[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Architecture and art](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art) › [Defence Architecture in Early North Karnataka](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981) › c12.s3 # Defence Architecture in Early North Karnataka c12.s3: Later additions Defence Architecture in Early North Karnataka c12.s3 - **Language:** English ### Later additions ### [c12.s3.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c12.s3.1) Before we go into the study of the details of the fort of the Bādāmi Chālukyan period, let me give an idea about the later additions made to the fort, and also of the constructions in the other parts of the locality in different periods. After the study of the earliest fort, the salient architectural features of the other forts too will be dealt with; for a study of these different forts clearly exhibits the developmental stages in the architecture of the fort in the different periods. It is from this point of view Badami is one of the few excellent localities for such a study. ### [c12.s3.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c12.s3.2) Now coming to the later additions, during the Rāṣṭrakūṭa period, Bādāmi of course did not continue to be the capital but probably was an important administrative centre. Of course, there are no inscriptional and literary evidences, but fortunately at the foot of the North-Hill, on the south-western side is a fortwall (Fig.22 and Fig.28) that partly encloses the present village connecting the hill and the tank on the western side at the middle point. The fort appears to have been built immediately in the wake of the fall of the Rāṣṭrakūṭas and of the rise of the Chālukyas again from Kalyāṇa, for the pattern of the construction of the fort here resembles that of the fort in Lakkundi, which is certainly of the early phase of the Kalyāṇa Chālukyan period. Moreover, there are many structural temples such as the Bhūtanāth group of temples on the northern side of the tank, the Yallamma temple on the western bund of the tank and the Dattātraya temple etc. of the Kalyāṇa Chālukya period from the point of style. Besides there are a few inscriptions of the period also. ### [c12.s3.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c12.s3.3) The fort wall has two narrow entrances one on the southern side (Fig.32, Fig. 28 and Fig.29) the other on the western both nearer the south-western corner (Fig.32). The entrances are directly open on the exterior side. The plan of this fort indicates that the North Hill was the acropolis of the Bādāmi Chālukyas and it was enlarged by including some part at the foot of the hill in the valley enclosed by the ground fort. ### [c12.s3.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c12.s3.4) These two forts of the two periods on the one hand and the construction and/or the excavations of the temples even outside the forts on the other seem to suggest that only the area of the acropolis was fortified and the whole city was not enclosed by fort. This is what we have observed in the study of the fort of the early historical period in Banavāsi. ### [c12.s3.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c12.s3.5) Enclosing only the acropolis and apparently not the city with fort wall is indeed on enigmatic for as early as the Harappan period, we find that at Harappā, Kalibangan and Surkoṭeda "not only the acropolis but also the lower city" were fortified separately, and the chapters pertaining to the forts in Kautilyas' Arthasástra, Mānasāra-silpasāstra do speak of the construction of the forts even round the city capitals not merely of the acropolis. But in Bādāmi the ancient township during either Bādāmi Chālukyan or Kalyan Chālukyan period was much more extensive than the area surrounded by the forts. But at present no evidences are available even in the smallest degree that the whole city was enclosed by the fortwall, and the parts that enclosed the city area had totally disappeared in course of time. ### [c12.s3.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c12.s3.6) Bādāmi continued to be a flourishing city even during the Vijayanagar and post Vijayanagar periods (Fig.22). There are two temples of Vijayanagar period. Another temple of Bādāmi Chālukyan period dedicated to Brahma, Vishnu and Mahēshwara now called Jambulinga was renovated by erecting super-structures of brick and mortar in typical Vijayanagar style, over the Garbhagrihas. ### [c12.s3.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c12.s3.7) During this period, it is interesting to note that an extensive fort wall was constructed covering the whole of the present locality and connecting, and in fact including the south-hill almost completely on the western side. ### [c12.s3.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c12.s3.8) During the post Vijayanagar period, the plan of the fort of the Bādāmi Chālukyan period on the North-Hill was altered by the addition of two circular bastions with an imposing entrance (Fig. 33). And also on the flat surface of the south-hill was erected a citadel. These two were built during reign period of Hyder Ali and his son Tippu Sultān. At the foot of Ṣ\[h\]aiva Layana are a Gumbaz and Masjid, definitely of this period. ## Linked texts (5) - [Mānasāra](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.silpa.dravida.manasara) — Sanskrit - [Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.artha.kautilya) — Kauṭilya, Sanskrit - [Harappā](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.harappa) - [Kālībangan](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.kalibangan) - [Jambulinga temple](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.monument.jambulinga-temple) --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c12.s3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c12.s3) · Pramāṇa