Vastu-shastra (Vol. I: Hindu Science of Architecture; Vol. II: Hindu Canons of Iconography and Painting) v1.c6: Contents

Vāstu-śāstra (Vol. I: Hindu Science of Architecture; Vol. II: Hindu Canons of Iconography and Painting) v1.c6

Language: English

v1.c6.1

| | | PAGE |
| Dedication | ... | 3 |
| Sūtrāṣṭakam | ... | 4 |
| Preface | ... | 4(a&b) |
| Introduction | ... | 5–9 |
| Contents | ... | 10–19 |
| Bhāratīya Vāstu-Śāstrā Series | ... | 20 |
| Opinions of the Experts | ... | 21–24 |

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PART I

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THE FUNDAMENTAL CANONS

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| CHAPTER I—Introductory. | ... | 25–33 |
| (i) General Introduction | ... | 25–31 |
| (ii) The Method of treatment | ... | 31–32 |
| (iii) The Method of study | ... | 32–33 |
| CHAPTER II—The Scope and Subject Matter of Architecture | | 34–43 |
| (i) SCOPE | | |
| (a) Philosophical and Cosmological | ... | 33–36 |
| (b) Metaphysical | ... | 36 |
| (c) Astronomical—Astrological | ... | 36–37 |
| (d) Geographical and Geological | ... | 37–38 |
| (e) Architectural proper | ... | 38–39 |
| (ii) SUBJECT MATTER | ... | 39–43 |
| CHAPTER III—The Architect and Architecture | ... | 44–49 |
| The Sthapati and his equipment | ... | 44–45 |
| 1. Knowledge of the Science—Śāstra | ... | 45–46 |
| 2. Practical Experience Karma | ... | 46–47 |
| 3. The personal insight, Prajñā | ... | 47 |
| 4. The Character, Śīla | ... | 47–48 |
| The eight-fold Sthāpatya | ... | 48–49 |
| CHAPTER IV—An Outline History of Hindu Architecture—both as Science and Art | ... | 50–88 |
| Origin of Indian Architecture | ... | 50–56 |
| Rise of Śāstra and the place of Viśvakarmā | ... | 56–60 |
| Maya | ... | 61–62 |
| Other Acharyas | ... | 62–63 |

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As per the different authorities:

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| (i) Matsyapurāṇa | ... | 63 |
| (ii) Agnipurāṇa | ... | 63 |
| (iii) Bṛhatsaṃhitā | ... | 63 |
| (iv) Mānasāra | ... | 64 |
| (v) Sanatkumāra Vāstu-śāstra | ... | 64 |
| (vi) Viśvakarma-Vāstu-śāstra | ... | 64 |
| A. Names associated with the treatises | ... | 65 |
| B. Names cited as authorities in: | ... | 65–66 |
| C. Names, the passages from whose works are quoted | | 66–67 |
| Acharyas of the Dravidian or Southern School | ... | 67 |
| Acharyas of Nāgara or Northern School | ... | 67 |
| Vāstu Literature | ... | 67–68 |
| Vedic Literature | ... | 68 |
| Architectural tradition in the Ṛgveda | ... | 68–69 |
| Later Vedas and Brāhmaṇas | ... | 70–71 |
| Sūtras | ... | 71–72 |
| Epics | ... | 72–73 |
| Buddhist literature—Jātakas and Canons | ... | 73–75 |
| Pālī Canons | ... | 75–76 |
| Kauṭilya’s Artha śāstra | ... | 76–77 |
| Purāṇas | ... | 78–80 |
| Āgamas | ... | 80 |
| Tantras | ... | 81 |
| Bṛhat-saṃhitā | ... | 81 |
| Pratiṣṭhā class of works | ... | 81–82 |
| Miscellaneous works | ... | 82 |
| Śilpa Texts | ... | 82–84 |
| Rise of Art | ... | 84–88 |

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CHAPTER V—Study of Hindu Science of Architecture ... 89–178

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(A study of representative or principal texts)

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| Viśvakarmā’s works | ... | 90 |
| Viśvakarma-Vāstu-śāstra | ... | 90–97 |
| Samarāṅgaṇa-sūtradhāra | ... | 98 |
| Re-arrangements of its chapters | ... | 98–102 |
| Contents chapter-wise | ... | 102–144 |
| Aparājita-pṛcchā | ... | 144–147 |
| Its subject matter | ... | 147–154 |
| Mānasāra | ... | 154–163 |
| Mayamata | ... | 163–170 |
| Śilparatna | ... | 170–177 |
| Its re-arrangement | ... | 177–178 |

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| CHAPTER VI — Fundamental Canons of Hindū Architecture | ... | 179–224 |
| I. Diṅnirṇaya or Prācīsādhana | ... | 180–185 |
| II. Vāstu-pada-vinyāsa—The plan | .. | 185–205 |
| A general introduction | ... | 185–194 |
| Site-plans | ... | 194 |
| The plot of 81 squares | ... | 195 |
| The internal and external deities | ... | 195–202 |
| The Nighaṇṭus | .. | 202–205 |
| III. Māna—Hastalakṣaṇa | . . | 205–211 |
| Aṅgula | .. | 208–209 |
| Hasta | ... | 209–211 |
| IV. Āyādi Saḍvarga | ... | 211–217 |
| Mānasāra formula | ... | 215 |
| Formula of the other texts | ... | 215–217 |
| V. Patākādi Saṭ-chandas | ... | 217–224 |
| Meru | ... | 220 |
| Khaṇḍa Meru | ... | 221 |
| Patākā | ... | 221 |
| Sūcī | ... | 221–222 |
| Uddiṣṭa | ... | 222 |
| Naṣṭa | ... | 222–223 |
| The so-called Bathos of Dravidian Temples | ... | 223–224 |
| PART II | | |
| CANONS OF TOWN PLANNING | ... | 225–300 |
| Introductory | ... | 227–228 |
| CHAPTER I—Antiquity of Town Planning in India and Origin and Growth of Indian Towns. | ... | 229–242 |
| Antiquity | ... | 229–236 |
| Origin and growth of Indian Towns | ... | 236–242 |
| CHAPTER II—Villages, Towns and Forts in general | ... | 243–260 |
| Villages | ... | 243–250 |
| Village as a unit of town planning | ... | 244–246 |
| Viśvakarma--vāstu-śāstra | ... | 246–247 |
| Mānasāra | ... | 247–248 |
| Mayamata and Śilparatna | ... | 248–250 |
| Towns or Cities | ... | 250–256 |
| Viśvakarma-vāstu-śāstra | ... | 250 |
| Samarāṅgaṇa-sūtradhāra | ... | 251–52 |
| Aparājitapṛcchā | ... | 252–253 |
| Mānasāra | ... | 253 |
| Mayamata | ... | 253–256 |

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| Forts or Durgas | ... | 256-260 |
| Viśvakarma-vāstu-śāstra | ... | 256–257 |
| Mānasāra and Mayamata | ... | 257–258 |
| Kauṭilya's Arthaśāstra | ... | 258–260 |
| CHAPTER III—Preliminaries of town-planning | ... | 261–267 |
| (a) Regional Planning | ... | 261–262 |
| (b) Land and Landscape suited to an ideal town | ... | 262–263 |
| (c) Geological Survey | ... | 263–267 |
| CHAPTER IV—Road Planning | ... | 268-274 |
| Three-fold function of the roads | ... | 268 |
| Road planning and Site planning | ... | 268–269 |
| S. S.’s 34 roads in modern town and their characteristic features | ... | 269–271 |
| Broad elements of road planning | ... | 271–273 |
| Evidence of Mayamata and Mānasāra | ... | 273–274 |
| CHAPTER V—Jāti-varṇādhivāsa (Folk Planning) | ... | 275–281 |
| What is folk-planning | ... | 275 |
| Folk-planning and site-planning | ... | 275–276 |
| According to the S. S. | ... | 276–280 |
| According to other authorities—Śukra etc. | ... | 280–281 |
| CHAPTER VI—Deification and Beautification of Towns | ... | 282–285 |
| (A) Temples | ... | 282 |
| 1. External location of deities | ... | 282–283 |
| 2. Internal location | ... | 283–284 |
| (B) Gardens etc. | ... | 284–285 |
| CHAPTER VII—Fortification | ... | 286–291 |
| CHAPTER VIII—Inauspicious Towns | ... | 292–294 |
| CHAPTER IX—Conclusion-Modern town-planning and what it can learn from the S. S. | ... | 295–300 |

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PART III

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CIVIL OR SECULAR ARCHITECTURE ... 301–354

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| Introductory | ... | 303–304 |
| CHAPTER I—Preliminaries | ... | 305–306 |
| CHAPTER II—Buildings in general | ... | 307–309 |
| CHAPTER III—Origin and development of human houses (The story of the first house on the earth) | ... | 310–312 |
| CHAPTER IV—Śālā Houses | ... | 313-320 |
| General | ... | 313–316 |
| Meaning and classification of Śālā houses | ... | 316–318 |
| The Varieties | ... | 318–319 |
| A Critical Estimate | ... | 319–320 |

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CHAPTER V—Planning of Śālas—The House plans and building byelaws ... 321–326 House plans ... 321–324 Ekaśālās ... 324 Dviśālās ... 324 Building byelaws ... 324–325 Time etc. ... 325–326 Secular regulation ... 326 CHAPTER VI—The construction of the Śālās ... 327–331 The masonary ... 327–329 The material—The wood ... 329–331 CHAPTER VII—The Principal Components—The door ... 332–337 General Dimensions ... 332–335 Qualities ... 335 Defects ... 335–336 Decoration ... 336 Dvāra-vedha ... 337 CHAPTER VIII—The Pillar and other members ... 338–344 The Pillar ... 338–339 The Component parts and mouldings ... 339–342 The other component parts and moulding of the house ... 339–342 The Bhavanāṅgas ... 342–344 CHAPTER IX—House Decoration and other Equipments ... 345–348 A. House decoration ... 345–347 B. Other Equipments ... 347–348 CHAPTER X—The Defect of Houses and Varieties of Defective Houses ... 349–350 General Defects ... 350 CHAPTER XI—Concluding Remarks ... 351–354 Modern House-Planning and what it can gain from the Samarāṅgaṇa Sūtradhāra ... 351–354

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PART IV

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PALACE ARCHITECTURE & PALACE PLEASURES 355–392

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Introductory ... 357–358 CHAPTER I—Palace Architecture ... 359–366 Rāja Veśma ... 359–361 Names of Establishments ... 361–362 Question of courts and other criteria ... 363–366 CHAPTER II—Accessory Structures ... 367–371 The Sabhā ... 367–368

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| The Aśvaśālā | ... | 368-371 |
| 1. Planning of the stable proper | ... | 368 |
| 2. The equipment of the stable | ... | 369 |
| 3. The Shed | ... | 370 |
| 4. Medical house | ... | 371 |
| The Gajaśālā | ... | 371 |
| CHAPTER III—Palace Pleasures—The Mechanical Contrivances, the Yantras | ... | 372-388 |
| Introductory | ... | 372-374 |
| Yantra and its elements | ... | 374-376 |
| The Earthly | ... | 376 |
| The Allies | ... | 376-377 |
| The Qualities of a Yantra and its Functions | ... | 377-379 |
| (A) Qualities (Yantra-guṇas) | ... | 377-379 |
| (B) Functions—(Karmas) | ... | 379 |
| The Varieties of Yantras | ... | 380-386 |
| (i) Yantras for Amusements | ... | 380-381 |
| (ii) Domestic and defensive yantras | ... | 381 |
| (iii) Machines for warfare | ... | 381-382 |
| (iv) Conveyance machines (The yāna-yantras) | ... | 382 |
| (v) Water machines Dhārā-yantra | ... | 382 |
| Dhārāgṛha and its types | ... | 382-384 |
| Dolāgṛha, the Ratha-dolā and its types | ... | 384-385 |
| The Aeroplane—Vimānayantra | ... | 385-386 |
| Conclusion | ... | 387-388 |
| CHAPTER IV—State or public buildings | ... | 389-392 |
| Nāṭya-śālā | ... | 389-390 |
| Pustaka-śālā | ... | 390 |
| Vidyābhavana | ... | 390 |
| Nāṭaka-saṅgīta-Śālā | ... | 390-391 |
| Mārga-śālā | ... | 391-392 |
| 10 Varieties of Kūpa | ... | 392 |
| 4 Types of Vāpīs | ... | 392 |
| 4 Types of Kuṇḍas | ... | 392 |
| 6 Types of Taḍāgas | ... | 392 |
| PART V | | |
| TEMPLE—ARCHITECTURE | ... | 393-576 |
| Introductory | ... | 395-396 |
| CHAPTER I—The Denotation and the connotation of the term Prāsāda—the Hindu Temple | ... | 397-404 |
| Words denoting devotional places | ... | 397-399 |

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Vimāna ... 399-400 Prāsāda ... 400-402 Organic Theory ... 402-404 CHAPTER II—The origin of the Prāsāda Vāstū ... 405-414 Vimāna—the model of the Prāsāda ... 404-406 The testimony of the Samarāṅgaṇa ... 406 The Testimony from Dr. Ramaniya ... 407 The 3rd evidence in relation to the evolution of stone-architecture ... 407 The different origins—Citi etc. ... 408-414
1. Citi, the Vedic Altar
2. The Dolmen
3. The Shed of the Initiation
4. The Tabernacle
5. The Image of the Mountain
6. The Image of Cavern
7. Philosophical background CHAPTER III—The Development of the Prāsāda Vāstu ... 415-424 General enunciation ... 415-417
1. Pyramidal superstructure the Vimānas ... 417-421
2. Curvilinear superstructure—the Śikharottama Prāsādas ... 421-424 CHAPTER IV—Prāsāda Styles ... 425-334 Nāgara ... 425-429 Drāviḍa ... 429-430 Vesara ... 430-432 Vāvāṭa ... 432-433 Bhūmija and Lāṭa ... 433-434 CHAPTER V—Pre S. S. Classification of Temple ... 435-441 General introduction ... 435-436 (A) Southern ... 437-438 (B) Northern ... 438-440 Concluding estimate ... 440-441 CHAPTER VI—Classification of temples as given in the S.S. ... 442-453 General remarks ... 442 Group A—Early Lāṭa temples ... 444-448 I. Type—Rucaka etc. 64 temples ... 445-446 II. Type Śikharottamas ... 446-447 III. Type Storeyed edifices ... 447-448 Group B—Later Lāṭa style ... 449-451 I. Type—Meru etc. 16 varieties ... 449

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| II. Type—Meru etc. 20 Prāsādas | ... | 449 |
| III. Type—Śrīdhara etc. 40 Prāsādas of Pure varieties | ... | 449 |
| IV. Type—Nanda etc. 10 mixed varieties | ... | 449 |
| Group C—Nāgara Prāsādas | ... | 450–451 |
| I. Type—The 20 temples, the traditional Nāgara Prāsādas | ... | 450 |
| II. Type—Śrīkūṭa etc. 36 temples | ... | 450–451 |
| Group D—Drāviḍa Prāsādas | ... | 451 |
| Five fold Pīṭhas | ... | 451 |
| Five fold Talacchandas | ... | 451 |
| Group E—Regional styles: the mixed ones | ... | 452 |
| 1. Vāvāṭa Prāsādas | ... | 452 |
| 2. Bhūmija Prāsādas | ... | 452–453 |
| CHAPTER VII — Planning of Prāsāda — The Hindu Temple | ... | 454–461 |
| (a) Significance | ... | 454–455 |
| (b) Purpose | ... | 455–456 |
| (c) Sthapati and Sthāpaka | ... | 456–457 |
| (d) Vāstu-maṇḍala and Vāstupuruṣa | ... | 457–459 |
| (e) The Material and the measurements | ... | 459–460 |
| (i) Material | ... | 459–460 |
| (ii) Measurements | ... | 460 |
| (f) Ornamentation and Moulding | ... | 460–461 |
| (g) The consecration of the temple and installation of the image. | ... | 461 |
| CHAPTER VIII—Prāsāda Maṇḍapa | ... | 462–465 |
| General introduction | ... | 462–463 |
| 1st Group—Bhadrat etc. 8 maṇḍapas | ... | 464 |
| 2nd Group—Puṣpaka etc. 27 maṇḍapas | ... | 464 |
| Other details | ... | 464–465 |
| CHAPTER IX—Prāsāda Jagatīs | ... | 466–470 |
| Meaning of Jagatī—not a socle alone | ... | 466–467 |
| The planning of Jagatī in accordance to the śālā upon it | ... | 467 |
| Group A—39 square Jagatīs | ... | 467 |
| " B—18 rectangular " | ... | 468 |
| " C— 5 circular " | ... | 468 |
| " D— 6 elliptical " | ... | 468 |
| " E— 9 octagonal " | ... | 468 |
| Jagatīs in the S. S. are an innovation | ... | 468–470 |

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| CHAPTER X—Vimāna Vāstu | ... | 471–473 |
| Vimāna | ... | 471–472 |
| Prākāras and Gopuras | ... | 472–473 |
| CHAPTER XI—The Correspondence of the Prāsādas of the S. S. with monuments. | | 474–481 |
| Scope of the correspondence | ... | 474–476 |
| The word for the Prāsāda | ... | 476–477 |
| Substances of the Prāsāda | ... | 477–478 |
| Proportionate measurments of the Prāsādas | ... | 478–479 |
| Superstructure of the Prāsāda | ... | 479–481 |
| Conclusion | ... | 481 |
| CHAPTER XII—An outline History of Hindu Temple | ... | 482–575 |
| Layanas etc. | ... | 482–495 |
| Layanas | ... | 482–485 |
| Guhādharas (Ajantā) | ... | 485–489 |
| Guhārājas | ... | 489–495 |
| Ellora | ... | 491–494 |
| Elephanta | ... | 494 |
| Mamallapuram | ... | 494–495 |
| Stūpas | ... | 495–499 |
| Chādya Prāsādas and Sabhā Maṇḍapas | ... | 499–502 |
| Gupta temples | ... | 500 |
| Chalukyan temples | ... | 500–502 |
| Bhaumika Vimānas | ... | 502–521 |
| General Canons | ... | 502–512 |
| Pallava Phase | ... | 512–513 |
| Kailāśa Nātha and Vaikuṇṭha Perumal | ... | 513–514 |
| Cola temples | ... | 514–515 |
| Pāṇḍya Prākārams and Gopurams | ... | 515–516 |
| Vijaya Nagar Style | ... | 516–517 |
| Madura—the final phase | ... | 517–519 |
| Mīnākṣī—Sundareśvara | ... | 519 |
| Śrī-Rangam | ... | 520 |
| Jambukeśvara | ... | 520 |
| Rameśvaram | ... | 520 |
| Chidambaram | ... | 520–521 |
| Śikharottama Prāsādas | ... | 521–546 |
| General Canons | ... | 521–524 |
| The Cluster of Ś a | ... | 524–525 |
| Śikhara enmeshed in Gavākṣas | ... | 525–527 |
| Orissa | ... | 527–533 |
| 1. Bhuvaneśvara | ... | 527–531 |

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| 2. Purī | ... | 531-532 |
| 3. Koṇārak | ... | 532-533 |
| Khajuraho | ... | 533-536 |
| Rajasthan and Central India | ... | 536-538 |
| 1. Eran in Saugor district of Central India | ... | 537 |
| 2. Pathari | ... | 537 |
| 3. Gyaspura | ... | 537 |
| 4. Udayapur | ... | 537 |
| 5. Osia | ... | 537-538 |
| Gujarat and the west | ... | 538-541 |
| Sūrya temple at Modhera | ... | 540 |
| Temple of Vimal | ... | 541 |
| Rudra Mal | ... | 541 |
| Soma Nātha | .. | 541 |
| Temples of Deccan | ... | 541-543 |
| Ambar Natha | ... | 542-543 |
| The temples at Gwalior & Brindavan | ... | 543-546 |
| Gwalior temples | ... | 543-544 |
| Telī-kā-Mandira | ... | 543 |
| Sās Bahu | ... | 543-544 |
| Brindavana | ... | 544-546 |
| Vāvāṭa and Bhūmija Prāsādas | ... | 546-553 |
| Vāvāṭa Prāsādas—Hoysal style | ... | 546-550 |
| Mysore state | ... | 547-549 |
| Belur temples | ... | 549 |
| Hoysaleśvara temple | ... | 549-550 |
| Bhūmija | ... | 551 |
| Mayurbhanja | ... | 551-553 |
| Temple Architecture in Border lands | ... | 553-562 |
| Kashmir | ... | 553-557 |
| Buddhist remains | ... | 553-554 |
| Brahmanical remains | ... | 554-557 |
| Nepal | ... | 557-559 |
| Burma | ... | 559-560 |
| Early Phase | ... | 559 |
| Classical Art and Pagan | ... | 559-560 |
| Ceylon | ... | 560-562 |
| Anuradhapur remains | ... | 561-562 |
| Hindu Temple Architecture in Greater India | ... | 562-575 |
| Cambodia | ... | 562-566 |
| Siam | ... | 566-570 |
| Champa | ... | 570-571 |
| Java and Bali | ... | 571-572 |
| Boro Budur | ..., | 573-574 |
| Prambanan | .. | 574-675 |
| Hindu Architecture in Outer India | ... | 575 |
| Appendices | ... | 575-590 |
| Vāstu-lakṣaṇam—An anthology culled from Original Sanskrit Texts (१-२५८) | ... | 591-848 |