[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Architecture and art](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art) › [Defence Architecture in Early North Karnataka](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981) › c5 # Defence Architecture in Early North Karnataka c5: List of Figures Defence Architecture in Early North Karnataka c5 - **Language:** English ### List of Figures ### [c5.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.1) | Title | | Fig.No | | North Karṇāṭaka, the area of forts under the study. | ... | 1 | | Map of Karṇāṭaka showing the locations of forts of Banavāsi, Sannati, Bādāmi, Malkhēd, Kalyāṇa, Hāngal, Vijayanagara (Hampi) and Bijapur under study. | ... | 2 | | Pond snail and Fresh water Mussel, with their natural protective body. | ... | 3 | | Map of Indus empire (2700-1750 B.C.), showing Excavation sites, where defence wall invariably was noticed. | ... | 4 | | Map of Harappa (1946), the citadel and cemeteries (After M.Wheeler). | ... | 5 | | Map of Karṇāṭaka, showing the location of the fort of Banavāsi and its environs. | ... | 6 | | Map of Banavāsi and its environs, with contours. | ... | 7 | | Map of Banavāsi fort, individual plan in detail. | ... | 8 | | Banavāsi Fort: Plan of Northern Agase gate | ... | 9 | | Banavāsi Fort: Sectional elevation of Northern gate (Looking west) | ... | 10 | | Banavāsi Fort: Section of Diddi gate, to the west, joining the western moat. | ... | 11 | | Banavāsi Fort: Elevation of the Ghat leading to the river Varadā | ... | 12 | | Banavāsi Fort: Section of the fort wall at point 'C'. | ... | 13 | | Banavāsi Fort: Sectional elevation at 'Nerūr Agase', at South-Eastern wing of the fort wall. | ... | 14 | ### [c5.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.2) | Map of Karṇāṭaka, showing the location of fortification at Sannati and its environs. | ... | 15 | | Individual map of Environs of Sannati | ... | 16 | | Sannati : Cross section of outer fortification, at point 'X', facing South. | ... | 17 | | Sannati : Section showing the outer fortification in relation to water levels of the Bhima river, near the point 'Y'. | ... | 18 | | Sannati : Cross section of inner fortification at point 'Z'. | ... | 19 | | Sannati : Sizes of bricks used in fortification. | ... | 20 | | Map of Karṇāṭaka showing the location of the fort at Bādāmi | ... | 21 | | Plan of Bādāmi showing different fortifications, with contours. | ... | 22 | | Bādāmi : Plan of the fort on the North Hill (Early Chalukyan Period). | ... | 23 | | Bādāmi : North Fort, Entrances Nos. I, II and III | ... | 24 | | Bādāmi : North Fort, plan of Entrance No.IV | ... | 25 | | Bādāmi : North fort, Entrance No.V and Granaries. | ... | 26 | | Bādāmi : Arrangement of blocks of stones in fort walls of different periods. | ... | 27 | | Bādāmi : Fortwall of Rāṣṭrakūṭa period, section looking west, western wing of the South gate. | ... | 28 | | Bādāmi : Elevation of Fortwall of Rāṣṭrakūṭa period, looking south, on the right side of the South gate, showing arrangements of stone-blocks. | ... | 29 | ### [c5.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.3) Bādāmi : Chālukyan fort on the steep scarp 55.00 m. high above ground level; the wall connects the boulders, beyond which the lower Sivālaya is seen. ... 30 ### [c5.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.4) Plan of Diddi gate in the fort wall of the Rāṣṭrakūṭa period in N.W. corner of the tank. ... 31 ### [c5.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.5) Bādāmi : Plan of the South gate in the fort wall of Rāṣṭrakūṭa period. ... 32 ### [c5.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.6) Bādāmi : North fort, Semi-circular bastion, at Height of 102 m. above from ground level, built in ashlar masonry, by Hyder Ali and Tippu Sultan, late 18th Century. ... 33 ### [c5.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.7) Map of Karnāṭaka showing the location of the fort of Malkhed. ... 34 ### [c5.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.8) Plan of Malkhēd fort and its environs. ... 35 ### [c5.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.9) Malkhēd fort: Plan of western gate to the outer fort, looking the river Kāgina ... 36 ### [c5.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.10) Malkhēd fort : The plan of the entrance No.I of the inner fort. ... 37 ### [c5.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.11) Malkhēd fort : The plan of entrance No.II of the inner fort. ... 38 ### [c5.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.12) Malkhēd fort: The plan of entrance No.III of the inner fort. ... 39 ### [c5.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.13) Malkhēd fort : Plan showing Mandapam of Akṣhōbhya tīrtha, Upli Burj and Kāli Masjid ... 40 ### [c5.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.14) Malkhēd fort: Elevation of Unique bulbous bastions adopted in inner wall at N.E.corner ... 41 ### [c5.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.15) Malkhēd fort: Elevation showing arrangements of stones in the inner fort wall (at N.E. corner). ... 42 ### [c5.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.16) Map of Karnāṭaka showing the location of the fort of Kalyāna. ... 43 ### [c5.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.17) Map of Kalyāṇa fort showing three concentric walls. ... 44 ### [c5.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.18) Kalyāṇa fort: Sectional elevation, looking East. ... 45 ### [c5.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.19) Kalyāṇa fort : Plan of entrance No.I. ... 46 ### [c5.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.20) Kalyāṇa fort : Plan of entrance No.II ... 47 ### [c5.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.21) Kalyāṇa fort : Plan of entrances No.III and IV. ... 48 ### [c5.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.22) Kalyāṇa fort : Elevation of entrance No.III with walling of Hindu and Islāmic orders. ... 49 ### [c5.23](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.23) Kalyāṇa fort : Plan of entrance No.V. ... 50 ### [c5.24](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.24) Kalyāṇa fort : Plan of entrances VI and VII. ... 51 ### [c5.25](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.25) Map of Karṇāṭaka showing the location of the fort of Hāngal. ... 52 ### [c5.26](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.26) Map of Hāngal and its environs. ... 53 ### [c5.27](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.27) Hāngal fort : Elevation of watch-tower in the North-Western corner of the citadel. ... 54 ### [c5.28](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.28) Hāngal fort : Section looking south, westerly wing, at Enclosure II. ... 55 ### [c5.29](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.29) Hāngal fort : Cross-sections of I to IV enclosure walls. ... 56 ### [c5.30](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.30) Map of Karṇāṭaka, showing the location of the fort of Vijayanagara (Hampi). ... 57 ### [c5.31](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.31) Plan of Vijayanagara (Hampi) fort. ... 58 ### [c5.32](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.32) Vijayanagara (Hampi) fort: Plan of the Penugoṇḍa gate. ... 59 ### [c5.33](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.33) Vijayanagara (Hampi) Fort, a gate to the North of Penugoṇḍa gate : Plan and Elevation. ... 60 ### [c5.34](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.34) Vijayanagara (Hampi) Fort: Plan and Elevation of Domed Gate ... 61 ### [c5.35](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.35) Vijayanagara (Hampi) Fort: Plan and Elevation of Bhīma gate. ... 62 ### [c5.36](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.36) Vijayanagara (Hampi) Fort: Plan and Elevation of Pān-Supari gate ... 63 ### [c5.37](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.37) Vijayanagara (Hampi) fort: Plan and Elevation of Talāra-ghatta gate ... 64 ### [c5.38](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.38) Vijayanagara (Hampi) fort: Plan and Elevation of southern gate ... 65 ### [c5.39](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.39) Vijayanagara (Hampi) fort: Elevation of Watch-tower abutting to the Northern wall of Janānā Enclosure ... 66 ### [c5.40](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.40) Vijayanagar (Hampi) fort: Cross-sections showing different methods of construction adopted in fort walls. ... 67 ### [c5.41](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.41) Map of Karṇāṭaka showing the location of the fort of Bijāpur. ... 68 ### [c5.42](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.42) Environs of Bijāpur, showing the forts of Bijāpur, Nauraspur together with the suburb of Shāhpur. ... 69 ### [c5.43](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.43) Bijāpur fort (proper) showing the fort wall, the citadel and the gates. ... 70 ### [c5.44](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.44) Plan of the citadel (Arquilla), showing the remains of important administrative buildings, palace etc. ... 71 ### [c5.45](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.45) Bijāpur fort : the plan of Makka gate. ... 72 ### [c5.46](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.46) Bijāpur fort : The plan of Shāhpur gate ... 73 ### [c5.47](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.47) Bijāpur fort : The Plan of Bahmani gate ... 74 ### [c5.48](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.48) Bijāpur fort : The Plan of Allāpur gate ... 75 ### [c5.49](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.49) Bijāpur fort : The plan of Fateh gate ... 76 ### [c5.50](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.50) Bijāpur fort : The plan of the main gateway of the citadel. ... 77 ### [c5.51](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.51) Conjectural plan of fort as enunciated in Arthas̃āstra. ... 78 ### [c5.52](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.52) Conjectural plan showing fortificational wall and tripple moats, as envisaged in Arthas̃āstra. ... 79 ### [c5.53](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.53) Sections of a single moat and tripple moats, based on Arthas̃āstra. ... 80 ### [c5.54](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.54) Plan of Bîdar fort, where tripple moats are the unique contribution. ... 81 ### [c5.55](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.55) Section of Niskuradwara (trap-gate), showing exit leading enemy to death, conjectured from Arthas̃āstra. ... 82 ### [c5.56](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.56) Section of bulbous wall of fortification, as described in Arthas̃āstra. ... 83 ### [c5.57](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.57) Section of fort wall showing a narrow passage with thorns spread made of iron etc., to drive out the enemy. Based on Arthas̃āstra. ... 84 ### [c5.58](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.58) Conjectural Indrakosa and Store House on the top of fortwall, based on Arthas̃āstra. ... 85 ### [c5.59](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.59) Conjectural, stone paved roads for chariots, based on Arthas̃āstra. ... 86 ### [c5.60](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.60) Jaladurga (water fort), details obtained from Arthas̃āstra. ... 87 ### [c5.61](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.61) Kharvaṭa fort or town, details from P K Acharya's Architecture of Mānasāra ... 88 ### [c5.62](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.62) General outlines of Kheṭa town or fort and Kubjaka town or fort, based on Mānasāra by P.K.Acharya ... 89 ### [c5.63](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.63) Drōṇa (a fortress), based on Mānasāra (Ed: P.K.Acharya) ... 90 ### [c5.64](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.64) Rājadhānīya layout, capital forts for Chakravartiin kings, based on Mānasāra, Ed: P.K.Acharya ... 91 ### [c5.65](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.65) Mohenjō-Dārō : Copper and Bronze weapons and tools (Ref: M.Wheeler) ... 92 ### [c5.66](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.66) Alexander's time (357 B.C.-323 B.C.), Greek and Indian swords ... 93 ### [c5.67](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.67) War axes and maces, conjectured from Vishnudharmōttara Purāṇam (300-800 A.D.) ... 94 ### [c5.68](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.68) Sculptural representation of weapons in cave No.III, Chālukyas of Bādāmī, (600 A.D.). R.S.Panchamukhi ... 95 ### [c5.69](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.69) Ajanta - A cultural study Fig.XXV, Arms and Armours (8th Cent. A.D.), M.K.Dhavalikar ... 96 ### [c5.70](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.70) Moveable guns on battle fields and mounted on pivots of bastions, both 16th century onwards. ... 97 ### [c5.71](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.71) Fully armoured war horse, Bijāpur paintings, 16th Century, A.D., G.N.Pant. ... 98 ### [c5.72](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.72) Ajanta - A cultural study, Fig.XXVIII, Arms and Armours. M.K.Dhavalikar. ... 99 ### [c5.73](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5.73) Raichur fort - Plan of Raichur fort after the Annual Report of Archaeological Department of His Exalted Highness Nizam's Dominions, (1929-30), end page. ... 100 --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.joshi-1981.c5) · Pramāṇa