[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Architecture and art](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art) › [Defence Architecture in Early North Karnataka](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981) › c19.s3.3 # Defence Architecture in Early North Karnataka c19.s3.3 Defence Architecture in Early North Karnataka c19.s3.3 - **Language:** English ### [c19.s3.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c19.s3.3) The probable answer is this. The gradual rise of the Vijayanagara kingdom into an empire during the 14th and 15th centuries in the south and likewise the rise up of the kingdoms of the Deccan Sultanates such as the Ādil Shāhis of Bijapur etc. in the 14th century witnessed the use of highly advanced war equipments (Fig.98) such as moveable and immoveable guns (Fig.97) and rifles. These changes are due to the extraneous incursions such as the mughals in the north and the Portuguse and the Dutch in the South. - [Previous: c19.s3.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c19.s3.2) - [Next: c19.s3.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c19.s3.4) - [Up: c19.s3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c19.s3) --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c19.s3.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c19.s3.3) · Pramāṇa