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Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D. c27.s17: 7.15 Addition

Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D. c27.s17

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7.15 Addition

7.15.1 Addition of glide -y-

c27.s17.t1.1

The glide *-y-* is inserted between two vowels when the preceding one is a front vowel or the diphthong *-ai*.

c27.s17.t1.2

@ *karu-iya* 'which was carved' 17.2
*karu(k)kiya* 'which was carved' 112.4
*ko(t)tiy-avaṉ* 'he who engraved' 4.3
@ *cē-iya* 'which was made' 2.10
*tāyiyaru* 'mother' (honorific singular) 83.3
† *na(l)li-y-ūr* 65.1.a-b
† *nalli-y-ūr* 66.1.a-b
*uraiyuḷ* '(in) the abode (of ascetics)' 60.2.a-b
† *eḷai-y-ūr* 34.1.a-b
† *mukaiyuru* 112.1.a-b

c27.s17.t1.3

@ In these cases, the glide does not occur after the stem, but occurs after the past tense marker.

c27.s17.t1.4

† In these cases, *-y-* may also be considered as the paragogic suffix added to nouns ending in *-i* or *-ai*.

c27.s17.t1.5

*Exceptions*

c27.s17.t1.6

In the following 2 items, addition of the glide *-y-* is exceptional in the place of the glide *-v-* prescribed by traditional grammar.

c27.s17.t1.7

*iḷayar* 'a clan name' (Cf. LT *iḷaiyar*) 49.6
*mēṟcēriku-y=āṭi* 'having fought for Mēṟcēri' 112.2.b-3
In this case the preceding dative suffix *-ku* was probably pronounced *-ki* being influenced by the front vowel preceding it, leading to the use of the glide *-y-*.

c27.s17.t1.8

There are also cases where the glide *-y-* is absent resulting in a vowel-cluster at the junction.

c27.s17.t1.9

| *(ā)-iṉa* (cf. LT *āyiṉa*) | 'who is' | 41.2 |
| *veṇi* (*veṇṇi*) *ātaṉ* | | 70.2.a-b |
| *ti(ṭ)ṭi-il* | | 33.1.a-b |
| *kā(p)pi-ūr* | | 74.1.a-b |
| *ko(ṭ)ṭi-ōr* | 'they who carved' | 6.3 |
| *cē-iya* | 'which was made' | 2.10 |
| *antai ariyti* | | 25.1. a-b |
| *antai a(s)sutaṉ* | | 3.7.a-b |
| *antai irāvataṉ* | | 26.1.a-b |
| *viṉtai-ūr* | | 57.1.a-b |

7.15.2 Addition of glide -v-

c27.s17.t2.1

The glide *-v-* is inserted between two vowels when the preceding one is a central or back vowel.

c27.s17.t2.2

| *(il)lavōṉ* | | 10.3 |
| [*i*⸮]*ḷavaṉ* | | 67.1.c |
| *iṭtavaṉ* | 'he who gave' | 12.3 |
| *kuṇāviṉ* | 'of Kuṇā ' | 89.1 |
| *ko(ṭ)ṭiy-avaṉ* | 'he who carved' | 4.3 |
| *koṭu(p)pi(t)ta-avaṉ* | 'he who caused to be given' | 44.3 |
| *koṭu(p)pi(t)tavaṉ* | 'he who caused to be given' | 11.2 |
| *cētavar* | 'they who made' | 35.3 |
| *iruvar* | 'two persons' | 48.5 |
| *kōvātāṉ* (*-ātaṉ*) | 'King Ātaṉ' | 82.1-2 |
| [*kō*⸮]*viṉ* | 'of the chief' | 88.4 |

c27.s17.t2.3

*Exceptions*

c27.s17.t2.4

There are also several cases where the glide *-v-* is absent, resulting in a vowel-cluster at the junction.

c27.s17.t2.5

| *eḷa-a* | (attributive form of *eḷa(v)aṉ*) | 46.3.a |
| *paṇa-aṉ* | 'servant' | 1.6 |
| *piṇa-u* | 'cleft (cave) ' | 3.8 |

c27.s17.t2.6

*muḻa-ukai* 'cave' 17.3.b
*avviru-a-ar-um* 'those two persons also' 45.3
*karu-iya* 'which was carved' 17.2
*karu-ūr* 69.1.a-b
*ku-aṉ* 2.2.c

7.15.3 Doubling of the final consonant

c27.s17.t3.1

The final consonant (nasal or liquid) of a monosyllabic stem with a short vowel is doubled (*iraṭṭittal*) when followed by a vowel.

c27.s17.t3.2

*avviru-a-ar-um* (*av* + *iru*-) 'those two persons also' 45.3.a-b
*uḷḷāṟu* (*uḷ* + *āṟu*) 'fitted inside' 114.2.a-b
[*ce*\\*]*llirumpuṟai* (*cel* + *irumpuṟai*) 62.7.b-c
*cellirumpoṟai* (*cel* + *irumpoṟai*) 61.7.b-c

c27.s17.t3.3

*Exceptions*

c27.s17.t3.4

Words are written separately without joining or consequent doubling of the final nasal or liquid consonant of a monosyllabic stem.

c27.s17.t3.5

*veḷ-aṟai* (cf. LT *veḷḷaṟai*) 6.1.a-b
*piṉ-aṉ* (cf. LT *piṉṉaṉ*) 63.4.a

c27.s17.t3.6

Another interesting category of exceptions to this rule is the doubling of the word-final consonant of a stem which is not monosyllabic. Such exceptions are also numerous in later Tamil inscriptions. (see Commentary on 63.4 for discussion and citations).

c27.s17.t3.7

*amaṇṇaṉ* (*amaṇ* + *aṉ*) 'Jaina monk' 61.2
*kaṭummi* (*kaṭum* + *i*) 80.1.a
*kurraṇṇ*-*aṟu*(*p*)*pitta* (*kurraṇ* + *aṟuppitta*) 'caused to be carved by Kurraṉ' 63.4.b-5
*tuṟukayyuḷḷāṟu* (*tuṟukay* + *uḷ* + *āṟu*) 'fitted inside the vent of a sluice' 114.1-2.a

7.15.4 Doubling of the initial consonant

c27.s17.t4.1

The initial consonant (*k*- *c*- *t*-or *p*-) of the succeeding part is doubled in various environments. The rules governing this usage (*mikutal*) in traditional grammar are numerous and rather complex with many exceptions. The actual occurrences in the Corpus are listed below.

c27.s17.t4.2

7.15.4.1 *After a vowel

c27.s17.t4.3

| ***āṭi-kkaru(k)kiya*** | **'engraved after fighting'** | **112.3-4** |
| ***e-kkāṭṭūru-kkōṉ*** | **'chieftain of Ekkāṭṭūru'** | **117.1-2** |
| ***kīḻ (kīl)-ccēri-kkōḻi*** | **'(fighting) cock of Kīḻccēri'** | **113.1.b-2** |
| ***cē-kkanti*** | | **83.2.a-b** |
| ***ti (!) ṭi-kkāttāṉ*** | **'Kāttāṉ of Tiṭṭi'** | **58.1-2** |

c27.s17.t4.4

7.15.4.2 *After a consonant (liquid)

c27.s17.t4.5

| ***kīḻ (kīl)-ccēri*** | | **113.1.a-b** |
| ***tāvaṇ-ūr-ppiṇ-aṇ-*** | **'Piṇṇaṇ- of Tāvaṇūr'** | **63.3.b-4.a** |

c27.s17.t4.6

7.15.4.3 *Exceptional doubling

c27.s17.t4.7

| ***kuṟu-mmakaḷ* (cf. LT *kuṟumakaḷ*)** | **'young daughter'** | **65.3. a-b** |

c27.s17.t4.8

Alternatively, this may be regarded as two words *kuṟum makaḷ* in sandhi without change.

c27.s17.t4.9

*Exceptions*

c27.s17.t4.10

In the following cases the initial consonant (*k-* *c-* *t-* or *p-*) of the succeeding part is not doubled.

c27.s17.t4.11

| ***kāviti-kōṉ*** | **'chief *kāviti*'** | **52.2.a-b** |
| ***campoykaipēṭu*** | | **101.1.b-c** |
| ***teṇku-ciṟupocil*** | | **49.5.a-b** |
| ***nākapērūr*** | | **56.1.a-b** |
| ***paṇaiturai*** | | **50.1.a-b** |
| ***pētalai*** | | **21.1.a-b** |
| ***mattiraikē*** | **'of Matirai'** | **38.1** |
| ***mācakōṭu*** | | **120.1.a-b** |
| ***mēṟcēriku*** | **'for Mēṟcēri'** | **112.2.b** |

c27.s17.t4.12

7.15.4.4 *Addition of -m- > -ṅ- in sandhi

c27.s17.t4.13

| ***pāṅkā(ṭ)ṭa* (*pā* + *m* + *kāṭu* + *a*)** | **'of Pāṅkāṭu'** | **8.1.a-b** |