The Indian Buddhist Iconography, Mainly Based on the Sadhanamala and Other Cognate Tantric Texts of Rituals c19.s1.t10: (I) Headless Form

The Indian Buddhist Iconography, Mainly Based on the Sādhanamālā and Other Cognate Tāntric Texts of Rituals c19.s1.t10

Language: English

(I) Headless Form

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Colour—Yellow Āsana—Ālīḍha Companions—Two Arms—Two Symbols—Kartri and severed head

Vajrayoginī is another of the important and popular goddesses who does not seem to bear the image of any of the Dhyāni Buddhas on the crown. Four Sādhanas describe her forms, which are three in number and conform to two distinct types, very different form each other. In one case, she has no head on her shoulder, but carries it in her hand, and in another, she has her head intact. The former form is identical in appearance with the Hindu goddess Cchinnamastā belonging to the group of ten Mahāvidyās. It is therefore possible to conclude that this Buddhist goddess was borrowed and incorporated wholly into their pantheon by the Hindus. She is always accompanied by the two Yoginīs on either side of her, who are called Vajravairocanī and Vajravaṛṇanī. The Sādhana describing her headless form is as follows:

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“Bhaṭṭārikāṁ Vajrayoginīṁ...pītavarṇāṁ svayameva svakartṛ-kartita-svamastaka-vāmahastasthitāṁ dakṣiṇahastakartrisahitāṁ, ūrdhvavistṛtavāmabāhuṁ, adhonamitadakṣiṇabāhuṁ, vāsaḥśūnyāṁ, prasāritadakṣiṇapādāṁ saṅkucitavāmapādāṁ, bhāvayet. Kavandhānniḥsṛtyāsṛkdhārā svamukhe praviśati, apare ubhayoḥ pārśvayoginyor-mukhe praviśati iti bhāvayet.

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Vāmadakṣiṇapārśvayoḥ śyāmavarṇa-Vajravaṛṇanī-pītavarṇa-Vajravairocanyau vāmadakṣiṇahastakartrisahite, dakṣiṇavāmahastakarpparasahite, prasāritavāmapādaprasāritadakṣiṇapāde saṅkucitetarapāde muktakeśyau bhāvayet Ubhayoḥ pārśvayoḥ, ubhayor-yoginyor-madhye antarikṣe atibhayākulaṁ śmaśānaṁ bhāvayet.”

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Sādhanamālā, p. 452-453.

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“The worshipper should conceive himself as Bhaṭṭārikā Vajrayoginī ...of yellow colour, who carries in her left hand her own head severed by herself with her own Kartri held in her right hand. Her left hand is raised upwards while the right is placed below. She is nude, and her right leg is stretched while the left is bent down. He (the worshipper) should also meditate on the streams of blood issuing from the severed body as falling into the mouth of the severed head and into the mouths of the two Yoginīs on either side of her.

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He (the worshipper) should also, conceive the two Yoginīs to the left and right (of the principal goddess), the green Vajravaṛṇanī and the yellow Vajravairocanī, both of whom carry the Kartri in their left and right hands respectively, and the cup made of a skull in the right and left hands respectively. Their left and right legs respectively are stretched forward, while the other legs are bent, and they have dishevelled hair. On all sides, between the two Yoginīs and in the firmament there is the awful cremation ground”.

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(II) RED FORM Colour—Red Vāhana—Corpse Symbols—Vajra and Kapāla Āsana—Ālīḍha

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The Red form is no less terrible than the one described above. She is surrounded on all sides by the terrible burning grounds. She stands in the Ālīḍha attitude, on the orb of the sun, is in the prime of youth, and has red complexion. She rides the corpse, is nude, has three eyes, red and round, contorted brows, protruding belly and tongue, and is endowed with the six auspicious symbols. She carries the Kapāla in the left hand and the Vajra in the right, while the Khaṭvāṅga hangs from her left shoulder. This form of Vajrayoginī is similar in many respects to the forms of both Nairātmā and Vajravārāhī, so much so, indeed, that a confusion is likely to arise in the identification of their images. If an image shows the dancing attitude in Ardhaparyaṅka, it may be identified as Nairātmā or Vajravārāhī, but if it shows the Ālīḍha attitude, it may have to be identified as Vajrayoginī. The excrescence near the right ear and the corpse lying on its chest is peculiar only to Vajravārāhī; while the absence of the excrescence and the corpse lying on its back point to Nairātmā. The Ālīḍha attitude is peculiar only to Vajrayoginī.

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(III) YELLOW FORM Colour—Yellow Arms—Two Symbols—Kartri and Kapāla

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She may also have a Yellow form, when according to the Sādhana, she will carry the Kartri and the Kapāla, but in other respects will be identical with the one just described. Another Sādhana adds the information that the Kapāla should be filled with the blood of the Devas (gods) and the Asuras (demons) and that the hand carrying the Kartri may show the Tarjanī also.

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Vajrayoginī is one of the consorts of Heruka, who remains with her in yab-yum, and their union is the subject of the celebrated Heruka-Tantra. The temple of Vajrayoginī at Sāṅku (Fig. 191) in Nepal does not contain an image of any of these varieties of Vajrayoginī. It contains the image of Ugratārā, more popularly known as Mahācīna-Tārā, which is believed to have been carried over there by Bengali priests.

Linked texts (1)

Sādhanamālā — Sanskrit