Elements of Hindu Iconography v2.c13: Front matter
Elements of Hindu Iconography v2.c13
- Language
- English
Front matter
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ELEMENTS OF HINDU ICONOGRAPHY
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T. A. GOPINATHA RAO
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ELEMENTS OF HINDU ICONOGRAPHY.
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OF
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HINDU ICONOGRAPHY
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BY
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T. A. GOPINATHA RAO, M.A.
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SUPERINTENDENT OF ARCHÆOLOGY, TRAVANCORE STATE.
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Vol. II—Part I.
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THE LAW PRINTING HOUSE MOUNT ROAD :: :: MADRAS 1916
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All Rights Reserved.
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PRINTED AT THE LAW PRINTING HOUSE, MOUNT ROAD, MADRAS.
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DEDICATED WITH KIND PERMISSION To HIS HIGHNESS SIR RAMAVARMA, Sri Padmanabhadasa, Vanchipala, Kulasekhara Kiritapati, Manney Sultan Maharaja Raja Ramaraja Bahadur, Shamsher Jang, G.C.S.I., G.C.I.E., MAHARAJA OF TRAVANCORE, Member of the Royal Asiatic Society, London, Fellow of the Geographical Society, London, Fellow of the Madras University, Officer de L'Instruction Publique. By HIS HIGHNESS'S HUMBLE SERVANT THE AUTHOR.
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IN bringing out the Second Volume of the Elements of Hindu Iconography, the author earnestly trusts that it will meet with the same favourable reception that was uniformly accorded to the first volume both by *savants* and the Press, for which he begs to take this opportunity of tendering his heart-felt thanks. No pains have of course been spared to make the present publication as informing and interesting as is possible in the case of the abstruse subject of Iconography. Though the illustrations appearing in the present volume are by no means inadequate for the main purpose of the work, yet they are not so full and exhaustive as in the first, and a word of explanation in that connection may not be out of place. To the great regret of the author, the liberal pecuniary help offered for the preparation and publication of the first volume has been, owing to the somewhat straitened finances of the Travancore State at present, withheld from him on the present occasion and he has, in consequence, not been able to embody as many illustrations as he had intended personally to gather for the purpose from various parts of India with a view to present to the public a series representative of the varied sculpture of the different parts of this country. But the Travancore Durbar have, in gracious consideration of the trouble and labour involved in the preparation of the present volume, been pleased to permit its publication by the author himself, for which he begs to offer his respectful and grateful thanks to the Dewan, Mr. Dewan Bahadur M. Kṛṣṇa Nāir, B.A., B.L.
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Mention may here be made of a few points worthy of notice in the book. In the Introduction is given a collective description of all the peculiarities of the tenets and observances of some of the Śaiva sects of which the general public has hitherto been practically ignorant, and of certain other cults that have died out without a trace. The nature of *Linga* worship has been examined critically in the light of original texts gathered from such important sources as the Śaivāgamas, Śaiva philosophical treatises, Purāṇas and Itihāsas, and with reference to the extant sculpture of all ages of this symbol of worship, and the matter has been thoroughly discussed and, what
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the author ventures to claim to be, an impartial conclusion arrived at. In the body of the book, several matters, which will be seen to be quite new even to the informed Hindu, have been dealt with; to cite an instance, everybody knows that Śiva begged for food with the broken skull of Brahmā as an expiation for the sin of having cut off one of Brahmā’s heads, but it is doubtful if it is known why this curious sort of penance should have been resorted to by Śiva to get rid of His sin. Again, it has been found possible with the help of the knowledge derived from a close study of the bulk of the science of Nāṭya-Śāstra together with commentaries thereon to elaborate and treat fully the manifold dances of Śiva, though only eight or nine modes are described in the āgamic and other works. The reader will, it is hoped, come across many other instances of fresh information being furnished on matters that have remained more or less obscure hitherto.
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The author cannot be too thankful to the Proprietors of the Law Printing House for the extraordinary care and trouble they have bestowed upon the printing and general get up of the books and for their readiness in coming forward and generously offering their timely help but for which the volume could not have been brought out. The author cannot also omit to express his sense of gratitude to Dr. A. K. Ānandakumāraswāmi, M.A., D. Sc., for the ready and willing permission granted to him for reproducing the valuable article on the dance of Śiva, contributed some time ago to the *Siddhānta-Dīpikā* by the learned Doctor. He has also very great pleasure in recording here his high appreciation of the help cheerfully rendered by his Paṇḍit Mr. V. Śrīnivāsa Śāstri, Smṛtiviśārada, but for whose untiring industry and intelligent collaboration this work could not have been brought to a successful completion so soon. Messrs. Longhurst, Stoney, Kay and Beardsell, have been so very kind as to assist the author with photographs of images in their respective collections and to accord their gracious permission to reproduce them: to these gentlemen, the author offers his grateful thanks.
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For reasons which need not be explained here, it was not possible for the author personally to supervise the printing of the work throughout so as to ensure the presentation of an absolutely correct text; he had therefore to entrust the task to the printers themselves. In spite of the care and trouble ungrudgingly bestowed by them in the midst of their multifarious duties, a number of errors have unavoidably crept in. Though such of
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them as have been subsequently noticed are noted in the errata list, it is likely many more have escaped detection, for which the author craves the indulgence of his readers.
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MADRAS, January 1916.}
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THE AUTHOR.
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I have to thank Mr. A. W. Pollard for his kindness in reading the proofs of this book, and for many valuable suggestions.
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AUTHOR.
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| | | PAGES. |
| PREFACE | ... | vii—xi |
| A GENERAL INTRODUCTION ON ŚAIVAISM. | ... | 1—71 |
| I. LIṄGAS | ... | 73—102 |
| II. LIṄGŌDBHAVAMŪRTI, CHANDRA- | | |
| ŚEKHARAMŪRTI, PĀŚUPATAMŪRTI AND | | |
| RAUDRA-PĀŚUPATAMŪRTI | ... | 103—126 |
| III. SUKHĀSANAMŪRTI, UMĀSAHITAMŪRTI, | | |
| SŌMĀSKANDAMŪRTI AND UMĀMAHĒŚ- | | |
| VARAMŪRTI | ... | 127—141 |
| IV. SAMHĀRAMŪRTIS :— | ... | 143—202 |
| (i) Kāmāntakamūrti | ... | 147—149 |
| (ii) Gajāsura-samhāramūrti | ... | 149—156 |
| (iii) Kālārimūrti | ... | 156—164 |
| (iv) Tripurāntakamūrti | ... | 164—171 |
| (v) Śarabhēśamūrti | ... | 171—174 |
| (vi) Brahma-śiraśchēdakamūrti = | | |
| Bhairava | ... | 174—182 |
| (a) Bhairava | ... | 177 |
| (b) Vaṭuka-Bhairava | ... | 177—179 |
| (c) Svarṇākarṣaṇa Bhairava | ... | 179 |
| (d) Sixty-four Bhairavas | ... | 180—182 |
| (vii) Vīrabhadramūrti | ... | 182—188 |
| (viii) Jālandhara-vadha-mūrti | ... | 188—191 |
| (ix) Mallāri-Śivamūrti | ... | 191—192 |
| (x) Andhakāsuravadhamūrti | ... | 192—194 |
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(xi) Aghōramūrti (Daśabhuja-Aghōramūrti) ... ... ... 197—201
(xii) Mahākāla and Mahākālī ... 201—202 V. ANUGRAHAMŪRTIS :— ... ... 203—220
(i) Caṇḍēśānugrahamūrti ... 205—209
(ii) Viṣṇvanugrahamūrti (=Chakradānamūrti) ... ... 209—212
(iii) Nandīśānugrahamūrti ... 212—213
(iv) Vighnēśvarānugrahamūrti ... 213—214
(v) Kirātārjunamūrti ... ... 214—217
(vi) Rāvaṇānugrahamūrti ... ... 217—220 VI. NṚTTAMŪRTIS (DIFFERENT FORMS OF NAṬANA) ... ... ... 221—270 VII. DAKṢIṆĀMŪRTIS :— ... ... 271—292
(i) Vyākhyānamūrti ... ... 273—283
(ii) Jñānamūrti ... ... 284
(iii) Yōgamūrti ... ... 284—289
(iv) Viṇādharamūrti ... ... 289—292 VIII. KAṄKĀLA AND BHIKṢĀṬANAMŪRTIS ... 293—309 IX. OTHER IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF ŚIVA:— 311—358
(i) Gaṅgādharamūrti ... ... 313—321
(ii) Ardhanārīśvaramūrti ... 321—332
(iii) Haryardhamūrti ... ... 332—337
(iv) Kalyāṇasundaramūrti ... 337—352
(v) Vṛiṣavāhanamūrti ... ... 352—356
(vi) Viṣāpaharaṇamūrti ... ... 356—358 X. MISCELLANEOUS ASPECTS OF ŚIVA:— 359—411
(i) Sadāśivamūrti and Mahāsadāśivamūrti ... ... ... 361—374
(ii) Pañchabrahmās or Īśānādayah ... 375—379
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| | | | PAGES. |
| (iii) Mahēśamūrti | ... | ... | 379—386 |
| (iv) Ēkādaśa Rudras | ... | ... | 386—392 |
| (v) Vidyēśvaras ... | ... | ... | 392—403 |
| (vi) Mūrtyashṭaka | ... | ... | 403—407 |
| (vii) Local legends and images based upon | | | |
| Mahātmyas | ... | ... | 407— 411 |
| XI. SUBRAHMAṆYA | ... | ... | 413—451 |
| XII. NANDIKĒŚVARA | ... | ... | 453—460 |
| XIII. CHAṆḌĒŚVARA ... | ... | ... | 461—469 |
| XIV. BHAKTAS | ... | ... | 471—481 |
| XV. ĀRYA | ... | ... | 483—492 |
| XVI. KSHĒTRAPĀLA ... | ... | ... | 493—498 |
| XVII. BRAHMĀ | ... | ... | 499—512 |
| XVIII. DIKPĀLAKAS ... | ... | ... | 513—538 |
| XIX. AŚVINIDĒVATĀS | ... | ... | 539—545 |
| XX. DEMI-GODS | ... | ... | 547—570 |
| (i) Vasus | ... | ... | 550—553 |
| (ii) Nāgadēva and the Nāgas | ... | 554—558 |
| (iii) Sādhyas | ... | ... | 558—559 |
| (iv) Asuras | ... | ... | 559—561 |
| (v) Apsarasas | ... | ... | 561—562 |
| (vi) Piśāchas | ... | ... | 562 |
| (vii) Vētāḷas | ... | ... | 562 |
| (viii) Pitris | ... | ... | 562—564 |
| (ix) Ṛishis | ... | ... | 564—567 |
| (x) Gandharvas | ... | ... | 568--569 |
| (xi) Marut-ganas | ... | ... | 569—570 |
| APPENDIX A. | ... | ... | 571—578 |
| " B. | ... | ... | 1—279 |
| INDEX | ... | ... | ... | 1—37 |
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| PLATE | | TO FACE PAGE |
| I—Three different views of the Bhita Liṅga (A.S.U.P.) | ... | 65 |
| II—Front, side and back views and the section of the Guḍimallam Liṅga | ... | 66 |
| III—Bust of the image of Śiva on the Guḍimallam Liṅga | ... | 66 |
| *Details of ornaments in the Guḍimallam Sculpture.* | | |
| IV—Fig. 1, The head-gear of the Apasmāra-purusha | ... | 67 |
| IV—Fig. 2, The kuṇḍala in the ear of Śiva | ... | 67 |
| IV—Fig. 3, The ornamental band on the upper arm of the same | ... | 67 |
| IV—Fig. 4, The details of the bracelets of the same | ... | 67 |
| IV—Fig. 5, The details of the jaṭāmakuṭa of the same | ... | 67 |
| IV—Fig. 6, The details of the hāra on the neck of the same | ... | 67 |
| IV—Fig. 7, Do. of the Apasmāra-purusha. | ... | 67 |
| V—Fig. 1, The Chennittalai Liṅga | ... | 69 |
| V—Fig. 2, The Paraśu in the left hand of the image of Śiva in the Guḍimallam Liṅga | ... | 69 |
| V—Fig. 3, The kamaṇḍalu in the same | ... | 69 |
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∗ T.S.A. Trivandram School of Arts ; A.S.M. Archæological Survey of Madras ; A.S. My. Archæological Survey of Mysore ; A.S. Bo. Archæological Survey of Bombay ; A.S.I. Archæological Survey of India ; I.M. India Museum and A.S.U.P. Archæological Survey of United Provinces. The photographs and drawings which are not followed by any of the abbreviations given above belong to the author's collection.
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| PLATE | | TO FACE PAGE |
| V—Fig. 4, | The ram held in the right hand of the same | 69 |
| VI—The | Āḍhya, Anāḍhya, Surēḍhya and Sarvasama liṅgas | 93 |
| VII—Fig. 1, | The Trairāśika Liṅga | 95 |
| VII—Fig. 2, | The Aṣṭōttara-śata-liṅga | 95 |
| VII—Fig. 3, | The Mukhaliṅga | 95 |
| VIII—Fig. 1, | Aṣṭōttaraśata liṅga, Tiruvorriyūr | 96 |
| VIII—Fig. 2, | Sahasra liṅga Do. | 96 |
| IX—Fig. 1, | Mukhaliṅga with a single face | 97 |
| IX—Fig. 2, | Do. Do. | 97 |
| X—Fig. 1, | Liṅga with brahma sūtras | 98 |
| X—Fig. 2, | Mukhaliṅga with three faces | 98 |
| X—Fig. 3, | Dhārā-liṅga, Tiruvorriyūr | 98 |
| XI—Mukhalinga, | Joti (Cuddappah District) | 98 |
| XII—Bhadra-Pīṭha, | Vajra-Padma, Śrīkara-Pīṭha, Pīṭha-Padma | 101 |
| XIII—Liṅgōdbhavamūrti, | Kailāsanāthasvāmin temple, Conjeevaram | 109 |
| XIV—Fig. 1, | Do. Daśāvatāra Cave, Ellora. | 110 |
| XIV—Fig. 2, | Do. Ambar-Māgāḷam. | 110 |
| XV—Fig. 1, | Kēvala-Chandraśēkharamūrti, Tiruppāḷatturai (A.S.M.) | 121 |
| XV—Fig. 2, | Umā-sahita-Chandraśēkharamūrti, Agaram Śēttūr | 121 |
| XVI—Kēvala-Chandraśēkharamūrti, | Ōṇakkūr. | 122 |
| XVII—Umā-Sahita-Chandraśēkharamurti, | Tiruvorriyūr (A.S.M.) | 122 |
| XVIII—Fig. 1, | Do. Madeour. | 123 |
| XVIII—Fig. 2, | Āliṅgana-Chandraśēkharamūrti, Mayūranāthasvāmin temple, Māyavaram (A.S.M.) | 123 |
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| PLATE | | TO FACE PAGE |
| XIX—Fig. 1, | Āliṅgana-Chandraśēkharamūrti, Paṭṭīśvaram, (A.S.M.) ... | 124 |
| XIX—Fig. 2, | Do. Marudāntanallūr (A.S.M.). ... | 124 |
| XIX—Fig. 3, | Do. Kōvilūr (A.S.M.) ... | 124 |
| XX— | Do. Āṅgūr (A.S.M.)... | 124 |
| XXI—Fig. 1, | Umā-sahita-Sukhāsanamūrti, Madeour ... | 133 |
| XXI—Fig. 2, | Do. Agaram-Śēttūr ... | 133 |
| XXII—Fig. 1, | Sōmāskandamūrti, Madeour ... | 134 |
| XXII—Fig. 2, | Do. Nellore (Mr. M.K. Raṅgasāmi Ayyaṅgār) ... | 134 |
| XXIII— | Umā-mahēśvaramūrti, Bāgaḷi (A.S.M.)... | 135 |
| XXIV— | Do. Aihoḷe (A.S.Bo.) ... | 135 |
| XXV— | Do. Trivandram (T.S.A.). | 136 |
| XXVI—Fig. 1, | Do. Havēri (A.S.Bo.) ... | 137 |
| XXVI—Fig. 2, | Do. Ajmere Do. ... | 137 |
| XXVII— | Do. Ellora ... | 139 |
| XXVIII— | Do. Ellora ... | 140 |
| XXIX— | Do. Ellora ... | 141 |
| XXX— | Gajāsura-saṃhāramūrti, Amṛitapura (A.S.My.) ... | 152 |
| XXXI— | Do. Vaḷuvūr (A.S.M.) ... | 154 |
| XXXII—Fig. 1, | Do. Dārāsuram (A.S.M.) ... | 155 |
| XXXII—Fig. 2, | Do. Tiruchcheṅgāṭṭaṅguḍi. ... | 155 |
| XXXIII— | Gajāsura-saṃhāramūrti, Hoysaḷēśvara temple, Haḷebīḍu ... | 156 |
| XXXIV— | Kālārīmūrti, Daśāvatāra Cave, Ellora ... | 161 |
| XXXV—Fig. 1, | Do. Kailāsa Cave, Ellora ... | 162 |
| XXXV—Fig. 2, | Do. Paṭṭīśvaram (A.S.M.) ... | 162 |
| XXXVI—Fig. 1, | Do. Tiruchcheṅgāṭṭaṅguḍi. ... | 163 |
| XXXVI—Fig. 2, | Do. (Mr. R. F. Stoney’s Collection) ... | 163 |
| XXXVII— | Tripurāntakamūrti, Daśāvatāra Cave, Ellora ... | 170 |
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| PLATE | | TO FACE PAGE |
| XXXVIII—Tripurāntakamūrti, Kailāsa temple, Ellora | ... | 171 |
| XXXIX— Do. Kailāsanāthasvāmin temple, Conjeevaram | ... | 171 |
| XL— Do. Madura | ... | 171 |
| XLI—Bhairava, Paṭṭīśvaram (A.S.M.) | ... | 178 |
| XLII—Fig. 1, Bhairava, Indian Museum, Calcutta (A.S. Bo.) | ... | 179 |
| XLII—Fig. 2, Do. Madras Museum | ... | 179 |
| XLII—Fig. 3, Do. Roy. As. Soc. Museum, Bombay | ... | 179 |
| XLIII—Atiriktāṅga-Bhairava, Rāmēśvara Cave, Ellora | ... | 182 |
| XLIV—Fig. 1, Vīrabhadramūrti, Madras Museum. | ... | 187 |
| XLIV—Fig. 2, Vīrabhadramūrti, Teṅkāśi | ... | 187 |
| XLV—Fig. 1, Dakṣa-Prajāpati and his wife, Āṅgūr (A.S.M.) | ... | 188 |
| XLV—Fig. 2, Andhakāsuravadhamūrti, Daśāvatāra Cave, Ellora | ... | 188 |
| XLVI—Andhakāsuravadhamūrti, Elephanta | ... | 192 |
| XLVII— Do. Kailāsa, Ellora | ... | 193 |
| XLVIII—Fig. 1, Aghōramūrti, Paṭṭīśvaram (A.S.M.) | ... | 200 |
| XLVIII—Fig. 2, Aghōramūrti, Tirukkaḷukkuṇram. | ... | 200 |
| XLIX—Fig. 1, Caṇḍēśanugrahamūrti, Gaṅgaikoṇḍaśōlapuram, (A.S.M.) | ... | 208 |
| XLIX—Fig. 2, Caṇḍēśanugrahamūrti, Kailāsanāthasvāmin temple, Conjeevaram | ... | 208 |
| L—Fig. 1, Caṇḍēśanugrahamūrti, Madura. | ... | 211 |
| L—Fig. 2, Caṇḍēśanugrahamūrti, Suchīndram | ... | 211 |
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| PLATE | | TO FACE PAGE |
| LI—Fig. 1, | Viṣṇvanugrahamūrti, Conjee-varam ... | 210 |
| LI—Fig. 2, | Do. Madura ... | 210 |
| LII—Fig. 1, | Kirātamūrti, Tiruchcheṅgāṭṭaṅguḍi ... | 216 |
| LII—Fig. 2, | Pāśupatāstra-dānamūrti, Śrīśailam (A.S.M.) ... | 216 |
| LIII— | Rāvaṇānugrahamūrti, Daśāvatāra Cave, Ellora ... | 218 |
| LIV— | Do. Dhumar Leṇa Cave, Ellora ... | 219 |
| LV— | Do. Bēlūr ... | 219 |
| LVI— | Naṭarāja, Madras Museum ... | 252 |
| LVII— | Do. Koṭṭappāḍi ... | 252 |
| LVIII—Fig. 1, | Do. Rāmēśvaram (A.S.M.) ... | 252 |
| LVIII—Fig. 2, | Do. (Ivory) Trivandram (T.S.A.) ... | 252 |
| LIX— | Do. Paṭṭīśvaram (A.S.M.)... | 253 |
| LX— | Do. Teṅkāśi ... | 255 |
| LXI— | Nṛittamūrti, Tiruchcheṅgāṭṭaṅguḍi ... | 257 |
| LXII— | Kaṭisama dance, Ellora ... | 259 |
| LXIII— | Lalita dance, Do. ... | 262 |
| LXIV—Fig. 1, | Lalāṭa-tilaka dance, Tiruchcheṅgāṭṭaṅguḍi... | 264 |
| LXIV—Fig. 2, | Do. Conjeevaram... | 264 |
| LXV—Fig. 1, | Do. Teṅkāśi ... | 265 |
| LXV—Fig. 2, | Do. Tāramaṅgalam (A.S.M.) ... | 265 |
| LXVI—Fig. 1, | Chatura-dance, Bādāmi ... | 267 |
| LXVI—Fig. 2, | Do. Tiruvaraṅguḷam (A.S.M.) ... | 267 |
| LXVII— | Do. Nallūr (A.S.M.) ... | 267 |
| LXVIII— | Talasaṁsphōṭita dance, Conjeevaram ... | 268 |
| LXIX— | Do. Cheṅgannūr... | 269 |
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| LXX—Nṛttamūrti, Conjeevaram | ... | 269 |
| LXXI—Jñāna-Dakṣiṇā-mūrti, Deogarh (A.S. Bo.) | ... | 278 |
| LXXII—Fig. 1, Do. Āvūr (A.S.M.) | ... | 281 |
| LXXII—Fig. 2, Do. | ... | 281 |
| LXXIII— Do. Tiruvorriyūr | ... | 281 |
| LXXIV—Fig. 1, Do. Suchīndram | ... | 282 |
| LXXIV—Fig. 2, Do. Kāvērīpākkam. | ... | 282 |
| LXXV—Fig. 1, Do. Tiruvēṅgavāśal (A.S.M.) | ... | 283 |
| LXXV—Fig. 2, Do. Mr. Kay's Collection. | ... | 283 |
| LXXVI—Yōga-Dakṣiṇāmūrti, Tiruvorriyūr | ... | 285 |
| LXXVII— Do. Conjeevaram | ... | 287 |
| LXXVIII— Do. Conjeevaram | ... | 288 |
| LXXIX—Dakṣiṇāmūrti, Nañjaṅgōḍu (A.S.My). | ... | 288 |
| LXXX—Vīṇādhara-Dakṣiṇāmūrti, Madras Museum | ... | 291 |
| LXXXI— Do. Vaḍaraṅgam (A.S.M.) | ... | 291 |
| LXXXII—Kaṅkāḷamūrti, Dārāsuram (A.S.M.) | ... | 308 |
| LXXXIII— Do. Teṅkāśi (A.S.M.) | ... | 308 |
| LXXXIV—Kaṅkāḷamūrti, Suchīndram | ... | 308 |
| LXXXV—Fig. 1, Do. Kumbhakōṇam | ... | 308 |
| LXXXV—Fig. 2, Do. Tiruchcheṅgāṭṭaṅguḍi | ... | 308 |
| LXXXVI—Fig. 1, Bhikṣhāṭanamūrti, Conjeevaram | ... | 309 |
| LXXXVI—Fig. 2, Do. Tiruchcheṅgāṭṭaṅguḍi | ... | 309 |
| LXXXVII—Fig. 1, Do. Kumbhakōṇam | ... | 309 |
| LXXXVII—Fig. 2, Do. Tiruvenkāḍu (A.S.M.) | ... | 309 |
| LXXXVIII— Do. Vaḷuvūr (A.S.M.) | ... | 309 |
| LXXXIX— Do. Paṇḍanaṅallūr (A.S.M.) | ... | 309 |
| XC—Gaṅgādharamūrti, Elephanta | ... | 317 |
| XCI— Do. Trichinopoly | ... | 318 |
| XCII—Fig. 1, Do. Ellora | ... | 319 |
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| XCII—Fig. 2, Gaṅgādharamūrti, Vaittiśvaran-kōyil (A.S.M.) | ... | 319 |
| XCIII— Do. Tāramaṅgalam (A.S.M.) | ... | 320 |
| XCIV—Arddhanārīśvaramūrti, Bādāmi | ... | 327 |
| XCV—Fig. 1, Do. Kumbhakōṇam | ... | 328 |
| XCV—Fig. 2, Do. Mahābalipuram | ... | 328 |
| XCVI—Fig. 1, Do. Madras Museum | ... | 330 |
| XCVI—Fig. 2, Do. Tiruchcheṅgāṭṭaṅgudi | ... | 330 |
| XCVI—Fig. 3, Do. | ... | 330 |
| XCVII— Do. Conjeevaram | ... | 330 |
| XCVIII— Do. Madura | ... | 331 |
| XCIX—Haryarddhamūrti, Bādāmi | ... | 334 |
| C— Do. Poona (A.S.Bo.) | ... | 336 |
| CI—Kalyāṇasundaramūrti, Tiruvorriyūr | ... | 344 |
| CII— Do. Ratanpūr (Bilāspur Dt.) (A. S. Bo.) | ... | 345 |
| CIII— Do. Elephanta (A. S. Bo.) | ... | 346 |
| CIV— Do. Ellora | ... | 347 |
| CV— Do. Ellora | ... | 347 |
| CVI— Do. Madura | ... | 351 |
| CVII— Do. Madura | ... | 351 |
| CVIII—Vṛishavāhanamūrti, Vēdāraṇyam (A.S.M.) | ... | 354 |
| CIX— Do. (From the Viśvakarma) | ... | 355 |
| CX— Do. Tāramaṅgalam (A.S.M.) | ... | 355 |
| CXI—Vṛishavāhanamūrti, Mahābalipuram | ... | 355 |
| CXII—Fig. 1, Do. Haḷebīḍu | ... | 355 |
| CXII—Fig. 2, Do. Madura | ... | 355 |
| CXIII—Fig. 1, Sadāśivamūrti, Mr. Beardsell’s Collection | ... | 372 |
| CXIII—Fig. 2, Do. Mr. K. Kay’s Collection | ... | 372 |
| CXIV—Fig. 1, Mahēśamūrti, Gokak Falls (A. S. Bo.) | ... | 382 |
v2.c13.37
| PLATE | | TO FACE PAGE |
| CXIV—Fig. 2, Mahāsadāśivamūrti, Vaittiś- | | |
| | varaṅkōyil (A. S. M.) | ... | 382 |
| CXV—Sadāśivamūrti, Elephanta (from Viśva- | | |
| | karma) | ... | 372 |
| CXVI—Mahēśamūrti, Kāvēripākkam | ... | 380 |
| CXVII— Do. Elephanta | ... | 382 |
| CXVIII— Do. Chitorgarh | ... | 385 |
| CXIX—Fig. 1, Ēkapādamūrti, Jambukēśvaram | | |
| | (A.S.M.) | ... | 410 |
| CXIX—Fig. 2, Śiva as a sow suckling its | | |
| | young ones. | ... | 410 |
| CXX—Fig. 1, Pārvatī doing | | |
| | penance | | |
| CXX—Fig. 2, Pārvatī | P a t t i ś v a r a m | | |
| | embracing | (A.S.M.) | ... | 409 |
| | Śiva. | | |
| CXXI—Fig. 1, Skanda or Vēlāyudha Subrah- | | |
| | maṇya, Mr. M. K. Nārāyaṇa- | | |
| | sāmi Ayyar's Collection | ... | 444 |
| CXXI—Fig. 2, Kumāra, Tiruppālatturai (A.S.M.) | ... | 444 |
| CXXII—Subrahmaṇya with his consorts Dēva- | | |
| | sēnā and Vaḷḷi, Kumbhakōṇam. | ... | 444 |
| CXXIII— Do. Tiruvorriyūr | ... | 445 |
| CXXIV— Do. Ellora | ... | 445 |
| CXXV— Do. with his consorts Dēvasēna | | |
| | and Vaḷḷi, Kumbhakōṇam | ... | 446 |
| CXXVI—Fig.1, Do. Trivandram (T.S.A.) | ... | 447 |
| CXXVI—Fig. 2, Śikhivāhana, Kumbhakōṇam. | ... | 447 |
| CXXVI—Fig. 3, Sēnāpati, Madras Museum | ... | 447 |
| CXXVII—Shaṇmukha, Paṭṭīśvaram (A.S.M.) | ... | 447 |
| CXXVIII— Do. Nallūr (A.S.M.) | ... | 448 |
| CXXVIIIa—Tārakāri-Subrahmaṇya, Aihoḷe | ... | 448 |
| CXXIX—Dēvasēna-Kalyāṇasundaramūrti, | | |
| | Tirupparaṅkuṇram | ... | 448 |
v2.c13.38
LIST OE ILLUSTRATIONS.
v2.c13.39
| PLATE | | TO FACE PAGE |
| CXXX—Dvārapālaka of the Subrahmaṇya shrine, Tanjore (A.S.M.) | ... | 450 |
| CXXXI—Adhikāra-Nandin, Vaḷuvūr (A.S.M.) | ... | 460 |
| CXXXII—Nandi, Pañchanadikulam (Tanjore Dt.) (A.S.M.) | ... | 460 |
| CXXXIII—Fig. 1, Chandēśvara, Tirruvorriyūr | ... | 468 |
| CXXXIII—Fig. 2, Do. Marudāntanallūr (A.S.M.) | ... | 468 |
| CXXXIV—Kaṇṇappa Nāyanār, Madras Museum. | ... | 480 |
| CXXXV—Siruttoṇḍa Nāyanār and others, Tirucheṅgāṭṭaṅguḍi (A.S.M.) | ... | 475 |
| CXXXVI—Āḷvārs, Tāḍikkombu (A.S.M.) | ... | 480 |
| CXXXVII—Fig. 1, Tirujñānasambandha, Padmanābhapuram | ... | 480 |
| CXXXVII—Fig. 2, Māṇikkavāchakar | Tiruchcheṅ- | |
| CXXXVII—Fig. 3, Apparsvāmigaḷ | goḍū (A.S.M.) | 480 |
| CXXXVII—Fig. 4, Sundaramūrti, Padmanābhapuram | ... | 480 |
| CXXXVIII—Māṇikkavāchakar (*Viśvakarma*) | ... | 480 |
| CXXXIX—Fig. 1, Śāstā, Śāstānkōṭṭai | ... | 490 |
| CXXXIX—Fig. 2, Do. Tirupparaiyāru | ... | 490 |
| CXL—Fig. 1, Gajārūḍha Śāstā, Vaḷuvūr (A.S.M.) | ... | 491 |
| CXL—Fig. 2, Śāstā, Tiruppālatturai (A.S.M.). | ... | 491 |
| CXLI—Fig. 1, Kshētrapāla, Ajmere (A.S.Bo.)... | ... | 498 |
| CXLI—Fig. 2, Do. Haḷebīḍu | ... | 498 |
| CXLII—Brahmā, Madras Museum | ... | 504 |
| CXLIII—Fig. 1, Brahmā, Tiruvorriyūr | ... | 505 |
| CXLIII—Fig. 2, Do. Madras Museum | ... | 505 |
| CXLIV— Do. Aihoḷe (A.S.Bo.) | ... | 506 |
| CXLV— Do. Sopāra (A.S.Bo.) | ... | 508 |
| CXLVI— Do. Aihoḷe (A.S.Bo.) | ... | 508 |
| CXLVII—Fig. 1, Do. Kumbhakōṇam | ... | 509 |
| CXLVII—Fig. 2, Do. Haḷebīḍu | ... | 509 |
v2.c13.40
--- | --- CXLVIII—Brahmā, Karachi Museum (A.S.Bo.) | 509 CXLIX—Do. Tiruvādi (A.S.M.) | 509 CL—Indra, Chidambaram (A.S.M.) | 520 CLI—Fig. 1, Indra, Do. | 520 CLI—Fig. 2, Do. Do. | 520 CLII—Agni, Kaṇḍiyūr (Travancore) | 524 CLIII—Fig. 1, Yama } Chidambaram (A.S.M.) | 524 CLIII—Fig. 2, Agni | 524 CLIV—Fig. 1, Kubēra, Dohad (A.S.Bo.) | 528 CLIV—Fig. 2, Nirṛuti, Ahōbilam (A.S.M.) | 528 CLV—Fig. 1, Gaṅgā } Do. (A.S.Bo.) | 531 CLV—Fig. 2, Yamunā | 531 CLVI—Gate of a temple, Kharod, Bilāspūr District (A.S.Bo.) | 531 CLVII—Fig. 1, Nāga and Nāginī, Haḷebīḍu | 557 CLVII—Fig. 2, Nāginī, Madras Museum | 557 CLVIII—Fig. 1, Dvārapālaka of the temple of Śiva, Kāvēripākkam | 561 CLVIII—Fig. 2, Apsaras, Srīnivāsanallūr | 561 CLIX—Figure of Naṭarāja showing the relative positions of the limbs | 573