The Indus Civilization c15: Index
The Indus Civilization c15
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Index
c15.1
Ablutions (ritual), 19, 58 Abrasives, 108, 111, 125, 134, 161, 164 Administration, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 31, 60 Adzes, 124 Afghanistan, 107, 111, 199 Agate, 109, 110, 181, 183 Agriculture and implements, 173, 174 Alabaster, 132, 134, 136, 160, 161, 164 Ali Murad, 62 Alluvium, 22, 27, 45, 63, 174 Al 'Ubaid, 200 Amazon-stone, 110, 199 Amri, 4, 147, 148 Amulets, 13, 68, 69, 70, 74-77, 79, 81-83, 86, 87, 89-91, 93, 94, 104, 115, 171, 184, 186, 195 Animal figures, 68, 69, 163, 165, 168, 170, 171 Animals (composite), 69, 79, 80, 87 Animal worship, 14, 78, 97 Antelopes, 70, 80, 87, 90, 117, 145, 186 Arabians, 122, 185, 198 Arch, 27, 36, 49, 56 Architecture, 21-63 Arrow-heads, 129, 186 Arts and crafts, 141-175 Aryans, 11, 70 Ass, 26, 44 Awls, 173 Axe, 124-126 Axe-adze, 125
c15.2
Babylonia and Babylonians, 11, 12, 22, 24, 28, 60, 109, 151, 152, 198
c15.3
Baluchistan, 4, 5, 13, 15, 16, 62, 70, 111, 122, 148, 197, 198 Bath (Great), 19, 55-58, 85 Bathrooms, 19, 28, 40-42, 57, 58, 85, 156 Beads, 106, 108-113, 138, 159, 169, 170, 187, 192, 196; spacers, 108, 109; terminals, 108, 109, 196 Beam-holes, 33, 202 Beams, 33, 56, 173 Birds, 84, 90, 130, 145, 158, 177, 178, 185-188 Bitumen, 57, 146 Boats and shipping, 155, 175, 197, 198 Bows and arrows, 186 Boxes, 39, 154, 166, 167 Brahma, 80 Braziers, 152 Bread, 43, 139, 189 Breccia, 110 Bricks: arrangement of, 26, 28, 41; deterioration of, 9, 10; kilns, 27; moulds, 26, 27; shapes, 28, 37, 48, 53; sizes of, 26, 28, 46, 61; stacks of, 30, 61 Bronze, 7, 90, 102, 106-108, 115-119, 121-126, 128, 129, 131, 132, 135, 159, 173, 186 Buddhist stupa, 2, 18 Buffalo, 70, 75, 79, 81, 131, 185, 186 Bull, 44, 67, 69, 79, 80, 81, 178, 185; short-horned, 87, 163; urus-bull, 74, 78, 79, 83, 87, 88, 93, 110; Brahmani bull, 79, 166 Burials (fractional), 95 Burin, 164 Burma, 109, 121
c15.4
Button-seals, 92 Cages, 158, 178, 187, 188 Camel, 44 Canals and irrigation, 174 Candles, candlesticks and lamps, 137, 196 Capitals, 38 Carnelian, 108, 110-112, 191 Carts and chariots, 24, 176, 177 Casting-bones, 180 Casts and castings, 122, 124, 125, 131 Caucasus, 118, 125 Cells, 55, 58 Cemeteries, 94, 96 Censer, 124 Central Asia, trade with, 199, 201 Central Europe, objects compared with those of, 118 Cereals and fruits, 43, 133, 174, 183, 189 Cess-pits, 47 Chalcedony, 78, 110, 111, 181 Chalcolithic Period, 7 Chert, 133, 134, 173 Chisels, 130, 164, 171 Chronology, 10, 11, 152, 191, 194 Cinnabar, 120 City walls, 14, 62 Climate, 10, 30, 49, 100, 175, 198 Coloured pastes, 110 Columns, 31, 37, 38, 54, 75, 76, 78 Combs, 118, 154 Cones, 78, 114, 184 Connections with other countries, 191-194 Consorts of deities, 67, 68, 72, 81 Copper, 7, 106-108, 111, 114-116, 118, 121-124, 128, 130, 132, 135, 159, 173, 174, 186, 188, 196 Corners of buildings, 25, 26 Corridors, 59, 62 Cosmetics, 119, 120, 151
c15.5
Courtyards, 34, 40, 43-45, 59, 61, 182 Cremation, 95 Crete, comparisons with, 75, 84, 117, 194, 195 Crocodile, 58, 59, 79, 82, 193 Crystal, 169 Cults and cult objects, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 93, 137 Curry-stones, 43, 133, 189 Cylinder-seals, 192
c15.6
Daggers, 128 Damghan, 201 Dances and dancing girls, 93, 94, 102, 103, 131, 184, 185 Decapitation, 15 Decimal system, 135, 136 Deer, 70, 185, 189, 199 Deities, 65-68, 70, 71, 73, 75, 76, 80-83, 85-88, 90, 91, 93, 100, 103, 105, 106, 116, 158, 186; fusion of, 69, 79, 80, 87 Demi-gods, 85, 86 Demons, 85 Designs, chevron, 117, 166; circles, 93, 113, 118, 172, 183; concentric squares, 195; cross, 91, 115, 195; ear, 110; fluting, 117, 124; intertwining, 91, 195; mat, 194; roundels, 144; skirls, 88, 92; solar symbols, 88, 92, 144; trefoils, 65, 91, 136, 147 Devadasis, 94 Dice, 171, 179, 180 Diseases, 15, 50, 190 Documents, 64, 99 Dogs, 90, 163, 186, 187 Door-sockets, 36 Drains and drainage, 26, 41, 42, 45-49, 56, 57, 156, 158 Dress, 65, 66, 68, 70, 71, 75, 86, 91, 100-104, 106-108, 110, 118, 119, 140, 168, 172, 187 Drills, 108, 161, 164, 171 Durga, 72, 80
c15.7
Early Dynastic Period (Sumer), 11, 151, 154, 170, 194
c15.8
Ears, 65, 69, 92, 114, 162 Egypt, 6, 22, 60, 61, 84, 86, 90, 103, 105, 109, 117, 120, 127, 131, 134, 135, 151, 154, 161, 162, 167, 169, 170, 174, 175, 182, 183, 194-196, 198 Elam, 12, 92, 103, 104, 134, 145, 147, 150, 154, 167, 168, 170, 187, 194, 195 Electrum, 107 Elephant, 69, 70, 79, 140, 172, 193 Embroidery, 103, 172, 173 Enemies, 15, 16, 125, 177 Enkidu, 86 Eyes, 65, 66, 119, 120, 162, 167
c15.9
Faience, glazes and vitreous pastes, 69, 83, 90, 93, 109, 110, 114-118, 138, 153, 168-171, 181 Fara, 151 Feasts, 188, 189 Fertility charms, 90 Fertility deities, 71, 82 Figurines, 66-68, 72, 82, 84, 88, 94, 100-106, 108, 114, 117, 131, 133, 145, 158, 167, 184, 200 Fish, 58, 59, 82, 129, 145, 185 Fish-hooks, 129, 188 Fishing-nets, 139 Flint flakes and cores, 8, 129, 160 Floods, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 62, 188 Flowers and leaves, 69, 71, 73, 75, 80, 118, 145, 174 Forts and fortifications, 14, 62 Foundations, 26, 60, 61 Frontier towns, 62, 63 Fuchsite, 160 Fuel, 27, 63 Furniture, 39, 40, 54, 70, 71, 83, 188, 195
c15.10
Game-boards and gamesmen, 78, 156, 176, 179, 180-184 Games, 176-184 Gateway, 14 Gilgamesh, 86
c15.11
Goats, 67, 73, 75, 80-82, 104, 145, 185, 186 Goddesses, 72, 80, 94, 104 Gold, 107-110, 113-117, 196, 197 Greece, 120, 194, 195 Grills and gratings, 35 Gutters, 34
c15.12
Hæmatite, 110, 143 Hair, 65, 68, 73, 86, 104, 105, 114, 117, 118, 162, 197 Hair-pins, 117, 118, 171, 174, 197 Handles, 124-126, 129, 138, 151, 153, 170, 173, 197 Hare, 80, 90 Heroes, 85, 86, 97, 103 Hones, 137 Hormuz, 142 Horned figures, 67, 70, 73, 91, 97, 186 Horns, 69, 71, 73, 75, 78-81, 85, 91, 117, 185, 189, 199, 200 Houses, 30-32 Hunting, 186, 187
c15.13
Importations, 152, 154, 169, 199 Incense, 66 Indian Ocean, 138, 198 Indus script, 1, 6, 12, 13, 53, 84, 116, 130, 155, 164, 165, 185, 186, 188 Infants, 88, 89, 105 Ingots, 123 Ink, 155, 157 Inlay, 39, 92, 138, 162, 171, 172, 181, 193-195 Inscribed tools and weapons, 130, 131 Insects, 158, 178 Invaders, 11, 15, 70 Iranian Highlands, 201 Ivory, 118, 140, 172, 173, 179
c15.14
Jadeite, 109, 110, 199 Jar-burials, 95, 96 Jasper, 78, 109, 110, 134, 183 Jemdet Nasr, 136, 151
c15.15
Jewellery, 66, 100, 102, 106, 107, 109, 110, 112-115, 117, 156, 168, 173, 174, 184, 196; anklets, 117; bracelets, 68, 70, 71, 73, 102, 109, 110, 115-117, 158; ear-studs, 115; earrings, 114, 115; fillets, 65, 68, 105, 107, 113, 114, 117, 197; girdles, 66, 101, 103, 107, 108, 110; metal cones, 114; necklaces, 65, 68, 90, 102, 106, 107, 109, 110; nose ornaments, 115; pectoral, 110
c15.16
Kali, 22 Khirthar Range, 4, 15, 62 Kilns, 142, 149, 157 Kish, 66, 119, 151, 170, 194, 200 Kitchens, 40, 53 Knives, 8, 128, 129, 161, 164, 188 Knossos, 117 Knots, 91
c15.17
Ladles, 138, 139, 188 Lakshmi, 73 Lance-heads, 128 Lapis-lazuli, 78, 110, 199 Larders, 156, 185 Latrines, 41, 42 Lead, 74, 107, 131, 132, 199 Lingas, 77, 78, 181 Lingayat sect, 78 Lion, 86
c15.18
Mace-heads, 132 Malta, 119 Manganese, 143, 146 Marbles, 183, 184 Market-places, 17, 55 Masonry, 21-63 Mats and matting, 39, 173, 188 Medicines, 185, 189, 190 Metal vessels, 106, 107, 124, 131, 184 Metal work and workers, 59, 121, 122, 131, 132, 159 Mica, 141, 158 Mirrors, 119
c15.19
Model animals, 131, 167, 177, 186 Model weapons, 126 Monkeys, 118, 170 Mortars and plasters, 28, 29, 46, 165 Mother Goddess, 66-68, 72, 84, 89, 97, 100, 102 Moulds, 123-125, 139, 167, 170, 189 Mounds, 8, 9, 14, 18, 24 Music and musical instruments, 93, 184, 185
c15.20
Nal, 4, 148 Needles, 172, 173 Net-weights, 139 Nickel, 122 Nudity, 66, 68, 70, 71, 86, 102, 103 Numbers, 38, 130, 179
c15.21
Offerings, 83 Oils, 66, 137, 153 Oman, 122 Onyx, 110, 111 Ores, 122, 123, 199 Othmanjo-Buthi, 190 Oven, 43
c15.22
Pack-animals, 25, 44 Palace, 18, 59 Palestine, 127 Palettes, 133 Parvati, 72 Pasupati, 70 Pavements and paving, 24, 27, 28, 39, 42, 50, 53-55, 57, 106, 155, 182-184 Pebbles, 133, 134, 183 Pedestals, 84, 136, 137 Persia, 13, 126, 148, 194 Persian Gulf, 138, 142, 197 Phallic emblems, 14, 39, 77, 78, 181 Pig, 185, 187 Pigtails, 73, 80 Plasma, 110 Platforms, 19, 22, 50, 55, 75 Plough-shares, 8, 174
c15.23
Potter's wheel, 141, 142, 149, 158 Pottery, 4-6, 93, 97, 110, 124, 133, 138, 141-146, 149-151, 156-159, 188. Braziers, 152; brushes, 143; covers, 151; cut ware, 154; feeding-cups, 151; glazed ware, 170; grey ware, 149, 150; hand-made, 155; incised, 153; knobbed ware, 151, 152, 193; miniature ware, 153, 178; offering-stands, 150, 151, 154, 189; paints, 141, 143, 146-148; pans, 133, 135, 153; pot-marks, 155; stands, 146, 153, 155, 156, 189; slips, 141, 142, 146-150, 154, 167; spouts, 124, 151; theriomorphic, 157; trays, 153 Pottery (monochrome), 63, 83, 95, 144, 145, 147, 149 Pottery (polychrome), 4, 98, 120, 147, 148 Pottery motifs, 93, 141-144, 147 Pottery storage jars, 39, 53, 146, 155, 156, 183, 193 Priests, 19, 58, 66, 98, 200, 201 Proto-Elamites and script, 12, 136 Public buildings, 23, 34
c15.24
Quarries (brick), 29 Quartz and quartzite, 110, 134, 169, 170
c15.25
Races, 102, 200, 201 Rains, 16, 25, 34 Rams, 69, 90, 91, 157 Rasps, 43 Rattles, 177 Razors, 120, 129, 130 Red-ochre, 74, 119, 133, 142, 143, 167 Reed-matting, 33, 63, 175 Religion, 19, 64-99 Rhinoceros, 70, 79, 168, 193 Rivers, 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 16, 20, 45, 51, 62, 85, 95, 125, 141, 175, 188
c15.26
Rolling-pins, 139, 189 Roofs, 27, 33-35, 37, 39, 56, 142 Routes (land), 198, 199 Rupar, 5
c15.27
Sacred animals, 67, 68, 82, 185, 186 Sacrificial animals, 82, 186 Saddle-querns, 43, 132, 133 Sandstone, 137, 160 Saw, 126, 164, 171 Sea and river traffic, 175, 197, 198 Sealings, 89, 165 Seals and seal-amulets, 13, 68, 69, 70-75, 78-81, 84-89, 91, 92, 96, 100, 110, 155, 159, 164-166, 172, 175, 185, 187, 191, 192, 193, 195, 196 Serpentine, 110 Serpents and serpent cults, 83, 145 Servants' quarters, 18, 59 Settlements, 3, 5, 11, 62, 98, 174, 198 Sheep, 104, 185 Shells and shell work, 92, 110, 111, 114, 116, 119, 136, 138-140, 171, 181, 183, 184, 188, 194, 196 Shell vessels, 138, 139, 188 Shiva, 70-72, 77, 78, 80, 81, 96 Shrines and temples, 18, 54, 60, 64, 68, 75, 77, 88-90, 92, 94, 131 Silver, 106, 107, 114, 116, 123, 132, 197, 199 Skeletal remains, 12, 14-16, 95, 98, 118, 163, 200, 201 Slate, 133, 134, 137, 160, 196 Slings and pellets, 186 Socketed implements, 125, 126 Spear-heads, 127, 128 Spindles and spindle-whorls, 138, 158 Spoons, 188, 196 Squirrel, 90 Staircases, 15, 33, 34, 45, 53, 55, 58, 59
c15.28
Statuary, 64, 65, 68, 69, 92, 103-105, 113, 115, 117, 161-163, 172, 197 Steatite, 90, 91, 104, 109, 110, 112, 118, 163-168, 194 Stone implements, 8, 129, 160 Stone-rings, 30, 31, 38, 78 Stone vessels, 160, 161, 194 Storerooms and storehouses, 17, 18, 53, 59 Streets, 21-25, 32, 56, 59 Stupa, 2, 19, 24, 54, 58, 64 Sumer and Sumerians, 6, 12, 14, 30, 37, 61, 65, 85, 86, 97, 104, 106, 112, 113, 117, 119, 121, 126, 131, 134, 137, 138, 145, 147, 150, 151, 154, 162, 163, 165, 167, 169, 170, 174, 184, 185, 193-197 Sun, 87, 88 Susa, 148, 194 Svastika, 91, 92 Swords, 127
c15.29
Tablets, 83, 90 Tell Asmar, 139, 152, 154, 191-195 Tell el-Ajjul, 127 Tepe Hissar, 126 Textiles, 101, 103, 104, 107, 129, 137, 138, 172, 174 Tibet, 109 Tiger, 70, 79, 80, 81, 85-87, 93, 166 Tin, 121, 122, 125 Tools and implements, 121-140, 184 Town-planning, 21, 22
c15.30
Toys, 159, 176-179, 184 Traders and trading, 5, 62, 167, 175, 194, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201 Traps, 158, 188 Trees, 73-75, 77, 86, 143, 144 Trees (sacred), 73-77 Tree-deities, 76, 81, 82, 97 Tree-worship, 14, 97 Tribes, 15, 62, 199 Troy, 109 Turquoise, 110, 111 Turtle, 185
c15.31
Uma, 72 Ur, 22, 26, 30, 66, 112, 120, 151, 154, 181, 182, 192, 195
c15.32
Vahanas, 80, 81 Villages, 46, 77, 176 Votive figures and objects, 72, 73, 88, 89, 159, 168
c15.33
Walls, 25, 28, 29, 32, 33, 55 Water, 74, 85 Weighing-scales, 135, 178 Weights, 133-135 Wells, 15, 16, 27, 38, 49-52, 56, 58, 60 Windows, 31, 35 Wood, 30, 128, 159 Wool, 103, 104, 138 Writing materials, 13, 139, 140, 155, 157
c15.34
Yama, 81 Yogi, 66, 70 Yonis, 38, 78
c15.36
C/o T. P. Bhattacharya Time keeper Carriage & wagon shop N. W. R.
c15.37
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c15.38
In the second century of the Christian æra, the empire of Rome comprehended the fairest part of the earth, and the most civilized portion of mankind. The frontiers of that extensive monarchy were guarded by ancient renown and disciplined valour. The gentle but powerful influence of laws and manners had gradually cemented the union of the provinces. Their peaceful inhabitants enjoyed and abused the advantages of wealth and luxury. The image of a free constitution was preserved with decent reverence: the Roman senate appeared to possess the sovereign authority, and devolved on the emperors all the executive powers of government. During a happy period of more than fourscore years, the public administration was conducted by the virtue and abilities of Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, and the two Antonines. It is the design of this, and of the two succeeding chapters, to describe the prosperous condition of their empire; and afterwards, from the death of Marcus Antoninus, to deduce the most important circumstances of its decline and fall; a revolution which will ever be remembered, and is still felt by the nations of the earth.
c15.39
The principal conquests of the Romans were achieved under the republic; and the emperors, for the most part, were satisfied with preserving those dominions which had been acquired by the policy of the senate, the active emulation of the consuls, and the martial enthusiasm of the people. The seven first centuries were filled with a rapid succession of triumphs; but it was reserved for Augustus to relinquish the ambitious design of subduing the whole earth, and to introduce a spirit of moderation into the public councils. Inclined to peace by his temper and situation, it was easy for him to discover that Rome, in her present exalted situation, had much less to hope than to fear from the chance of arms; and that, in the prosecution of remote wars, the undertaking became every day more difficult, the event more doubtful, and the possession more precarious, and less beneficial. The experience of Augustus added weight to these salutary reflections, and effectually convinced him that, by the prudent vigour of his counsels, he ought to turn his attention rather to the cultivation of the present territory, than to the acquisition of new conquests.
c15.40
Notwithstanding this prudence, the boundary of the Roman empire was occasionally extended by the conquests of Trajan; and the Rhine, the Danube, the Euphrates, and the Tigris, may be considered as the firm and permanent limits of Asia and Europe. Europe itself, less extended than the other quarters of the globe, was divided into the provinces of Gaul, Spain, Britain, Italy, and the Danube, which were all subject to the Roman power. The Mediterranean, in the centre of the empire, was the great channel of commerce, and the bond of union between the different parts of the world. The climate of the Roman provinces was generally temperate, and the soil was fertile, and well cultivated. The population was numerous, and the cities were large, and well built. The arts of peace and war were cultivated with equal success; and the Roman name was respected, and feared, by the most distant nations.