[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Archaeology, epigraphy and coins](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy) › [Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D.](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003) › c27.s35 # Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D. c27.s35: 7.32 Adjectival participles Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D. c27.s35 - **Language:** English ## Contents - [c27.s35.t1 7.32.1 Adjectival past participles](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c27.s35.t1) — 8 parts - [c27.s35.t2 7.32.2 Adjectival aorist participles](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c27.s35.t2) — 2 parts ### 7.32 Adjectival participles ### [c27.s35.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c27.s35.1) Adjectival participles (\*peyar eccam\*) are derived from verb stems by suffixation and qualify nouns, either the subject or the object or any other noun, in a sentence. They have tense and function like verbs. ### [c27.s35.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c27.s35.2) The adjectival past participle is derived by suffixing a past tense marker (\*-t-\*, \*-tt-\*, \*-nt-\* or \*-i-\*) and thereafter the participial suffix \*-a\*. The causative participle is formed with the further addition of the causative suffix \*-(p)pi-\* or \*-vi-\* immediately after the verb stem. ### [c27.s35.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c27.s35.3) The adjectival participle is formally non-finite; however, when it stands for a finite verb, it has been translated as such in the Corpus. Further, if the subject of an action denoted by a participle does not coincide with the word it qualifies, the former is generally in the nominative case and the participle (of a transitive verb) has a passive meaning (Andronov 1969: p. 179). Such adjectival participles, though not formally in the passive voice, are generally translated with passive construction in epigraphical publications (cf. Velu Pillai 1976: pp. 85-88). ### [c27.s35.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c27.s35.4) (e.g.) . . . \*\*añci ītta paḷi\*\* (No. 59) lit., 'the hermitage which Añci gave' translated as: 'the hermitage was given by Añci'. ### [c27.s35.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c27.s35.5) Adjectival non-past participles do not occur in the Corpus. ### 7.32.1 Adjectival past participles ### [c27.s35.t1.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c27.s35.t1.1) 7.32.1.1 \*Qualifying the subject\* (form: \*(who) did'\*) ### [c27.s35.t1.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c27.s35.t1.2) | (ā)-\*iṉa\* | 'who is' | 41.2 | | \*tanta\* | 'who captured' | 73.3 | | \*nōṟṟa\* | 'who observed the penance' | 116.3 | | \*piṟanta\* | 'who was born' | 49.3 | | \*muṭitta\* | 'who completed' | 115.8 | ### [c27.s35.t1.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c27.s35.t1.3) 7.32.1.2 \*Qualifying the object\* (form: \*(which was) done'\*) ### [c27.s35.t1.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c27.s35.t1.4) | \*aṟutta\* | 'which was carved' | 61.14 | | \*ītta\* | 'which was given' | 59.3 | | \*\*karu(v)iya\* | 'which was carved' | 17.2 | | \*\*karu(k)kiya\* | 'which was carved' | 112.4 | | \*\*ko(ṟ)riya\* | 'which was carved' | 52.3 | | \*ceyta\* | 'which was made' | 49.7 | | \*ceyita\* (LT \*ceyta\*) | 'which was made' | 76.6 | | \*\*cē-iya\* | 'which was made' | 2.10 | | \*\*cē-y-a\* | 'which was made' | 31.2 | | \*tai(t)ta\* | 'which was made' | 101.2 | | \*to(ṭ)ṭa\* | 'which was excavated' | 84.5 | ### [c27.s35.t1.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c27.s35.t1.5) \\* Not attested in LT. See Commentary (on the respective words) for discussion. ### [c27.s35.t1.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c27.s35.t1.6) 7.32.1.3 \*Causative\* (form: \*(which was) caused to be done'\*) ### [c27.s35.t1.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c27.s35.t1.7) | \*aṟu(p)pitta\* | 'which was caused to be carved' | 63.5 | | \*aṟu(p)pi(t)ta\* | 'which was caused to be carved' | 62.14 | ### [c27.s35.t1.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c27.s35.t1.8) | \*kuṭu(p)pi(t)ta\* | 'which was caused to be given' | 14.2 | | \*koṭṭupitta-a\* | 'which was caused to be carved' | 1.8 | | \*ceypi(t)ta\* | 'which was caused to be made' | 89.3 | | \*ceyipi(t)ta\* | 'which was caused to be made' | 65.5 | | \*ceyivitta\* | 'which was caused to be made' | 83.5 | ### 7.32.2 Adjectival aorist participles ### [c27.s35.t2.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c27.s35.t2.1) The adjectival aorist participle (\*viṉaittokai\*) is the bare verb stem without the addition of a tense marker or the participial suffix. ### [c27.s35.t2.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c27.s35.t2.2) | \*ama\* (LT \*amai\*) | 'who abide' | 48.6 | | \*āru\* (LT \*ār\*) | '(which is) filled (fitted)' | 114.2.b | | \*koṭu\* | '(which was) given' | 10.4 | --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c27.s35](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c27.s35) · Pramāṇa