Defence Architecture in Early North Karnataka c9.s2.t2: Geology:
Defence Architecture in Early North Karnataka c9.s2.t2
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Geology:
c9.s2.t2.1
The region is richly complex in its topography as it has ranges of hills of different kinds of rock materials and varying rain fall. The hills, the valleys and the plains have their distinct characteristic appearances that determine the personality of the respective areas. Geologically the region comprises of series of the oldest rocks namely the Dharwar rocks running roughly in the North West - South East directions, especially in the western part of the region. These are over l<ins>a</ins><del>y</del>ing by the granite and granitic-gneiss rocks almost all over the region. While the hills of the Dharwar rocks consisting of schists and haematite quartzs etc. appear in the form of long chain of hills with rounded tops and sloping sides in the western especially South-Western parts, the Eastern parts are characterised by series of hill ranges and isolated knols of the peninsular gneissic complex. These hills consist of deep valleys and terraces surrounded by huge boulders forming as if castellation. In middle part of the region i.e. in the Krishnā - lower Bhīma valley area in the North East and South East orientation are the sedimentary rocks in two series : the Kaladagi and the Bhima. These rocks comprise sand stone, lime stone conglomerates, quartzite sand stone etc. The rocks appear in the form of long ranges of hills with extensive flat surfaces and deep valleys. The North-Western part of the region is covered with thick layer of Deccan trap capped by area is generally open and plain known as Maidān, generally spotted with thin vegetation, scrubs and trees. Further the region is composed of hills of Deccan trap in the north east, especially in the Districts of Raichur and Gulbarga in Belvalnāḍu area. The laterites of the coastal plains are of high order. The areas of Dharwad and Belgaum are generally of higher elevations and with smooth undertaking plains, broken up by ranges of hills, wild forest in the west and ruggedly plain with valleys. The areas in the eastern part with black cotton soil are plain and have rugged ridges and isolated knobe of hills, with severely plain table land on the tops, on the west, they are thickly forested and difficult to penetrate into, forming a part of the Sahyadri hills or western Ghāts.
c9.s2.t2.2
Geography:
c9.s2.t2.3
Rivers: There are five rivers with their respective tributaries, and rivulets covering the entire region of North Karṇāṭaka, excluding, North Kanara. They are the Bhīmā, the Kṛishṇā, the Ghaṭaprabhā, the Malaprabhā and the Tungabhadra. In North Kanara alone as mentioned above there are four rivers, namely the Kāḷi, the Gaṅgāvaḷi, the Sharāvati and the Varadā. These rivers form an excellent net work over the whole region.