[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Architecture and art](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art) › [Town Planning in Ancient India](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925) › c21 # Town Planning in Ancient India c21: Index Town Planning in Ancient India c21 - **Language:** English ### Index ### [c21.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.1) (The numbers refer to pages) ### [c21.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.2) A ### [c21.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.3) Agata, 232. Agra, 25. Agrahāra, 148, 201, 220. Ahmedabad, 85. Airinadurga, 74, 78, 84. Ajmere, 99. Alavau, 179. Alinda, 254. Alleys, 32. Anahilavāda Pattana, 163-4. Antardvīpa, 72, 76. Antarmaṇḍala, 263. Antarnihāra, 263. Ārāma-kṛtrima-vanakāriṇaḥ, 167. Arbour, 137. Arches, 136. Arteries of communication, 65, 105-6, 128, 180. Arthamaṇḍapam, 326. Artificial hillocks, 261, 329. Āryyāvarta, 28. Āśrama, 208, 264-5. Assembly halls, 37. Aṭṭālaka, 88. Audakadurga, (also known as Āpa, or Ambu-durga), 72, 76-8. Avenues, 108, 189, 249. Ayodhyā, 71; its girdle of walls, 85; defended by śataghnīs, 88; girt with a belt of śāla trees, 91; its bow-like shape, 104; ### [c21.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.4) harmonious and symmetric arrangement of its buildings, 138; full of gardens and mango-orchards, 297; its description, 321-2. ### [c21.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.5) B ### [c21.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.6) Babarkhana, a suburban town, 187. Bāhinīmukha, a type of fort, 74. Battlements, 88, 329. Bazar, nucleus of the town, 23; its synonymy with the street, 132; different vendors distributed to different, 163. Benares, its semilunar aspect, 102-3. Bhadrakalyāṇam, its street-plan, 121. Bhadrakam, its street-plan, 120. Bhadramukham, its street-plan, 121. Bharatpur, 180-81. Bhuvaneswar, its great tree in the centre of the parting of three roads, 134, 305. Bijapur, consisting of seven villages, 34; its citadel, 261-2. Boulevard, the path of circumambulation, 32, 118, 124, 172, 211; rows of houses along, 156; quarters of artisans and craftsmen along, 212; its width, 220. Boundaries and approaches, 70-108; their practical utility in the civic art, 106-7. Bowers, 329. Brāhma zone, 158; plot of the same name, 216. Brahmavīthī, 125; its main use, 127-8; the road of military expedition and inland trade, 129. Bridges, spanning the ditches, 94; their use in defence, 95. Building bye-laws, 247-57. ### [c21.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.7) Building plots, 121; division of wards into, 147. Buildings, . . harmony in the style and regularity in arrangement of, 138; their fronts or facades, 138-9, 250; facing the north or the east, 153; law of diminishing contiguity of, 181; storeys of, 250-51; correspondence in heights of, 252; no deviation from their fixed measurements, 252-3. Bundi, 76. ### [c21.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.8) O ### [c21.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.9) Calcutta, 172. Camp, 20, 331-9. Camp life, 40. Capitals, the origin of the great cities of India, 38; causes of their great multitude, 38-9; causes of groups of cities, 39-40; cause of their great splendour, 40; their central situation, 45; qualifications of their site, 47; their general description, 273-4. Car-street, 239, 240; dwellings facing the, 191. Castes, instrumental to preserving craft and culture, 133; different words allotted to different, 147; distribution in the city of the, 149-50, 182; in Anahilapura, the number of, 163; their effect on town-planning, 309-310. Castle, 29, 31, 121; vast courtyard in front of the royal, 122. Centres, their usefulness in corporate life, 259; view and situation of, 262; ### [c21.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.10) varieties of, 262-3. Chaitya, 135 ; Buddhist, 320. Chāra, 224. Charyā, 89. Chatuḥśālā, the houses of the Brāhmaṇs, 249 ; the unit of the design of the houses in the city of Sirkap, 257. Chaturmukha, 123 ; its general description, 239-42. Chittagong, 26 ; two parts of, 185. Citadel, 38, 302 ; in Jaipur, the location of its, 71. City, as expression of civic life, 18, 299-320 ; two main classes of, 18, 19 ; the sites of, 25 ; juxtaposition of cities in groups, 40 ; determination of the sites of, 44 ; examination of the sites of, 50 ; declivities of, 50 ; shape and orientation of, 51, 56 ; merits and demerits of the proclivities of, 52-5 ; sites fit for Brāhmaṇs, Kshatriyas, Vaiśyas and Śūdras, 56-9 ; different areas of, 62-5 ; perimeters of, 64 ; circumambulation of, 317. City Superintendent, 166 ; the functions of, 169. Civic Architect, 169, 171 ; social status of, 13-4 ; a permanent official of the king, 166 ; qualifications of, 167 ; powers of, 247. Civic art, educative value and historical importance of, 299. Civic consciousness of the Hindus, 12-3. College, its situation at the crossings of roads, 136 ; ### [c21.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.11) in the Sarvatobhadra, the location of, 211 ; the general features of, 264-5 ; nucleus of a University town, 285. Colonae, 188. Commercial towns, 26, 40. Communal centres, 306-7. Communalism, origin of, 304-5. Conduits, 139-40, 295, 329. Conjeeveram, 29 ; magnificent gopuras of, 101 ; magnificence, in trees and streets, of, 137-8 ; red bricks used in the buildings of, 271 ; splendour of, 305. Council, 109 ; its situation in the city, 152, 274. Council trees, situation and usefulness of, 134, 135, 258, 289, 304. Court, 109 ; location of, 161, 162. Cremation ground, situation of, 151, 155, 159. Crossings of roads, special trimming of, 133-4 ; lighting lamps at, 135, 268-9 ; sheds for distributing drinking water erected at, 268 ; civic importance of, 304. Cross-streets, central situation of, 161, 229 ; directions of, 277. Cuttuck, a town, 332. ### [c21.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.12) D ### [c21.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.13) Dacca, a town, 25. Daivadurga, description of, 81-2. Daivakrta, forts endowed with natural defences, 72. Daivika, a division of the ground, 158, 216. Dāmada, a supplementary faubourg, 184. Danda, measure of, 63. Dandaka, definition of, 119 ; ### [c21.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.14) a class of towns, 123 ; general features of, 206-9. Debating halls, 33. Delhi, groups of cities in ,40 ; walls about, 85 ; rivers flowing into the ditches of, 94. Deśamārga, meaning and width of, 114. Dhanu, measure of, 115. Dhānvana, a fort ; nature of, 73 ; general description of, 78-9 ; its place in order of merit, 84. Dhārā-gṛha, 268. Dīpa-sthambha, the light-post, 135. Ditches, a characteristic feature of ancient towns, 70 ; supplying the needed earth, 85 ; characteristics of, 91-5 ; number of, 86, 91 ; magnitudes of, 92-3 ; mechanisms to regulate the current and the depth of water in, 93 ; rivers flowing into, 93, 94 ; stagnant or current waters of, 93 ; sharks and ferocious fishes, and flower plants reared in, 94 ; forming a part of the drainage system of the city, 95 ; in the town of Vaṃji, 139 ; preventing growth of clumsy outskirts, 175. Divine artists, names and genealogy of, 3-4. Doors, of houses, 255. Drains, width of, 115 ; by the side of streets, 139-40 ; location of, 204 ; of the city of Madurā, 328. Droṇamukha, a kind of fort, 74 ; location of, 34-5 ; ### [c21.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.15) roads leading to, 112 ; general description of, 282-3. Durga, general description of, 275-7. Durgakāriṇaḥ, experts in constructing forts, 169. Dust-bins, 139. Dvārakā (or Dvārāvatī), directions about the planning of, 16 ; fort-character of, 71 ; ditches of, 92 ; rectangular plan of the streets of, 118, 134 ; boulevard of, 118 ; large cross-roads of, 134 ; extension of, 171-2, 178 ; tanks, parks and gardens in, 297. Dviśālā, suited for the Vaśiyas, 249-50 ; effect, on the view of streets, of the facades of, 250. Ekabhoga, a small village, radical import of, 21, 201. Ekāśāla, 250. Emporium, 20, 23, 40, 185 ; inter-residential shopping stalls in, 157-8. Encampment, general description of, 334-6. Extension of towns, vide under ‘Towns’. ### [c21.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.16) F ### [c21.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.17) Factory towns, 25. Fastness, 20, 49. Faubourgs, 289. Flower-gardens, 326. Flowers, 290. Folk-planning, 147-60, 251-2. Foot-paths, 133, 254. Forests, importance of, 48. Fortifications, general description of, 70-96 ; their uselessness in modern times, 194 ; testifying to the political condition of the age, 300-301. ### [c21.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.18) Forts, general characteristics of, 70-101 ; Kauṭilya’s classification of, 72-3 ; Bhoja’s classification of, 73-4 ; Mānasāra’s classification of, 74 ; various types of, 75-82 ; construction of the walls of, 84-90 ; trees planted in rows without the walls of, 91 ; features of the ditches about, 91-4 ; bridges over the ditches of, 94-5 ; gopuras of, 95-101 ; shapes of, 101-5 ; site-planning and folk-planning within, 149-51 ; general description of, 275-7. Fruit-stalls, 154. ### [c21.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.19) Game-land, 107. Garden-cities, 288, 298. Gardens, 137, 164, 168, 182 ; regular distribution of, 172, 273 ; description of, 261-2 ; Vijayanagara possessing a large number of, 295, 296 ; Dwārakā rich with, 297 ; in town-planning, insistence upon the lay-out of, 298 ; Ayodhyā possessing numerous, 322. Garden-village, pen-picture of, 245-6. Garuḍa fort, (or Suparṇa Durga), diagonal streets recommended in, 132 ; special features of, 276-7. Gates, 99 ; scheme of distribution and arrangement of, 341-6 ; their deviation from central positions, 341-2 ; natural plan of locating, 343-4, 345-6 ; names of the principal, 96-7 ; location of, 97-8 ; Appendix C, 161 ; significance of the names of, 98-9 ; ### [c21.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.20) caste-classification of, 345 ; supplementary set of main, 346-7 ; disqualification of chambers for, 349-50 ; subsidiary, 98, 124, 348-9 ; streets over-arched with, 124, 136 ; gates of the city of Madurā, 180 ; size of, 276 ; temples adjoining, 351. Gate-towers, 32, 33 ; various storeys of, 96. Geha, 19. Ghaṇṭāpatha, 115. Giridurga, general description of, 75-6 ; best of all forts, 84. Gnomon, 62. Gods of the city or the village, distribution of, 313-5 Golkunda, 25. Gopuras, 32, 137 ; various storeys of, 96 ; meaning of, 99-100 ; magnificent architecture of, 101. Gotra, 21, 100 ; origin of the Indo-Aryan village or town, 35 ; meaning of, 35, 36. Grāma, meaning of, 142, 147, 188 ; vedic, 9-10. Grāmamārga, 114. Gṛhādyadhipati, functions of 170. Ground (of an abode, i.e., of a village, town or house), arboreal qualification of, 49 ; various tests of, 50 ; slopes of, 50, 52-5 ; to be avoided, 51-2 ; proper kind of, 55-6 ; colours of, 56-7 ; determination of the solidity of, 57-9 ; ### [c21.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.21) purification and consecration of, 60-2. Groves, 151, 177, 295, 296, 297, 298, 322, 329. Guhā, technical sense of, 72-3, 76. Gymnasium, 327. ### [c21.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.22) H ### [c21.23](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.23) Hamlets, 23, 165, 166. Harbour, 27. Hāts, 23. Howra-hāt, 26. Hermitage, a miniature university, 24; location of, 159. History, its importance in town-planning, 42-3. Highways, crossings of, 20. House, a synonym of ‘puram’, 19; origin of the town in, 20; predominance of defence in the construction of, 35. factors determining the cognate character of, 153; order in the planning of, 248; form of the houses of the different castes, 249-50; arrangement of the doors of, 255; principle about the arrangement of, 256; arrangement in Ayodhyā of, 322. ### [c21.24](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.24) I ### [c21.25](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.25) Idealisation of the abode, 315. Improvement Trust, purpose of, 165; board of permanent officers in India analogous to a modern, 169; several departments of the board, 170; need for starting the modern, 174. Indians towns, reasons for the juxtaposition of, 39-40, 337-8 Individuality of Indian towns, 270-298. Indrakośa, 89. Indraprastha, capital of the Pāṇḍavas, fort-character of, 71 ; resemblance to the garden city-of, 297-8 ; description of, 323. Iriṇa, meaning of, 73. ### [c21.26](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.26) J ### [c21.27](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.27) Jaladurga, water-fort, 74 ; general features of, 76-8 ; place in order of merit of, 84. Jala-dvāra, literally water-gates, 204. Jamshedpur, a facory town, 25. Janapada, 106. Janā-vīthikā, the boulevard, 124 ; distinction between Maṅgala-vīthī and, 125. Jaṅghāpatha, width of, 115, Jāyāṅga, meaning and street-plan of, 121. Jaipur, centralisation of public offices and royal buildings in, 41. a kind of fort, 76 ; gates of, 99 ; origin of the street-plan of, 118-9 ; paintings on the walls of, 272. Jheria, a small mining town, 25. Jungles, outside the walls, wide belts of, 107 ; outside the walls of Madurā, 325. ### [c21.28](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.28) K ### [c21.29](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.29) Kajuraha, a ruined town, 46. Kalakābandhadaṇḍaka, a street-plan, 120. Karmaśālā, 162. Kārmuka, 123, 124 ; description of the plan of, 237-9. Karṇāvatī, ancient town of Ahmedabad, 189. Kartaridaṇḍaka, a street-plan, 119. Kaṭaka, meaning of, 20, 35, 332. Kautukālayam, a museum, 221. ### [c21.30](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.30) Kaveripumpattinam, a sea-port, 26-7 distribution of houses in, 183. Khāmjāna, a kind of fort, 73, 79. Kharvaṭa (or Kharvaṭika), a rural town, location of, 35; lower classes of people inhabiting, 237; description of, 278-9. Kheṭa, class of people residing in, 237; general features of, 277-8. Kolaka, a kind of fort, 74. Kolakoṣṭha, a kind of village ,240. Koṭa, a kind of village, 209. Koṭmakolaka, general description of, 283. Krīḍāsthāna, a gymnasium, or play-ground, 268. Kroś, measurement of, 159. Kṛṣṇanagar, 25. Kṣudra-vāhya-vīthī, a walk round a tank, 267. Kulapati, significance of, 24. Kulyā, meaning of, 90. Kumbha, meaning of, 188. Kumbhaka, a village-plan, 205, 243. Kumbhakonam, a town, 30. Kumārīpura, 90. Kuṭikāmukadaṇḍkam, a street-plan, 119. Kuṭṭimaka, a kind of street, 125. Kuṭṭima-mārgā, a paved road, 120. Kuṭumvabhūmi, 203. ### [c21.31](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.31) L ### [c21.32](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.32) Ladies' park, 268. Lamp-posts, 134, 135. Lanes, 114, 328; arched gates over, 121, 137; in Dvārakā, innumerable number of, 171-2; in Sarvatobhadra, number of, 218. Laṅkā, fort-character of, 71; ### [c21.33](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.33) a kind of water-fort, 77 ; inauspicious shape of, 104. Lighting of streets, 135. ### [c21.34](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.34) M ### [c21.35](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.35) Madhyanāhāra, the third court of a temple, 263. Madurā, a fortified city, 85 ; improvement of, 178-80 ; general description of, 324-8. Mahābhadram, the street-plan of, 121 Mahākāla (or Vāmana), a central street, 125, 126-7 ; a principal arterie of communication, 128, 129. Mahāmārga, the boulevard, 218 ; width of, 220. Mahāmaryādā, the outermost court of a temple, 263. Mahāpatha, technical sense of, 125. Mahārathyā, the boulevard, the houses allotted to, 212. Mahīdurga, a kind of fort, 79. Maṇḍapa, 32, 137, 224, 304. Mandira, meanings of, 29, 71-2. Maṇḍūka (or Chaṇḍita), 143, 145. Maṅgala, a Brāhmaṇ village, 201. number of householders in, 209, 220. Maṅgalavīthi, the path of circumambulation, 32, 33 ; width of, 124 ; definition of 124, 125. Manram, meaning of, 266. Manu, a divine architect, 3. Manufactories, 25. Mānuṣa, the third ring of plots, 158, 216. Manuvur Pakkam, 185. Mārga, the generic name of a road, 218 ; width of, 113. Mārga-kāraka, maker of the road, 167. Market, 19, 20 ; a potential town, 23, 25 ; a public centre, 109, 265,-6 ; arrangement of shops in, 152. ### [c21.36](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.36) Market stalls, 156. Market-village, 21. Mart, 27. Master-builder (Sthapati), 132. Maṭha, a centre of civic life, 264 ; general description of, 284. Mathurā, the fort-character of, 71 ; ramparts and turrets in, 85 ; shape of, 103 ; rich in gardens and groves, 297. Maya, the renowned architect, 3. Milai, an artificial forest, 330. Military outposts, 35, 273. Military routes, 128. Mine, 25 Miśra-durga, a fort of mixed character, 74, 81. Mithilā, 91. Mitra-durga (or Sahāya-durga), 80. Moats, 33, 178 ; temples girt round by, 72 ; lined with bricks, 91 ; various kinds of, 92 ; flowers reared in, 94 ; alligators abounding in, 329. Monastery, 24, 136, 329. Mound, 301. Mṛddurga, earth-fort, 79. Muhallas, wards, 23, 142, 184, 188 ; large number of, in Anahilapura, 164. Murshidabad, 25. ### [c21.37](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.37) N ### [c21.38](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.38) Nadi-durga, the river-fort, 77. Naduvur, the elevated centre of the city of Madurā, 178. Nagalpur, 186-7. Nagara, 19 ; description of, 272-3. ### [c21.39](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.39) Naimishāraṇya, a renowned hermitage, 24. Nakar, the Tamil word for a city, 29. Nālandā, the famous University, 24. Nāndyāvarta, 123, 134 ; planning of, 130-31 ; description of the village of, 213-25. Nārāchapathe, 125. Navadvīp, 25. Nigama, 74, 243, Nirudaka-durga, 78. Nītiśāstras, 1. Nṛdurga, 80. Nṛtyamaṇḍapam, 326. ### [c21.40](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.40) O ### [c21.41](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.41) Orchards, 182, 326. ### [c21.42](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.42) P ### [c21.43](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.43) Padavinyāsa, division of the ground into an appropriate number of plots; various schemes of, 142-7, 149. Paddini Pakkam, 185. Padmaka, 123, 124 ; plan of the village of, 225-7. Padma-maṇḍapam, 326. Padyā, a foot-walk, 11, 113. Pagodas, 186, 294, 295. Paiśācha, the outermost division of the ground, 158, 216. Palace, the starting point in the evolution of towns, 31 ; elevated situation of, 262. Pallī, 188, 249, 241. Paṅka-durga, 80. Pan Supari Bazar, a street, 132, 173. Pārā, a hemlet of kinsmen, 21, 164. Parāga, a village-plan, 205, 242. Paramaśāyika, 143, 146, 216. Parapets, 72, 74, 79, 84, 86, 90. Pārigha, a kind of fort, 84. ### [c21.44](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.44) Pārikha, a kind of fort, 77-8 ; its place in order of merit, 84. Parks, 189, 249, 261, 329. Pārvata, a mountain-fort, 72. Pāṭaliputra, modern Patna, 129 ; an aggregation of villages, 38, 189 ; fortified by walls, 85, 86 ; timber-walls of, 90-1 ; rivers flowing into the ditches of, 94 ; site-planning in, 152 ; description of, 323-4. Patriarchism, 305. Paṭṭam, the crossing of highways, 20. Paṭṭanam, an emporium, 20 ; Mayamata's definition of, 26 ; preponderance of Vaiśyas (i.e., merchant class) in, 237. Pavilion, location of, 211, 258. Pilgrim's road, 140-1. Place, 258-69 ; arrangement, in Indian cities, of, 259, 267, 289. Platforms, 330 ; public, 330. Poona, 94. Pradakshiṇa-patha the path of circumambulation, the boulevard, 32, 33, 124, 135. Prākāra, generally it means a wall, 87 ; technically, the fourth court of a temple, 263. Prakīrṇaka, a village-plan, 205, 242. Prāntara, technically a kind of fort, 72, 75. Prapā, a public shed for free distribution of drinking water, 268. Prastara, a street-plan, 119, 123 ; elaboration of, 234-7. Pratiprākāra, a supplementary wall, 88. Processional Street, 326 ; the houses allocated in, 156. Promenade, 249. Public baths, 246, 327. Public buildings, 130 ; ### [c21.45](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.45) centralisation of, 161, 183 ; chart about the distribution of, 168 ; consequence of scattered location of, 259 ; general features of, 260-63 ; location of, 260, 286, 302 ; educative value of architectural magnificence of, 318-9. Public halls, 265, 327, 330. Public platforms, 326 ; in the town of Vamji, arrangement for, 330. Pukar, the capital of Chola kings, 94 ; description of, 184-5. Puram, 71 ; synonyms of, 19-20 technically, a village of yatis, 209. Purānakar, (or Purānaceri), 329, 330. Puraṇas, 1. Puri, 19, 184. Puṭabhedanam, 20. ### [c21.46](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.46) Q ### [c21.47](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.47) Quadrangular \*places\*, 16, 134, 330. ### [c21.48](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.48) R ### [c21.49](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.49) Rājadhānī, the capital of a kingdom, description of, 273-4. Rājagṛha, 140. Rājakshetra, a measure, 63. Rājamārga, a royal road, 32 ; width of, 113. Rājapatha, the royal street (the same as Rājamārga), 142 ; width of, 111, 112, 114-5 ; Mānasāra's definition of, 124 ; a discussion about the indentity of, 126-7. Rājavīthī. There seems to be practically no distinction between Rājamārga, Rājapatha and Rājavīthī. But Mānasāra appears to draw a distinction between the latter two. While Rājapatha is an easterly street, Rājavīthī refers to, according to him, an easterly street furnished with arched gates at the ends); 122 ; definition of, 124-5 ; 127. ### [c21.50](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.50) Rampal, the fort of, 86. Ramparts, 70, 72, 79, 84 ; technical sense of, 85 ; construction of, 85-8 ; villages defended by, 196. Rathamārga, a car-street, 125. Rathyā; (generally it means a vehicular street ; sometimes it denotes also the junction of rathyās, i.e., of streets) ; technical sense of, 125-6. Reservoir, 159. Resting houses, 31, 37. Rest rooms, 33. Rivers, utility of, 27, 28. Roads, 75, 106, 129, 134, 168, 218 ; chess-board plan of, 33 ; for gods, 89 ; width of the various kinds of, 106, 108, 112-3 ; purpose of, 109 ; the proper number of, 116-7, 149 ; doors and arches of, 122-3. Royal kitchen, 149. Royal palace, location of, 161, 324, 329-30 ; general description of, 260-63. ### [c21.51](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.51) S ### [c21.52](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.52) Sabhā, the Council House, 152 ; the town hall, 266 ; location of, 152, 274. Sabhā-vṛksha, the council tree, 135. Sāhāganj, the general market, 23, 164. Sahāya-durga, the ally-fort, 80-1. Sainya-durga, soldier-fort, 80. Śākhā-nagara, the branch-town, definition of, 187, 278. Śākhā-rathyā, the branch-road, width of, 115. Samgraha, a kind of village, 232. Samgrahaṇa, a kind of fort, 35. Sampatkara, a kind of village-plan, 205, 243. ### [c21.53](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.53) Samudra-gṛha, 268. Samviddha, a kind of fort, 74. Sandhi-vīthī, definition of, 125. Sanitation, 183. Saptagrāma, 23, 26. Sāranātha, 115. Sarvatobhadra, a kind of street-plan (or village or town), 123 ; description of, 121-2 ; description of the plan of the village of, 209-213. Śauṇitpur, 104. Senāmukha, a variety of camp, 279-80. Settlements outside the walls, 107. Śilpa-śālā, the museum, 152. Śilpa-Śāstras, 1 ; date of, 7-8. Sīmā-mārga, the boundary road, width of, 114. Sirkap city, 187, 271 ; planning of, 257. Site-planning, 151, 152-64. Śiva Temple town, 193. Śivira, the camp, synonyms of, 331-2 ; description of, 279, 333, 335-6. Skandhāvāra, a camp, a fort, 74 ; description of, 280, 330-34. Sluices, 93. Smṛti Śāstras, 1. Śrīpratiṣṭhita, a kind of village, 205 ; description of, 243. Śrīrangam, a splendid temple-city, description of 189-93. Śrīvatsa, a kind of village, 205 ; description of, 243-4. Sthaladurga, 77. Stambha, a variety of forest-fort, 79. Sthānīyam, a local fastness, 20, 74, 112, 232 ; location of, 34 ; general features of 280-2. Sthapati, the master-builder, 3 ; ### [c21.54](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.54) duties of, 60-2 ; functions and qualifications of, 167-8. Streets, 89 ; varieties and planning of, 109-41 ; provision for light and air in, 110-1 ; general orientation of, 118 ; width of streets commensurate with the volume of traffic, 111 ; width of 112-6 ; planning of, 117-8 ; cities classified according to the number and direction of the principal, 119-23 ; names of the various kinds of, 124-8 ; radiating, diagonal or oblique, 129-32, 227, 277 ; tortuous, 131 ; crooked, 328 ; junctions of, 130, 133-6 ; doors of, 107, 138 ; shopping stalls along, 138 ; location of some important public buildings in the principal, 161, 173 ; social importance of the Indian, 305 : elevation, in the middle, of, 139 ; pavement or macadamization of, 139 ; walls along, 140 ; in the improved city of Dvārakā, the number of the principal, 171-2 ; lined along with trees, 186 0 ; rows of houses arranged along, 208, 231, 293, 244 ; in Madurā, the plan of, 325 ; different professions allocated to different, 330. Subhadra, a town-plan, 121. Subterranean rooms, 301. Sub-town, 184. Suburbs, 181, 186, 187, 288. Supplementary faubourg, 184. Survey, of the ground and situation, 67-9. of the city, 179, 326-7. Sūtragrahī, 3. rank and qualifications of, 168. ### [c21.55](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.55) Swastika, a town or town-plan, 120, 123, 131 ; plan of, 227-34. ### [c21.56](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.56) T ### [c21.57](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.57) Takshaka, 3, 168. Tanks, 30, 45-6, 261, 298 ; equable distribution of, 159, 204, 267-8 ; importance of, 289. Taxila, 297 ; site of, 27 ; groups of cities in, 40. Temples, 137 ; growth of towns from, 20, 29, 30, 31, 190, 193, 245-6, 316 ; plan of, 32 ; supplementary, 33 ; reconstruction of a new city round the old, 179 ; distribution of, 233-4 ; details about, 263-4 ; appertaining to confraternities, 294-5. Temple-city, 24, 29 ; gradual evolution of, 31, 189-93, 286-7. Towers, 85, 99, 193, 275 ; square shape of, 88 ; number of storeys of, 96. Town halls, (Sabha-sthana or sabha), 266 ; distribution of, 225. Town-planning, the orthodox texts on, 1, 2, 3 ; antiquity of, 3-10 ; in the Vedic Age, 5, 6, 8 ; high level of Indian, 11 ; diffusion, among common people, of the knowledge of, 11-2. scope of, 15 ; argument and various sub-heads of, 15, 16. Towns, similarity, to village-plans, of the plan of, 33 ; sites of, 27 ; ### [c21.58](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.58) various possible shapes of, 101-5 ; merits and demerits of the shapes of, 102-5 ; classification of, 123 ; general features of all, 124 ; provision of centres or \*places\* in ancient, 267 ; improvement and extension of, 174-4 ; (a) first method, 178 ; (b) second method, 178-80 ; (c) third method, 180-81 ; (d) fourth method, 182-3 ; (e) fifth method, 184-6 ; (f) sixth method, 188-9 ; (g) seventh method, 190-93 ; individuality of, 270-98 ; groups of, 336-7. Trade guilds, 133 ; separate block assigned to separate, 147 ; social bearing of, 306. Trade route, 27, 129, 197, 283. Trading post, 26. Traffic, 109 ; facilitation of the circulation of, 111-2, 136, 180. Trees, 33, 47, 57, 185 ; elaborate plantation and rearing of, 49, 75 ; planted in rows along roads, 108 ; at the junction of roads, 134 ; planted along the streets, 137-8, 186 ; round the city, a girdle of, 175 ; rule about plantation of, 248-9 ; groves and orchards of, 295 ; defence of, 330. Triangular places, 16, 134, 330. Triśālā, 249. Tumbu, 329. Tvashtār, the chiseller, 3. Trysting place, 26, 128. ### [c21.59](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.59) U ### [c21.60](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.60) Udaypur, 41, 46, 76. University town, 24, 284. ### [c21.61](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.61) Uparathyā, by-road or lane, 115. Uparathyikā, 115. Urdu, 332. ### [c21.62](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.62) V ### [c21.63](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.63) Vāhīrikā, a kind of sub-town, 186-87. Vāhu-daṇḍaka, a variety of town, 119. Vaidika, a village-plan, 205, 243. Vamanapatha, 125, 126-7. Vaṁji (or Vaṁchi, or Karur), the capital of the Chera kingdom, fortifications of, 88 ; drainage system of, 139-40 ; general description of, 328-30. Vana-durga, forest-fort, 73, 74, 79. Vapra, rampart, 85. Vardhaka, a kind of fort, 74. Vardhakī, 3 ; functions of, 168-9. Varṇāśramadharma, influence, upon town-planning, of, 147-8, 306-7. Vāstu, radical meaning of, 1 ; scope of, 2. Vāstu Vidyā, scope of, 9, 2, 3 ; authorities on, 17 (foot-note). Vedībhadrakam, a kind of town, 120. Vedikā, a raised seat, 254, 268. Ventilation, of the city, 87, 109, 141. Vedic towns and grāmas, 8-10. Viḍamba, a kind of village, 282-3. Vihāra, 284. Vijaya, a kind of town, 121 ; of village, 232. Vijayanagara, 131-2. Vikramśilā, 351. Villages, 55, 128 ; growth of villages into a city, 22, 36-7, 189 ; ### [c21.64](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.64) unconscious growth of, 21-3 ; lay-out of cities after the plan of, 33-4. origin of the gopuras traced to the peculiarity of old, 99-100 ; roads of, 113 ; of Mlecchas, 155-6 ; difference between towns and, 195-7 ; establishment of, 197-8 ; residents of, 199 ; boundaries of, 197-8 ; classification of Brāhmaṇ, 199-201 ; fortification of, 201-2 ; measurements of, 202-3 ; general features of, 203-5 ; classes of, 205 ; distinction from modern villages, 244-5. Vithikā, 254. Vīthis ; (‘ vīthi ’ generally means a street, but sometimes the word refers to small shopping lanes.); 111, 113, 120, 218, 255. Vīthī-padam, residential plot, 120. ### [c21.65](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.65) Walls, 70, 95, 178, 194, 257 ; cities defended by, 71 ; particulars about the city-, 84-91 ; heights of, 86-7 ; supplementary, 88 ; advantage and disadvantage of, 174-5 ; paintings on, 319. Wards, 55, 144, 147, 236. Water-falls, 329. Water-festival, 318. Water-passages, 347-8. Water-shed, (shed for free distribution of water), 134. Wells, 134, 135, 151, 159, 268, 289, 298. ### [c21.66](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.66) Yojana, measurement of, 63. ### [c21.67](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.dutt-1925.c21.67) This image appears to be blank. 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