLV, 123.

v2.c17.20

पूर्वामं शिला सर्वे (feminine plural noun, masculine plural pronominal adjective and neuter singular adjective), LII. 193, cf. 211, 212.

v2.c17.21

प्रतिमां लोहजं प्रोक्तम् LXX, 100.

v2.c17.22

प्रोक्तां *for* प्रोक्तं III, 2.

v2.c17.23

महि (feminine singular noun and the qualifying adjective neuter singular), III, 18—20, 21, 22, 23 25, 26—27, 29, 31.

v2.c17.24

मुष्टिः स्मृतम् (*for* स्मृता) II, 51.

v2.c17.25

मूर्त्तिः प्रोक्तम् (*for* प्रोक्ता) II, 68.

v2.c17.26

DISAGREEMENT IN GENDER, NUMBER OR CASE BETWEEN NOUN AND ADJECTIVE—(*concluded*)

v2.c17.27

यस्मिन् हर्म्येषु *for* येषु हर्म्येषु XXX, 66. युक्तं *for* युक्तः II, 31. युक्तं दिक्षा परिकीर्त्तितम् II, 43. रज्जुः (masculine or feminine noun in the first case neuter) वर्जिताम् (acc. feminine adjective) II, 74. वस्त्वादयः कृतानि *for* वस्त्वादोनि कृतानि LXX, 5. विशालता प्रोक्तं *for* विशालता प्रोक्ता XLVIII, 34. शिल्पिभिः प्राज्ञाः कुर्यात् LXX, 28. सर्वेषाम् *for* सर्वासाम् XII, 150; XXXIV, 281. सर्वेषां देवदेवोनाम् *for* स.र्वासां देवदेवोनाम् LXVII, 77-95. सर्वेषां वोथोनाम् *for* सर्वासाम् वोथोनाम् IX, 197. सर्वेषां शक्तोनाम् *for* सर्वासां शक्तीनाम् XLIX, 52. सर्वेषां शालानाम् *for* सर्वासाम् शालानाम् XXXV, 60, 115. सर्वेषु (plural) गोपुरे (singular) XXXIII, 61. सर्वेषु दिक्षु *for* सर्वासु दिक्षु XXXV, 51.

v2.c17.28

IRREGULARITIES IN GENDER

v2.c17.29

द्वयान् (masculine) *for* द्वयाणि (neuter) VIII, 7, 9. द्वारशोभं (neuter) *for* द्वारशोभा (feminine) XI, 120. धनुग्रहं (neuter) *for* धनुग्रहः (masculine) II, 52. बलिं (neuter) *for* बलिः (masculine) VIII, 50. मन्त्रं (neuter) *for* मन्त्रः (masculine) V, 30; VIII, 15, but) मन्त्रः V, 7. मित्रं *for* मित्रः (deity) VII, 170. रोगं *for* रोगः VII, 91. वर्धनं (neuter) qualifying धरा (feminine) IV, 7 वस्तु treated as feminine IV, 36, also note; treated as masculine. III, 6; confused (वस्त्वाद्यः कृतानि) LXX, 5. वितस्ति treated as neuter II, 49. वृक्षं (neuter) *for* वृक्षः (masculine) VI, 12. वृद्धिं (neuter *for* feminine) XXXIII, 24. शङ्कु used in neuter instead of masculine VI, 16. संयुक्तं (neuter) qualifying धरा (feminine) IV, 7. सर्वेषाम् *for* सर्वासाम् (देवदेवोनां) XII, 150, XXXIV, 281. हस्त (neuter) *for* masculine II, 52; but masculine II, 51.

v2.c17.30

DECLENSION MISTAKES

v2.c17.31

अदिते *for* अदितौ XII, 84. उभय्येः *for* उभयोः II, 68. कर्मम् *for* कर्म VIII, 62. कर्मस्य *for* कर्मणः I, 17. कुक्षियोः *for* कुक्ष्यौः XXXV, 200. गुरौ *for* गुरू XLIX, 175. चक्रवर्त्तिः *for* चक्रवर्त्ती XLII, 2; XLI, 43. चक्रवर्त्तीनां *for* चक्रवर्त्तिनाम् XLV, 128. जन्मम् *for* जन्म XLV, 143. जात्यैः *for* जातिभिः XIII, 146. जान्वयोः *for* जान्वोः LXVII, 36. तपस्वीनां *for* तपस्विनाम् XXXII, 89. दण्डाद्यैः *for* दण्डादिभिः IX, 10. दशान् *for* दश XXXII. 153 दार्वै *for* दारौ XXXI, 70. देवतान् *for* देवताः VII, 253. देवभिः *for* देवैः XLVIII, 61. द्रव्यान् *for* द्रव्याणि VIII, 79. नगरस्याद् बहिः *for* नगराद् बहिः IX, 409. नाभ्यात् *for* नाभ्याः LXV, 174. नामम् *for* नाम II, 6, VII, 2, 11, 13, 20, 36, (not uniform, cf. 3, 4). नामस्य *for* नाम्नः XXXIV, 541. .& नाम्नैः / & and / & नामैः *for* नामभिः XV. 304; VIII, 14. नास्यैः *for* नासिभिः XXIV, 40. पञ्चात् *for* पञ्चभ्यः XLIII 142. परिखैः *for* परिखाभिः X, 106. परिघैः *for* परिखाभिः X, 100, note. पाष्ण्ययो *for* पाष्ण्योः LXVII, 37, 82. पूषस्य *for* पूषणः VII, 137. ध्रुवयो *for* ध्रुवोः LXVII, 33. मन *for* मनस् LIV, 3. मात्रं *for* either मातरः or मातृः XXX, 79. मित्रस्यम् (an impossible form) VII, 114. रथ्येषु *for* रथ्यासु IX, 323. रेखैः *for* रेखाभिः L, 206. वारुणे *for* वारुणाय XIII, 39. विधातस्य *for* विधातुः VII, 138, 139. विवश्वते *for* विवस्वति XII, 86. वृद्धेन *for* वृद्धैः XXXIII, 67. वेदिकाद्यैः *for* वेदिकादिभिः XXXV, 93. वेद्यैः *for* वेदिभिः XXI, 65. शङ्कूः *for* शङ्कन् VI, 120. शालैः *for* शालाभिः XXII, 95. शिरस्य *for* शिरसः XLIX, 130, LIV, 121. शिल्पीनाम् *for* शिल्पिनाम् II, 1, 39, see note. श्रोण्यात् *for* श्रोण्याः LXVI, 35; LXVII, 62, 137. संख्येन *for* संख्यया XI, 105. संख्ययोः *for* संख्यौः XXXV, 242. सप्तमात्रं *for* सप्तमातरं XXX, 11. सर्वे *for* सर्वस्मिन् VII, 117, also note; XXIV, 17; XXXIII, 108. सवित्रे *for* सवित्राय VIII, 46. हिक्कात् *for* हिक्कायाः LXV, 169, 170, note.

v2.c17.32

DECLENSION MISTAKES—(*concluded*)

v2.c17.33

| **हिक्कात्** *for* **हिक्कायाः** LXVI, 9. | **नाम्नैः** *for* **नामभिः** XV, 304. |
| **हेमम्** *for* **हेम** XLIX 74, 83. | **नामैः** ,, ,, VIII, 14 |
| *Nouns ending in* **न्** *and* **स्** *treated as* **स्वरान्त** (**अकारान्त** *or* **इकारान्त**) : | **नामम्** *for* **नाम** VII, 2, 11, 13, 20, 36, not uniform, cf. 43. |
| **कर्मस्य** *for* **कर्मणः** I, 17. | **नाम** *for* **नाम्ना** II, 23, 31. |
| **कर्मम्** *for* **कर्म** VIII, 62. | **पूषस्य** *for* **पूषणः** VII, 137. |
| **चक्रवर्तिः** *for* **चक्रवर्ती** XLII, 2; XLI, 43. | **मन** *for* **मनस्** LIV, 3. |
| **जन्मम्** *for* **जन्म** XLV, 143. | **शिरस्य** *for* **शिरसः** LIV, 121; XLIX, 130. |
| **जन्मन्** used as **जन्म** XIII, 119, 144, 241, 260, | |
| not as a rule, cf. XIII, 271; XV, 213; XXVI, 6. | **शिर** *for* **शिरः** XXII, 9, 41; XXI, 48. |
| **दाम** *for* **दामन्** LIV, 10. 95. | **सद्मन्** used as **सद्म** XVI, 9. |
| **नामं वक्षे** (*for* **नाम** ) II, 6. | **हेम** *for* **हेमन्** LIV, 55. |
| **नामस्य** *for* **नाम्नः** XXXIV, 541. | **हेमम्** *for* **हेम** XLIX, 74, 83. |
| **नाम** *for* **नामन्** XXVII, 18; XXVI, 6. | **हेमन्** used as **हेम** XII, 144, 160, 161; XV, 417. |

v2.c17.34

OMISSION OF CASE-ENDINGS

v2.c17.35

| **कनिष्ठ** *for* either **कनिष्ठे** or **कनिष्ठः** II, 48. | **मानोपकरणोच्यते** *for* **मानोपकरणमुच्यते** II, 39. |
| **कर्मन्** *for* **कर्म** XII, 212; XVII, 2. | **लोष्ट** *for* **लोष्ठेण** VI, 115. |
| **जन्मन्** *for* **जन्म** XIII, 119, 144, 241, 260. | **वणे** *for* **वर्णः** or **वर्णम्** II, 30. |
| **नाश** *for* **नाशः** VII, 91. | **वर्धकीति** *for* **वर्धकिरिति** II, 19, 23, 25, 33. |
| **पैशाच** *for* **पैशाचम्** VII, 57, 58. | **विष्णु** *for* **विष्णोः** XXI, 74. |

v2.c17.36

WRONG COMPOUNDS

v2.c17.37

| .**त्र्यङ्गुल** / **त्रियङ्गुल** *for* **अङ्गुलत्रय** or **त्र्यङ्गुल** VI, 20 and note. | **त्रिदश** *for* **त्रयोदश** XI, 25, cf. 41, 45, 49. |
| | **प्रथमारथ्ये** *for* **प्रथमायां रथ्यायां** or **प्रथम-रथ्यायां** IX, 222. |

v2.c17.38

WRONG COMPOUNDS—(*concluded*)

v2.c17.39

पदाग्निके *for* पद्रे or पदः अग्निके VII, 127. शिलाचेष्टकयो *for* शिलेष्टकयोः XL, 68. विष्णुशालयम् *for* विजावालयम् or विष्णोशालयम् IX, 257. समविस्तार *for* विस्तारसम IX, 165.

v2.c17.40

WRONG SANDHI

v2.c17.41

अधोप्रदेश *for* अधःप्रदेश XXXIII, 81. आदित्यो तत् *for* आदित्यस्तत् XXXV, 191. चतुःपञ्च *for* चतुष्पञ्च (compulsory *sandhi* ignored) IX, 199; XII, 199. जन्मनोपरि *for* जन्मन् उपरि XLV, 179, etc. द्वयैक *for* द्व्येक XXXIV, 310. देव ऋपेः *for* दे॑वर्षेः II, 19, cf. 1, 8, 43. द्वयाङ्गुल *for* द्वयङ्गुल VI, 62. द्वंशक *for* द्व्यंशक XXVIII, 24, (correct forms XXVIII, 28). पुरतोक्त *for* पुरत उक्त XXXIV, 486. वन्द्यांश *for* वन्द्यवंश XXXIII, 231; XXXVIII, 47. वन्द्यांश *for* वन्द्यवंश (contd.) XLVI, 27; LVII, 36, (correct form XXXIII, 242). भृङ्गेेशः *for* भृङ्गे ईशः XXXII, 34. मानसार ऋषिकृत (compulsory *sandhi* ignored) I, 43. मानसार ऋषिणा I, 8. शिरोतार *for* शिरस्तार XXXIII, 539. शिरोर्ध्वे *for* शिर ऊर्ध्वे LX, 33. श्रेणितोत्तर *for* श्रेणित उत्तर IX, 241. सहस्रेक *for* सहस्रैक IX, 43. सोम ईशानयोर्मध्ये *for* सोमेशान etc. XXXII, 17 (compulsory *sandhi* ignored) 271.

v2.c17.42

CONFUSION BETWEEN WORDS

v2.c17.43

यदा *for* यथा IV, 27 note. शशिं *for* शिवम् LIV, 117. वाम् *for* वा IX, 309 note.

v2.c17.44

UNGRAMMATICAL FORMS AND IMPOSSIBLE WORDS

v2.c17.45

उद्दोक्ष्यं *for* उद्दोक्ष्य II, 40. दीर्घ *for* दैर्घ्य (adjective for abstract noun) XXI, 27; XL, 26; LIX, 92, etc. उन्नत *for* उन्नति (adjective for abstract noun) XXI, 7. दे॒वत्वम् *for* दैवतम् or दैवम् VII, 58. उपरिः *for* उपरि XLV, 103. दैवत्य *for* दैवत L, 207, 208, 209. चर *for* द्वार XXXIV, 418. द्वारुण *for* द्वार XXXIV, 496. चार *for* द्वार XXXIX, 138, note.

v2.c17.46

DISAGREEMENT BETWEEN NOUN AND VERB IN NUMBER, ETC.

v2.c17.47

कुर्यात् विचक्षणैः (active verb, passive nominative) IX, 78. कुर्यात् शिल्पिभि (active verb, passive nominative) XXXII, 9; LIII, 56. त्यजेत् बुधैः (active verb, passive nominative) LXIV, 18, विद्वद्भिः कुरु (passive plural nom. and active, singular, imperative verb) LXIX, 68. शिल्पिभिः प्रक्षालनं कुरु LXX, 46. शिल्पिभिः प्राज्ञाः कुर्यात् LXX, 28. स्थापकेन बलिं ददेत् XXXVII, 17.

v2.c17.48

WRONG CONJUGATIONS

v2.c17.49

ददेत् *for* दद्यात् LXX, 51, 54, 65, 80, 88, 94. XV, 408. दधेत् *for* दध्यात् XV, 428. परिग्रहेत् *for* परिगृह्णीयात् XLII, 60, 63 note, 64, 65. परीक्षेयं *for* परीक्षेत V, 31, note. पश्यते *for* दृश्यते or पश्यति XXXII, 170. प्रयुञ्जोयान् *for* प्रयुञ्जीत XXXIII, 83. वन्धयेत् *for* बन्धयेत् V, 77. विनश्यति *for* विनश्यते (passive) VIII, 63. वृद्धगात् *for* वर्धयेत् XXXI, 101.

v2.c17.50

IRREGULARITIES IN USE AND FORMS OF VERBS

v2.c17.51

द्योयते *for* अभिद्योयते II, 31. परोक्ष्य (infinitive absolute without finite verb) III, 16. संज्ञात्वा *for* संज्ञाय or ज्ञात्वा VII, 38. स्थाप्य *for* स्थापयित्वा XXXII, 10, 13, 33, 37, 43, 50, 58; LIV, 5.

v2.c17.52

*Elimination of* द् *before* व्— वार *for* द्वार IX, 300, 519; XXXIII, 383 note; XXXIV, 119, 190, 200, वार *for* द्वार (contd.) 394, 408, 514, 521, 526, 529; XXXV, 100, 120 note, 123 note, 238, 243, 265 note; XXXIX, 128 note. वि वि *for* द्वि द्वि XXVI, 14. वितयोः *for* द्वितयोः IX, 188. विधा *for* द्विधा XXX, 90. विभाग *for* द्विभाग XXVI, 9, XXVI, 7, 30 note.

v2.c17.53

WRONG NUMERALS

v2.c17.54

चतुर *for* चतुः XXX, 17. चतुर्थ *for* चत्वारः (ordinal for cardinal) XXXIX, 117. चतुर्विंशत् *for* चतुर्विंशति XXXV, 6, 8, 12. त्रयोविंशत् *for* त्रयोविंशति XXXV, 6, 8, 12 त्रिदश *for* त्रयोदश XI, 25, cf. 41, 45, 49. त्रिय *for* त्रय V, 82. त्रिंश, त्रिंशत्, त्रिंशति (indiscriminately used) XI, 81, 85, 86, etc. त्रिंशत् *for* त्रिंशता IX, 73. द्वय *for* द्वि (ordinal for cardinal) XXI, 7; XXII, 19. पञ्चादश *for* पञ्चदश XI, 28; XIII, 10, 23; XXXI, 33. विंशत्, विंश, विंशति XI, 50, 51, 79. षष्ठमं *for* षष्ठं XX, 33. सप्तादश *for* सप्तदश XXXIII, 19, 27 note, 106; XXXIX, 9.

v2.c17.55

WRONG SPELLING

v2.c17.56

अङ्गुल्यं *for* अङ्गुलम् LIX, 93, 94, etc. [Sometimes it is noticed that अङ्गुल्य is used to imply the finger or toe, while अङ्गुल to imply the finger-measure.] अत्यर्धे *for* अध्यर्धं XXV, 12. अलिन्द्रक *for* अलिन्दक LXIX, 8, 49. कुद्मल, कुट्मल and कुड्मल indiscriminately used XVIII, 102, 111, 119, 124, 131, 244, 249. गौलि *for* गौरी IV, 35. चमेति *for* चेति XXVII, 14. चयेष्टे *for* चेष्टम् IX, 309 note. चर *for* द्वार XXXIV, 418. चरगियै *for* चरग्यै (क्यै) VIII, 54. चार *for* द्वार XXXIX, 138 note. त्रिनेत्रम् *for* त्रिनेत्रम् VII, 198, 211, XII, 120. तैतल *for* तैतिल III, 1; XXX, 107; XXXIII, 1, 3, 4. त्रितीय *for* तृतीय XXXI, 11 note, (correct forms 17, 23, etc). त्रियंश *for* त्र्यंश XI, 15, 18; XXIV, 6; XXVII, 32; XXXIV, 302. (correct forms XXVIII, 21). त्रिंशक *for* त्र्यंशक XXXIII, 274. देष *for* देश LIX, 85. दैविक *for* दैवक IX, 171, 175, 179. द्विंश *for* द्व्यंश XIV, 9, 26, 45, 60, 73, 148, 162, 176, 180, 184, 185, 217, 241, 260, 268, 270, 276, 279, 305, 306, 316; XV, 103, 186, 215.

v2.c17.57

WRONG SPELLING—*(continued)

v2.c17.58

v2.c17.59

WRONG SPELLING—(*concluded*)

v2.c17.60

मण्टप *for* मण्डप IX, 138 note, XXXII, 8, etc. but मण्डप 139, etc मन *for* मनस् LIV, 3. माधिक *for* अधिक VII, 41. योधक *for* योधक IX, 225 note. लिन्द्रक *for* अलिन्दक L, 280. वज्रा *for* वर्ज्रा IV, 16, see note. वन्यंश *for* वह्नंश XIII, 72. विधि *for* वीथि IX, 203 note, 206, 333, 339, 340, 346, 348, 397, 463, 464, 520; X, 112 note, 113. वृद्धेन *for* वर्धनेन XI, 62 शाल *for* शाला indiscriminately (feminine used as masculine) XXVII, 7, 10, 11, 13, 31. शालयम् *for* शाला XXXV, 74, 83. शिर *for* शिरः XXI, 48; XXII, 9, 41; XXXIII, 188, 189. शिल, सुध (feminine used as masculine) LI, 2, 3. शिल्पिः *for* शिल्पी LII, 147. शिल्पिवित् *for* शिल्पवित् VI, 26, etc. शैल्य *for* चैत्य IV, 23 note. षट्क्( *for* श)तं XII, 25 note. सद्म *for* सद्मन् XVI, 9. समुह *for* समूह IX, 64 note. सिह्म *for* सिंह VI, 32 note; VI, 58 note; VII, 246; XVIII, 292; (but सिंह XVIII, 316). सूत्रभृत् *for* सूत्रधृत् II, 24. स्थूपि *for* स्तूप XVIII, 4, and see note. स्मृत *for* सृत XIX, 116, 117, etc. हेम *for* हेमन् XII, 144, 160, 161; XV, 417; LIV, 55.

v2.c17.61

WRONG METRES

v2.c17.62

अनुष्टुभ्—In this metre each verse should consist of eight syllables with only the following restrictions:

v2.c17.63

The fifth syllable of each पद should be short, the sixth syllable long, and the seventh syllable long and short alternately in the four *pādas*.

v2.c17.64

In quite a large number of instances these restrictions are disregarded in the *Mānasāra*, for example:—

v2.c17.65

भूमिलम्बविधिं वक्ष्ये शास्त्रे संक्षेपतः क्रमात् ।
चतुरश्रमयताश्रं वर्तुलमायतं तदा ॥ XI, 1, 2.

v2.c17.66

Here the fifth and the sixth syllables of the third *pāda* are not short and long respectively as required, but they are the reverse—long and short.

v2.c17.67

पूर्वोक्तरथनामानि चाधुना प्रवक्ष्यते । XLIII, 111.

v2.c17.68

Here the fourth *pāda* has only seven syllables.

v2.c17.69

उक्तं हि भूमिलम्बं स्यादेकमेकान्तभूमिकम् ।

द्विकरं त्रिकरं चादौ द्वि द्वि करेण वृद्धिक्रमेण ॥ XI, 5, 6.

v2.c17.70

The fourth *pāda* of this verse is altogether irregular and unsuited in **अनुष्टुभ** verse. The number of syllables is ten instead of eight.

v2.c17.71

मानोपरकरणं चादौ शिल्पिलक्षणपूर्वकम् ।

अथ वास्तुप्रकरणं भूपरीक्षाविधिं तथा ॥ I, 10.

v2.c17.72

In the third *pāda* here, the sixth and the seventh syllables are not long as required.

v2.c17.73

देवादीनां स्थापनाथ पदविन्यास लक्षणम् ॥ I, 12.

v2.c17.74

Here the fifth syllable of the first *pāda* which ought to be short is made long, while the sixth which should be long is made short.

v2.c17.75

एवं हि द्व्यङ्गुलं न्यस्तं वृश्चिकाषाढमोनयोः ।

चतुरङ्गुलं प्रकर्तव्यं धनुः कुम्भो पडङ्गुलम् ॥ VI, 33, 34.

v2.c17.76

Here the third *pāda* contains nine syllables instead of eight and the fifth syllable is long instead of short.

v2.c17.77

द्वितीयं चतुष्पदं चैव नाम पैशाचमेव च । VII, 3.

v2.c17.78

Here the first *pāda* contains nine syllables.

v2.c17.79

For the irregularities in metre the whole of chapter XI is an illustration.

v2.c17.80

False metre : XLIII, 111 ; VI, 113 ; VIII, 10.

v2.c17.81

A typical abuse of particles for the sake of metre, चापिमेव च LI, 64.

v2.c17.82

Unnecessary collection of particles for the sake of metre, मृवचैव चैवन्तु XII, 12.

v2.c17.83

Too many particles, च, for the sake of metre:

v2.c17.84

IX, 285;
IX, 401;
IX, 358.

v2.c17.85

Repetition of the same term विस्तार, for the sake of metre, X, 20.

v2.c17.86

The use of a word (बहिः) for three times in the same line for the sake of metre, VII, 108.

v2.c17.87

Repetition of many verbs and particles in the same line for the sake of metre, VII, 262.

v2.c17.88

Untenable words for the sake of metre, XXXIII, 370.

v2.c17.89

Chapters end with verses of different metres, according to the rules of poetics, although the whole composition is nothing but versified prose, entirely lacking in poetry, see XLV, 191, etc.

v2.c17.90

Illustrations of barbarous Sanskrit, IV, 24, etc, etc.

v2.c17.91

That this kind of language is not limited to the *Mānasāra* nor even to the Śilpa-śāstra class of literature will be clear from the following illustrations picked up from inscriptions.

v2.c17.92

“Some peculiarities in spelling, the frequent use of single consonants for double ones, the use of short i and u for long ī and ū, and the occasional omission of the long ā (e. g. hemamtamase, no. v., Mahārajasya and masa, no. IXA), agree with the usage prevailing partly in all, partly some versions of Aśoka’s edicts and of other ancient inscriptions. They make it difficult to decide, whether some of the curious forms, to be discussed below, are due to negligence in spelling or to grammatical irregularities.” (Jaina inscriptions from Mathura, Ep. Ind. vol. I. p. 373, para 2).

v2.c17.93

“The language of these inscriptions shows the mixed dialect, consisting partly of Prākrit and partly of Sanskrit words and forms, as clearly as the formerly discovered documents. A fixed principle, according to which the mixture has been made, so far as I can see, is not discoverable.” (Ibid. para 3, first two sentences).

v2.c17.94

“The omission of the case terminations in words, which qualify others standing in the same case, is common, as Professor von Roth has shown (Abhandlungen des VII ten Int. Or. Congresses, Arische, section, pp., 1 ff.) in the Ṛigveda. It occurs also not rarely in Pāṇini’s Sūtras, is very frequent in the Northern Buddhist works, and is a fixed principle in the modern Indian Vernaculars as well as in other languages.” (Ibid. p. 375, middle of first para).

v2.c17.95

“Thus in no. XVIII, there are only three words stāna for sthāna, pratishṭāpita for pratishṭhāpita, and perhaps chāndakā for chāndrakā, showing the influence of the Prākrit, though the great majority of the terminations are Prācritic.” (Ibid, p. 175, second para, second sentence).

v2.c17.96

“Moreover, it (no. CV) furnishes a good example of the Sanskrit, written by the Yatis of our days, and it may be useful for settling the controversy regarding the origin of the ‘mixed’ dialects found in older books and inscriptions as well as that regarding the advisability of bringing, by conjectural emendations, the language of somewhat older Jaina authors such as Merutuṁga, Rājaśēkhara and Jinamaṇḍana, into harmony with the rules of Sanskrit grammar.”

v2.c17.97

(Jaina inscriptions from Śatruṁjaya, first para, Ep. Ind. vol. II, p. 34).

v2.c17.98

“Altogether the inscription has not been written carefully, and, though corrected in several places, it is by no means free from serious mistakes. The rules of saṁdhi are frequently disregarded, the verses of the genealogical portion are only partially numbered or have wrong numbers appended to them; single aksharas and whole words or groups of words are either given quite wrongly or left out; and I hope to prove below that even one or more whole lines have been omitted by the writer." (Samgamner Copper-plate inscription, Ep. Ind., vol. II, p. 213, last sentence of the 1st para).

v2.c17.99

"The language is very incorrect Sanskrit prose, greatly influenced by the Prākrit or vernacular of the author. In some places the case terminations are altogether omitted; in others we have wrong cases, false genders, and inappropriate or incorrect verbal derivatives. The influence of the Prākrit is shown by the substitution of single for conjunct consonants, the substitution of s, for ś and sh, and the omission of medial y and final consonants (e.g. *vidheānam* for *vīdheyānām*, *kasyachi* for *kasyachit*)." (India office plate of Vijayarājadeva, Ep. Ind., vol III, p. 312, 1st para).

v2.c17.100

"In Ushavadātas cave [at Nāsik] we have one inscription (almost) entirely in Sanskrit, the rest are in Pāli or Prākrit, but we have an intermixture of Sanskrit words, and the conjuncts pra, tra, and ksha often appear. In these and the smaller inscriptions we have such words as *bāra* for *dvāra*, *bārasaka* for *vārshika*, *barisa* for *varsha*, *udisa* for *uddiśya*, while the Pāli forms of these words are *dvāra*, *vassika*, *vassa* and *uddesetvā*. Some of these inscriptions were engraved so late as the third century, when the Pāli could hardly have been the vernacular." (Ind. Ant. vol. XII, p. 140, first column, middle).

v2.c17.101

It should be noted that *bāra* for *dvāra*, *yīś* for *īśa*, *yeka* for *eka*, *vu(bu)ttara* for *uttara*, etc., are frequently used in the *Mānasāra*.

v2.c17.102

"As regards the origin of this mixed dialect, as well as of all other mixed dialects, I agree with professor Kern (Jaartelling, p. 108 ft.) and Dr. R. G. Bhāndārkar (Indian Antiquary, vol. XII, p. 146) that it is the result of the efforts of half educated people to express themselves in Sanskrit, of which they possessed an insufficient knowledge and which they were not in the habit of using largely. All the Jaina inscriptions from Mathurā were no doubt composed by the monks who acted as the spiritual directors of the laymen, or by their pupils. Though no inscription has been found in which the author is named, the above inference is warranted by the fact that numerous later documents of the same character contain the names of Yatis who are said to have composed them or to have written them. The Yatis in the first and second centuries, no doubt, just as now, for their sermons and the exposition of their scriptures, used the vernacular of the day, and their scriptures were certainly written in Prakrit. It was a matter of course that their attempts to write in Sanskrit were not very successful. This theory receives the strongest support from the fact that the character and the number of the corruptions varies almost in every document, and from various single sentences,.........

v2.c17.103

which latter reads exactly like a piece from a stupid school boy's exercise. It is also confirmed by numerous analogies, such as the language of the *janma patras* of the badly educated *Joshis* mentioned by Dr. Bhandarkar, the books of masons and carpenters, which have the rules for building houses in most barbarous Sanskrit, and many modern inscriptions, composed by clerks or *yatis*. A large number of specimens of the latter kind are contained in the collection of votive inscriptions from Pālitanā, lately copied by Mr. H. Cousens."

v2.c17.104

(Dr. G. Bühler, Jaina Inscriptions from Mathura, Ep. Ind. vol. I, p. 377.)

v2.c17.105

"As to the language of other inscriptions [in caves at Nāsik] which, like those of Gotamiputra and his son, were not composed by learned men, one can easily understand how ignorant persons not knowing Sanskrit or Pāli well, but still not ignorant enough to know nothing of both, would compound together Saṅskṛit, Pāli, and vernacular words. Even in our days we find this phenomenon in the *patrikās* or horoscopes written by our *Joshis* or astrologers, which are neither in pure Sanskrit nor in pure vernacular, but contain a mixture of both, and the Sanskrit words and forms in which are incorrectly written. And an explanation of this nature I have also to give of another variety of language that is found in the writings of the northern or Nepalese Buddhists. Unlike those of the Singalese and Burmese Buddhists these are written in Sanskrit, but in such works as the *Lalitavistāra*, or the life of the Buddha, we find along with prose passages in pure Sanskrit a number of verses which contain words or forms which are not Sanskrit. Thus, for instance we have—

v2.c17.106

*Sarvaśubhakarmahetoḥ phalamidaṁ śṛiṇutāsya karmasya* |
*Pūjāraho bhavitum sarvajage anubandh ita imamuntayaśaṁ* ||

v2.c17.107

"You will here see that *karmasya*, *jage*, and *yaśaṁ* are, as in the Pāli, treated like nouns in *a*. *Arha* is dissolved into *araha*, . . . . .

v2.c17.108

"This language has, therefore, no fixed characteristics at all. We have seen that in such words as *karma*, *jaga*, and *yaśa* above, the final consonant is dropped, and these as in the Pāli and the Prākrits made nouns in *a*. But *yaśas* the original Sanskrit form, is also used as in *kīrtiyaśaścha* and these are instances in which other final consonants are preserved. Along with such a Pāli form as *suṇishyāti* noticed above, such a Sanskrit one as *śṛiṇvanti*, is found. It therefore appears to me that this is not an independent language; but that the writers of the *gāthās* knew the spoken language or Pāli, and that they were imperfectly acquainted with Sanskrit, knowing enough of it to see that the assimilation of consonants was a vulgarity, but not acquainted with its grammar. They intended to write in the more polished or literary language, but not knowing it well often used unconsciously the grammatical forms and the peculiar words of the vernacular. (At the time when the *gāthās* were written, the claims of the Pāli to be considered a separate language were probably not recognized, and it constituted the speech of the uninstructed.) Those who in this condition of things wished to write could not think of doing so in that form of speech, and therefore wrote in what they considered the language of educated men, but they knew it imperfectly, and hence produced such a heterogeneous compound as we have seen.”

Linked texts (6)

Mānasāra — Sanskrit
Epigraphia Indica
Ṛgvedasaṃhitā — Sanskrit
Hampe inscription of Krishnaraya, dated Saka 1430 (ed. Hultzsch 1892) — Sanskrit
Añjanēri Jain temple inscription of Seuṇachandra III, Śaka 1063 — Sanskrit
Tirukkalukkuṉṟam inscription of Kaṇṇaradēva, year 19 (D) — Tamil