Manasara Series (I. A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture; II. Indian Architecture according to Manasara-Shilpashastra; III. Manasara on Architecture and Sculpture: Sanskrit Text; IV. Architecture of Manasara: Translation; V. Architecture of Manasara: Illustrations; VI. Hindu Architecture in India and Abroad; VII. An Encyclopaedia of Hindu Architecture) v6.c41.s13: Swāt

Mānasāra Series (I. A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture; II. Indian Architecture according to Mānasāra-Śilpaśāstra; III. Mānasāra on Architecture and Sculpture: Sanskrit Text; IV. Architecture of Mānasāra: Translation; V. Architecture of Mānasāra: Illustrations; VI. Hindu Architecture in India and Abroad; VII. An Encyclopaedia of Hindu Architecture) v6.c41.s13

Language: English

Swāt

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The valleys drained by the Swāt river, together with the adjacent territory of Buner to the south-east, correspond to the ancient Uḍḍiyāna or Udyāna. The great fame attaching to this country in Buddhist tradition is amply attested by the records of the Chinese Buddhist pilgrims, as well as by manifold notices in literature of northern Buddhism.¹

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¹ Sir Aurel Stein, *Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India*, no. 42, p. 1.

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The ruins consist of the Buddhist *stūpa* of Top-dara,² small *vihāra* at Gumbatuna,³ Bālo, Kandag Valley, Bir-kot,⁴ ruined *stūpa* and monastery walls of Barrage, Tokar-Dar,⁵ ruined mansions, dwellings and tower, monastic court, on ridge above Kotah,⁶ ruined *stūpa* of Amluk-dara and of King Uttarasena, Shankardāra,⁷ fortifications and ruined towers on Birkot Hill,⁸ ruined *stūpa* of Shinasi near Batera,⁹ Buddha's Foot-print near Tīrāt.¹⁰

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² *Ibid.*, Fig. 1, p. 6.

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³ *Ibid.*, Fig. 5, p. 8.

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⁴ *Ibid.*, Fig. 6, 7, p. 12.

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⁵ *Ibid.*, Fig. 8, 9, p. 14, Fig. 10, 11, .p 16.

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⁶ *Ibid.*, Fig. 12, 13, 14, p. 18.

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⁷ *Ibid.*, Fig. 16, 17, p. 20.

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⁸ *Ibid.*, Fig. 20, 22, pp. 24, 28.

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⁹ *Ibid.*, Fig. 34, p. 44.

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¹⁰ *Ibid* Fig. 40, p. 54.

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The architectural details of these ruins are similar to those described elsewhere and need no repetition here. The only points to be noted are that they are of Indian origin and that the local peculiarities are few.

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HINDU ARCHITECTURE IN INSULINDIA OR INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO

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The derivation of the term 'Insulindia' is not clear. Nor is there any general agreement about its geographical limits. Writers from time to time have used the term to imply various regions. Here it is used, for the sake of convenience, to indicate the mainland and islands to the east of the Indian continent, which, though now peopled by non-Indian races, professed Indian culture, both religious and secular, from time to time. The geographical boundaries and local names of the territories constituting the peninsular and insular regions have naturally changed with the change of governing authorities, and the monumental remains of the Hindu-Buddhist period have also suffered both from neglected indifference and deliberate destruction. Whatever traces, with inevitable modifications, of Hindu architecture have survived in some parts of the peninsula and the islands will show not only their Indian connexion, but also may supplement what have become extinct in India itself and what can only be recognized by a reference to the *Śilpa-śāstras* and literary sources of information.

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The peninsula east of India is stated, on the basis of ancient inscriptions of an early date, to have included six regions, states or kingdoms: (1) Yavana-deśa, in the north-east, with its capital Chudhā-nagarī, now Luang Phrabang, on the Me-kong; (2) Champā-deśa, corresponding to Annam and extending to about 160 miles westwards of the Me-kong; (3) Śyāma-deśa, in the north-west, including Burma proper and the northern part of modern Siam east of the Salwin, of which Haripuṇyapura, now Lamphun on the Me-ping, was probably the capital; (4) Kambhoja-deśa included all Cambodia, Lower Cochin China, and Siam as far as Uttaradih; (5) Ramaṇya-deśa, on the west, comprised Pegu and Tenasserim; and (6) Malaya-deśa, the Malay Peninsula.¹ 'The *Nagarakṛitāgama* and the *Pararaton* supply a list of the countries which belonged to the Majapahit kings, comprising all the islands between Java and New Guinea, including Borneo, Celebes, Buton, Buru, Ceram (Ambon), Banda, Banggai, Moluccas, Talaut, then the petty islets between Borneo and Malaya Peninsula, including Kedah, Kelang, Singapore, Penang, Kelantan, etc.'¹