[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Archaeology, epigraphy and coins](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy) › [Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D.](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003) › c28.s8 # Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D. c28.s8: Early Vaṭṭeḻuttu Inscriptions Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D. c28.s8 - **Language:** English ## Contents - [c28.s8.t1 XXXI. Sittannavasal-B](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t1) — 40 parts - [c28.s8.t2 XXXII. Tiruchirapalli-B](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t2) — 14 parts - [c28.s8.t3 XXXIII. Perumukkal](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t3) — 7 parts - [c28.s8.t4 XXXIV. Arasalapuram](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t4) — 33 parts - [c28.s8.t5 XXXV. Indalur](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t5) — 22 parts - [c28.s8.t6 XXXVI. Erettimalai](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t6) — 12 parts - [c28.s8.t7 XXXVII. Paraiyanpattu](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7) — 50 parts - [c28.s8.t8 XXXVIII. Tirunatharkunru](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t8) — 24 parts - [c28.s8.t9 XXXIX. Pillaiyarpatti](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t9) — 14 parts - [c28.s8.t10 XL. Edakal-B](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t10) — 34 parts - [c28.s8.t11 XLI. Ezhuttukallu](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t11) — 19 parts - [c28.s8.t12 XLII. Tamatakallu](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t12) — 17 parts ### Early Vaṭṭeḻuttu Inscriptions ### XXXI. Sittannavasal-B ### [c28.s8.t1.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t1.1) 101.1 \*\*\*campoykaipēṭu\*\*\* (P.) lit., 'village with the beautiful pond'. The village made the endowment of the cave shelter collectively. ### [c28.s8.t1.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t1.2) \*\*a. \*cam-\*\*\* (adj.) 'good, beautiful'. Cf. \*cem-\* 'straight', \*cemmai\* 'beauty, goodness' (D. 2747). Cf. \*\*\*campokal\*\*\* \*\*(105.1)\*\*. The LT form \*cem-\* also occurs in the Corpus as in \*\*\*ceṅkuviraṉ\*\*\* \*\*(22.1)\*\*, \*\*\*ceṅkāyapaṉ\*\*\* \*\*(61.4)\*\* and \*\*\*cēntaṉṟaṉ\*\*\* \*\*(109.1)\*\*. ### [c28.s8.t1.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t1.3) \*\*b. \*poykai\*\*\* (n.) 'natural spring or pond' (D. 4533). ### [c28.s8.t1.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t1.4) Cf. LT \*neṭunīr-p-poykai\* 'spring with a large water-spread' (\*Puṟa.\* 287:8); \*poykai\* 'pond' (\*Tivā.\* 895; \*Piṅkala.\* 604; \*Cūṭā.\* 5:24). ### [c28.s8.t1.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t1.5) Cf. (inscr.) \*poykainallūr\* 'name of a village' (\*Pallava Inscrs.\* No. 264, ca. 9th cent. A.D.). ### [c28.s8.t1.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t1.6) \*\*c. \*pēṭu\*\*\* (n.) 'small town, village' (\*TL\*, not in \*DEDR\*). ### [c28.s8.t1.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t1.7) Cf. LT \*pēṭu\* 'hamlet' (\*Piṅkala.\* 476); 'village' (\*Cūṭā.\* 5:35). ### [c28.s8.t1.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t1.8) Cf. (inscr.) \*kacci-p-pēṭṭu\* 'at Kacci-p-pēṭu (Kanchipuram)' (\*Pallava Inscrs.\* No. 90: Line 59, 8th cent. A.D.). ### [c28.s8.t1.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t1.9) 101.2 \*\*\*taita\*\*\* (\*taitta\*) (v.) 'which was made'; adjectival past participle from \*tai\* 'to make, create' (\*TL\*). (This meaning is not recorded in D. 3473.) ### [c28.s8.t1.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t1.10) \*\*Analysis:\*\* \*tai\* (stem) + \*t\* (past tense marker) + \*a\* (participial suffix). The consonant \*-t-\* is not doubled. ### [c28.s8.t1.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t1.11) Cf. LT \*naṉ poṉ tai-iya pāvai\* 'image made of pure gold' (\*Aka.\* 212:1); \*vallavaṉ tai-iya pāvai kol\* 'is (she) an image created by an expert!' (\*Kali.\* 56:7). See comments on \*\*\*tacaṉ\*\*\* (\*taccaṉ\*) 'carpenter, mason' \*\*(73.8)\*\* for possible etymological connection. ### [c28.s8.t1.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t1.12) 101.3 \*\*\*kal\*\*\* (n.) lit., 'stone', but here the term stands for a rock shelter. See \*\*14.3.a\*\* for further comments. ### [c28.s8.t1.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t1.13) \*\*symbol:\*\* A symbol depicting the bow and arrow is engraved between the third and fourth letters of the inscription. Its significance in this context is not known. See section 5.18 and Fig. 5.11. ### [c28.s8.t1.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t1.14) 102.1 \*\*\*pentōṭaṉ\*\*\* N. of the donor. ### [c28.s8.t1.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t1.15) \*\*a. \*pe(m)-\*\*\* (adj.) 'great'; contraction of \*perum\* 'great' (D. 4411). ### [c28.s8.t1.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t1.16) Cf. To. \*pem\* 'eminence' (ibid.); \*pentai\* 'hugeness' (\*TL\*). ### [c28.s8.t1.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t1.17) Cf. (Te. inscr.) \*penpāṟa\* 'great Brahman' (K. Mahadeva Sastri 1969: No. 9.3). ### [c28.s8.t1.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t1.18) Cf. LT \*pemmāṉ\* (\*Tēvā.\* I:1). ### [c28.s8.t1.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t1.19) \*\*b. tōtaṉ\*\* a personal name; probably 'one who wears an ear-ornament (\*tōṭu\*)' (D. 3545) or, 'one who is well-dressed'; cf. \*toṭu\* 'to wear (as clothes)' (D. 3482). ### [c28.s8.t1.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t1.20) \*\*102.2 poykai\*\* (n.) 'pond', which was probably dug or improved by the donor. See \*\*101.1.b\*\* for further comments. ### [c28.s8.t1.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t1.21) \*\*103.1 nakkaṉ\*\* N. of a person, probably one of the donors of the cave- shelter. Cf. \*nagga\* (Pāli) \< \*nagna\* (Skt.) 'naked'. ### [c28.s8.t1.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t1.22) Cf. LT \*nakkaṉ\* 'naked person' (\*Piṅkala.\* 894; \*Cūṭā.\* 2: 47); 'an epithet of Śiva' (\*Tivā.\* 2; \*Piṅkala.\* 94; \*Cūṭā.\* 1:8). ### [c28.s8.t1.23](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t1.23) Cf. (inscr.) \*nakkaṉ\*, \*nakkaṉ-kāri\* 'personal names' (\*SII\*.V:Nos. 363 & 366 respectively, Pāṇṭiya, ca. 9th cent. A.D.); \*nakkam-pullaṉ\*, \*pulla nakkaṉ\* 'personal names' (\*SII\*. XIV:No. 26, Pāṇṭiya, ca. 9th cent. A.D.). ### [c28.s8.t1.24](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t1.24) However, it may be added that the title \*nakkaṉ\* (fem.) 'dancing girl', occurring frequently in the Bṛhadīśvara temple inscriptions at Thanjavur (\*SII\*. II. No. 66, Cōḻa, 11th cent. A.D.), cannot be derived from \*nagna\* (Skt.) 'naked' as suggested by T.N. Subramanian (with the gloss that the dancing girl was 'required to dance naked'; \*SITI\*. III:2, Glossary). In this case, \*nakkaṉ\* is to be derived from \*na(m)-akkaṉ\* '(our) sister', used as an honorific referring to the unmarried \*dēvadāsī\* ('servants of god') women. Cf. \*akkaṉ\* 'elder sister' occurring in the inscriptions in the same temple (\*SII\*. II:No. 1, Cōḻa, 11th cent. A.D.; see also ibid., p. 8, note 4). Cf. \*akkaṉ\* 'elder sister' (D. 23), \*tamakkai\* id. (\*TL\*). ### [c28.s8.t1.25](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t1.25) \*\*104.1 korṟai\*\* (P.) This word is not attested elsewhere. However, \*korṟai\* may probably be connected with \*korṟavai\* 'goddess of war and victory' (D. 2169). ### [c28.s8.t1.26](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t1.26) \*\*104.2 kāyvaṉ\*\* Read \*kāyivaṉ\*. N. of a person; probably one of the donors of the cave shelter. The name is derived from \*kāśyapa\* (Skt.). See \*\*14.1.b\*\* for further comments. ### [c28.s8.t1.27](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t1.27) \*\*105.1 campokal\*\* (P.) lit., 'good sanctuary'. ### [c28.s8.t1.28](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t1.28) \*\*a. cam-\*\* (adj.) 'good'. See \*\*101.1.a.\*\* ### [c28.s8.t1.29](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t1.29) \*\*b. pokal\*\* (verbal noun). \*poku\* (LT \*puku\*) + \*al\* (suffix of the verbal noun). Cf. \*pukal\* 'refuge') (D. 4238). ### [c28.s8.t1.30](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t1.30) Cf. LT \*pukal\* 'residence, dwelling' (\*Aiṅk.\* 295:3); \*pukkil\* 'place of refuge' (\*Puṟa.\* 221:6); \*pukaliṭam\* 'village' (\*Piṅkala.\* 475). ### [c28.s8.t1.31](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t1.31) The Tamil Jainas had a tradition of establishing sanctuaries called \*añciṉāṉ pukaliṭam\* (lit., 'refuge for those in fear'), generally within the premises of a \*paḷḷi\* (ARE 448/1937-38, Cōḻa, 13th cent. A.D.). ### [c28.s8.t1.32](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t1.32) \*\*105.2 cāttaṉ\*\* (N.) See \*\*55.5.d.\*\* ### [c28.s8.t1.33](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t1.33) \*\*106.1\*\* \*\*\*ciṟuceṇṇaṉ\*\*\* N. of a person; probably one of the donors. ### [c28.s8.t1.34](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t1.34) \*\*a.\*\* \*\*\*ciṟu-\*\*\* (adj.) 'small' (D. 1594). the term signifies 'little, young' when it qualifies a personal name. ### [c28.s8.t1.35](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t1.35) Cf. LT Ciṟumētāviyār (author, \*Aka.\* 394); Ciṟumōlikaṉār (author, \*Naṟṟ.\* 61). ### [c28.s8.t1.36](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t1.36) \*\*b.\*\* \*\*\*ceṇṇaṉ\*\*\* a personal name, derived from \*ceṇṇam\* 'beauty' (\*Tivā.\* 1400; \*Piṅkala.\* 1945; \*Cūṭā.\* 8:27); \*ceṇṇu\* 'to decorate, dress up' (\*TL\*). ### [c28.s8.t1.37](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t1.37) Cf. LT \*ceṇṇa makaḷir\* 'beautiful women' (\*Peruṅ.\* 1.38:306). ### [c28.s8.t1.38](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t1.38) Cf. (Ka. inscr.) \*ceṇṇapayya\* 'a personal name' (\*Epi. Car.\* Vol. XIII:Index). ### [c28.s8.t1.39](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t1.39) \*\*107.1\*\* \*\*\*kātaṉ\*\*\* N. of a person, probably one of the donors. The name is probably derived from \*kā\* 'to protect'. Cf. Ka. \*kād-\* (D. 1416). Cf. \*\*\*kāttāṉ\*\*\* (\*\*58.2\*\*). Alternatively, \*kātaṉ\* 'one with (beautiful) ears'. ### [c28.s8.t1.40](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t1.40) Cf. LT \*veṇ kuḻai tōṭu viḷaṅkiya kātaṉ\* 'one with ears adorned with tender sprout' (\*Tēvā.\* II. 13:3). ### XXXII. Tiruchirapalli-B ### [c28.s8.t2.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t2.1) \*\*108.1\*\* \*\*\*akaram\*\*\* (P.) 'a Brahman village'. ### [c28.s8.t2.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t2.2) Cf. \*agrahāra\* (Skt.) 'royal donation of land to Brahmans; land or village thus given' (MW). ### [c28.s8.t2.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t2.3) Cf. (Pkt. inscr.) \*aggahāra\* 'Brahman village' (B.V. Krishna Rao 1955-56, \*EI.\* XXXI:pp. 1-10). ### [c28.s8.t2.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t2.4) Cf. \*agara\*: 'a corrupt form of \*agrahāra\*, often noticed in Tamil inscriptions' (\*Ind. Epi. Gl.\*); \*agaram\* 'same as \*agrahāra\*, Brahman village' (\*SITI.\* III:2, Glossary). ### [c28.s8.t2.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t2.5) Cf. LT \*akaram āyiram antaṇarkku īyil eṉ\* 'what even if a thousand \*akarams\* are gifted to the Brahmans?' (\*Tirumaṉ.\* 1860). ### [c28.s8.t2.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t2.6) Cf. (inscr.) \*akaram\* 'Brahman village' (\*SII.\* XIV:No. 243, Pāṇṭiya, ca. 12th cent. A.D.). ### [c28.s8.t2.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t2.7) It is also possible that \*akaram\* is derived from \*nakaram\* \< Dr. \*nakar\* 'town, city' (D. 3568) with the loss of the initial \*n\*. Cf. '\*nakar, akaram\*' (\*Tivā.\* 930); '\*akaram, nakaram\*' (\*Piṅkala.\* 626; \*Cūṭā.\* 5:35). ### [c28.s8.t2.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t2.8) \*\*108.2\*\* \*\*\*kucalaṉ\*\*\* N. of a donor. Cf. \*kusala\* (Pkt.) \< \*kuśala\* (Skt.) 'skilful, clever' (MW). ### [c28.s8.t2.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t2.9) Cf. LT \*kucalar\* 'experts' (\*Tivā.\* 172; \*Piṅkala.\* 854); \*kucalaṉ\* 'skilful person, expert' (\*TL\*). ### [c28.s8.t2.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t2.10) \*\*109.1 & 110.1\*\* \*\*\*centaṉtaṉ\*\*\* N. of a donor, inscribed twice on the rock floor of the passage leading to the cave shelter. ### [c28.s8.t2.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t2.11) \*\*a. \*ce(m)-\*\*\* (adj.) 'good'. See \*\*22.1.a.\*\* ### [c28.s8.t2.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t2.12) \*\*b. \*taṇṭaṉ\*\*\* (n.) a personal name or title, probably from \*taṇṭu\* 'to collect, levy' (\*\*D.\*\* 3054), or \*taṇṭu\* 'army, troops'. (\*\*D.\*\* 3055). In the former case the name would mean 'a (tax) collector' and in the latter, 'a member of an army'. ### [c28.s8.t2.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t2.13) Cf. LT \*taṇṭa-t-talaivar\* 'commander of an army' (\*Cilap.\* 26:80, variant reading cited in \*TL\*); \*taṇṭam\* 'army' (\*Tivā.\* 334; \*Piṅkala.\* 1501; \*Cūṭā.\* 2:82). ### [c28.s8.t2.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t2.14) Cf. (inscr.) \*ippaṭai-t-taṇṭaṉ kampaṉ\* 'Taṇṭaṉ Kampaṉ of this army' (\*SII.\* II: No. 66, Line 453, Cōḻa, 11th cent. a.d.); \*taṇṭaṉ- āṉai\* 'a personal name' (\*SII.\* III: No. 18, Cōḻa, 11th cent. a.d.). ### XXXIII. Perumukkal ### [c28.s8.t3.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t3.1) 111.1 \*irācar ### [c28.s8.t3.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t3.2) (n.) 'kings' (pl.). Cf. \*rājan\* (Skt.) 'king'. ### [c28.s8.t3.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t3.3) A label inscription of one word engraved near the much earlier megalithic rock carvings on the wall of the cave. The engraver, apparently a casual visitor to the cave, believed that the anthropomorphic figures depicted in the rock carvings represented 'kings'. ### [c28.s8.t3.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t3.4) This is one of the earliest instances in the Corpus of direct borrowing from Skt., rather than through Pkt. (See Etymological Indexes in Appendices V & VI.). See section 3.3.7. ### [c28.s8.t3.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t3.5) Cf. LT \*irācamātēvi\* 'chief queen' (\*Maṇi.\* 21:76). ### [c28.s8.t3.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t3.6) Cf. (inscr.) \*irācakēcari\* (\< \*rājakēsari\*) 'title adopted alternately by the reigning Cōḻa kings' (\*SII.\* XIII: Intr. p. i). ### [c28.s8.t3.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t3.7) Note the addition of the prothetic vowel \*i-\* before the loanword commencing with the liquid consonant \*r-\* ### XXXIV. Arasalapuram ### [c28.s8.t4.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t4.1) 112.1 \*mukaiyuru ### [c28.s8.t4.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t4.2) Read \*mukaiyūru\*. (P.) ### [c28.s8.t4.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t4.3) The place may probably be identified as Mukaiyur in South Arcot District, although the stele bearing the inscription was found at Arasalapuram, about 30 km. away in the same district. See Table 4.3. ### [c28.s8.t4.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t4.4) \*\*a. \*mukai-y\*\*\* (n.) 'cave' (\*TL\*). The final \*-y\* may be regarded either as the paragogic suffix or a glide in this case. ### [c28.s8.t4.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t4.5) Cf. LT \*kal mukai vayappuli\* 'lion in the rocky cavern' (\*Aiṅk.\* 246:2). ### [c28.s8.t4.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t4.6) \*\*b. uru\*\* Read \*\*ūru\*\* (n.) 'village'. See \*\*52.1.c\*\* for further comments. ### [c28.s8.t4.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t4.7) \*\*112.2 mēṟc\[ē\]ri-\[ku\]\*\* (P.) in dative case. 'for (on behalf of) Mēṟcēri, the western quarter of the village'. \*\*Cf. kīl- (kīl-) c-cēri\*\* 'the eastern quarter of the village' (\*\*113.1\*\*). ### [c28.s8.t4.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t4.8) \*\*a. mē(l)-\*\* (adj.) 'western'. Cf. \*mēl\* 'west' (D. 5086). ### [c28.s8.t4.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t4.9) Sandhi: \*-l\* + \*c-\* \> \*-ṟc-\*. ### [c28.s8.t4.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t4.10) Cf. LT \*mēṟku\* 'west' (\*Tivā.\* 850); \*mēl\* id. (\*Piṅkala.\* 3996; \*Cūṭā.\* 11:114) ### [c28.s8.t4.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t4.11) \*\*b. cēri\*\* (n.) 'village, hamlet, street, quarters' (D. 2007). ### [c28.s8.t4.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t4.12) Cf. LT \*taṇ tuṟai ūṟaṉ em cēri vantu\* 'he from the village with the cool waterfront having come to our hamlet' (\*Aka.\* 76:2); \*cēri\* 'village' (\*Tivā.\* 930; \*Piṅkala.\* 473, 475; \*Cūṭā.\* 5:35). ### [c28.s8.t4.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t4.13) Cf. (inscr.) \*kaccippēṭṭu aimpaṇai-c-cēri\* 'name of a quarter in Kaccippēṭu (Kanchipuram)'. (\*Pallava Inscrs.\* No. 90: Line 59, 8th cent. A.D.). ### [c28.s8.t4.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t4.14) \*\*-ku\*\* is the dative suffix occurring here in the sense of 'for, on behalf of'. ### [c28.s8.t4.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t4.15) Note the glide \*\*-y-\*\* and the \*oṟṟu\* \*\*-k-\*\* in the passage: ### [c28.s8.t4.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t4.16) \*\*\*mēṟcēriku -y=āṭi-k-karukiya.\*\*\* ### [c28.s8.t4.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t4.17) \*-ku\* seems to have been pronounced \*-ki\* here, influenced by the preceding front vowel \*-i\*, as indicated by the glide \*-y-\* following it. It is also probable that the shortened \*-u\* in-\*ku\* changed to the shortened \*-i\* (\*kuṟṟiyal-ikaram\*) before \*-y\*. (Cf. \*Tol. Eḻu.\* 35 & 410.) ### [c28.s8.t4.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t4.18) Cf. LT \*aimpatteṭṭiyāṇṭu\* 'fifty-eight years' (\*Patiṟ. Patikam\* 2, comm.). ### [c28.s8.t4.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t4.19) Cf. (inscr.) \*nantivikkirama paṟmakki-yāṇṭu mūṉṟāvatu\* 'in the third year of Nandi Vikramavarman (\*Pallava Inscrs.\* No. 115, 9th cent. A.D.). ### [c28.s8.t4.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t4.20) \*\*112.3 āṭi\*\* (v.) 'having fought'; adverbial participle of cause (in absolute construction) from \*\*āṭu\*\* 'to fight' (D. 347). ### [c28.s8.t4.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t4.21) \*\*Analysis:\*\* \*\*āṭu\*\* (stem) + \*\*i\*\* (suffix of the adverbial participle). ### [c28.s8.t4.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t4.22) Cf. LT \*ahtu aṟintu āṭumiṉē\* 'understand that and fight' (\*Puṟa.\* 97:25); \*āṭal'pūcal\* (fight)' (\*Tivā.\* 1686). ### [c28.s8.t4.23](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t4.23) Cf. (inscr.) \*erumai-p-puṟattē-v= āṭi-p-paṭṭāṉ\* 'he died fighting in a cattle raid' (\*Pallava Inscrs.\* No. 284, ca. 7th cent. A.D.). ### [c28.s8.t4.24](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t4.24) As the reference in the present inscription is to a cockfight, the verb \*āṭu\* may also be interpreted 'to play (as in sport)' or 'to win (as in a fight)'. ### [c28.s8.t4.25](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t4.25) Cf. LT \*pantu eṟintu āṭi\* 'having played throwing the ball' (\*Aka.\* 275:3); \*iḷaiyaṉ eṉṟu ikaḻil peṟal aritu āṭē\* 'victory (\*āṭu\*) will be hard to obtain if he is denigrated as young' (\*Puṟa.\* 104:6). ### [c28.s8.t4.26](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t4.26) \*\*112.4 \*karukiya\* (\*karukkiya\*) (v.)\*\* 'which was engraved'; adjectival past participle from \*karuku\* (\*karukku\*) (v.) 'to carve, engrave'. ### [c28.s8.t4.27](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t4.27) \*\*Analysis:\*\* \*karuku\* (stem) + \*i\* (past tense marker) + \*y\* (glide) + \*a\* (participial suffix). The consonant \*-k-\* is not doubled. ### [c28.s8.t4.28](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t4.28) \*karukku\* is not attested as a verb elsewhere, but is clearly connected with \*karukku\* (n.) 'engraving, carving' (D. 1280). See \*\*\*karu-iya\* (17.2)\*\* for further comments. ### [c28.s8.t4.29](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t4.29) Cf. (inscr.) \*karukku\* (n.) 'bas-relief' (\*SII.\* II: No. 1: Line 48, Cōḻa, 11th cent. A.D.). ### [c28.s8.t4.30](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t4.30) \*\*112.5 \*kōḻi\*\*\* (n.) 'cock, hen, fowl in general' (D. 2248). ### [c28.s8.t4.31](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t4.31) Cf. LT \*kōḻi\* 'cock, hen' (\*Tivā.\* 547; \*Piṅkala.\* 2346; \*Cūṭā.\* 3:58). ### [c28.s8.t4.32](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t4.32) Cf. (inscr.) \*kōḻi kūvina ūr\* 'village where the cock crowed (i.e., inhabited)' (\*Epi. Car.\* X: KI. 27). ### [c28.s8.t4.33](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t4.33) The expression denotes a 'fighting cock' whose figure is engraved on the stele. The stele is a memorial stone set up to commemorate the cockfight in which the cock presumably lost its life. See the next inscription (No. \*\*\*113\*\*\*) which is also engraved on a memorial stone for a fighting cock. ### XXXV. Indalur ### [c28.s8.t5.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t5.1) \*\*113.1 \*kīḻccēri\*\*\* (P.) The eastern quarter of the village, even though the name of the main village is not mentioned. Cf. \*\*\*mēṟcēri\* (112.2)\*\*. ### [c28.s8.t5.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t5.2) \*\*a. \*kīḻ-\*\*\* Read \*kīḻ-\* (adj.) 'eastern'. Cf. \*kīḻ\*, \*kiḻakku\* 'east' (D. 1619). ### [c28.s8.t5.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t5.3) Cf. LT \*kīḻ-t-ticai\* 'east' (\*Tivā.\* 848; \*Piṅkala.\* 13). \*kīḻ\*: id. (\*Cūṭā.\* 1:90). ### [c28.s8.t5.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t5.4) \*\*b. \*cēri\*\*\* (n.) 'hamlet'. See \*\*112.2.b\*\*. ### [c28.s8.t5.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t5.5) \*\*113.2 \*kōḻi\*\*\* (n.) 'cock'. See \*\*112.5\*\*. The present inscription is also engraved on a stele which features the bas-relief sculpture of a fighting cock. The stele is a memorial stone for 'the fighting cock of the eastern quarter', even as No. \*\*\*112\*\*\* commemorates 'the fighting cock of the western quarter'. ### [c28.s8.t5.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t5.6) Note the occurrences of \*oṟṟu\* in the phrase \*\*\*kīḻ-c-cēri-k-kōḻi\*\*\*. ### [c28.s8.t5.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t5.7) \*\*113.3 \*p\[o\]ṟkoṟṟi\*\*\* (N.) Pet name given by the villagers to their favourite fighting cock. ### [c28.s8.t5.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t5.8) Cf. (inscr.) \*kōvivaṉ\*, the pet name of a dog which stood guard over its master in a skirmish (\*Ceṅkam Naṭukaṟkaḷ\*: No. 59/1971, herostone inscription, ca. 7th cent. A.D.). ### [c28.s8.t5.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t5.9) \*\*a. \*po(ṉ)\*\*\* (n.) 'gold', an attribute in the figurative sense 'beautiful' when prefixed to a name. ### [c28.s8.t5.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t5.10) Cf. LT \*poṟkōṭṭu imayam\* 'the Himalayas with a golden (i.e., shining) peak' (\*Puṟa.\* 2:24). ### [c28.s8.t5.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t5.11) Sandhi: -\*ṉ\* \> -\*ṟ\*- before -\*k\* (see also the citation above). ### [c28.s8.t5.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t5.12) \*\*b. \*koṟṟi\*\*\* A personal name after the goddess Durgā (D. 2169). See also \*\*66.4.b.\*\* ### [c28.s8.t5.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t5.13) The ancient sport of cockfight in the Tamil countryside ### [c28.s8.t5.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t5.14) Cockfight was a popular sport in ancient Tamil country. See section 4.23. ### [c28.s8.t5.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t5.15) Cf. LT \*uyttaṉar viṭāar pirittu iṭai kaḷaiyār kuppai-k-kōḻi-t-taṇi-p-pōr pōla\* 'when fowl (foraging) on the rubbish heap fight among themselves, there is none to encourage them (to fight) or separate them (when they are tired)' (\*Kuṟun.\* 305: 5-6); the allusion by contrast is to what happens when an organised cockfight by specially trained fighting cocks takes place. ### [c28.s8.t5.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t5.16) \*kūr vāy aḻal akaintanna kāmar tutai mayir\* \*maṉai uṟai kōḻi maṟaṉuṭai-c-cēval\* \*pōr puri eruttam pōla-k- kañaliya\* ### [c28.s8.t5.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t5.17) 'As the neck of the domestic fighting cock with the sharp beak and flaming red feathers bristles when it fights' (\*Aka.\* 277:13-16). ### [c28.s8.t5.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t5.18) The following is a dramatic description of a cockfight: ### [c28.s8.t5.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t5.19) \*pāyntum eṟintum paṭintum palakālum\* \*kāyntum vāykkoṇṭum kaṭuñ cēval\* ### [c28.s8.t5.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t5.20) 'The ferocious cock now leaps up and jumps forward,now backs down, and then again attacks angrily with the blade (tied to its leg)' (\*Puṟapporuḷ\* 348). ### [c28.s8.t5.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t5.21) We learn from the old commentary that there was a \*kōḻi-nūl\* (treatise on fighting cocks) with the help of which, experts rated cocks according to their fighting abilities. It appears that villages with two hamlets, Mēṟ-cēri (the western quarter) and Kīḻ-c-cēri (the eastern quarter) had fighting cocks for each quarter: ### [c28.s8.t5.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t5.22) \*mēṟcēri-k-kōḻi -y- alaittatu eṉa-k- kīḻ-c-cēri-k-kōḻi alaippuṇṭatu\* (\*Tol. Col.\* 60, comm., Cēṉā.); \*mēlai-c-cēri-c-cēval alaittatu eṉṟa tuṇaiyāṅē kīḻai-c-cēri-c-cēval alaippuṇṭatu\* (\*Naṉṉ.\* 402, comm., Caṅkara.). 'Driven hither and thither by the harassing of the (fighting) cock of Mēṟcēri (Mēlai-c-cēri), the (fighting) cock of Kīḻ-cc-cēri (Kīḻai-c-cēri) got harassed (i.e., the first statement implies the second)'. ### XXXVI. Erettimalai ### [c28.s8.t6.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t6.1) \*\*114.1 tuṟukay\*\* (n.) 'vent of a sluice' (?). ### [c28.s8.t6.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t6.2) The inscription is incised on a small, shoe-shaped stone (see Fig. 1.17). Similarly shaped stones are still in use in the Tamil countryside as stoppers to close the outlet (\*tūmpu\*) of a water channel. ### [c28.s8.t6.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t6.3) The phrase \*\*\*tuṟukayyuḷḷāru\*\*\* is segmented \*\*tuṟukay\*\* + \*\*uḷ\*\* + \*\*\*āru\*\*\*. The stem-final \*\*-y\*\* and \*\*-ḷ\*\* are doubled due to sandhi. The doubling of the stem-final \*\*-y\*\* is exceptional. See \*\*63.4.b\*\* for more examples and discussion. ### [c28.s8.t6.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t6.4) Cf. LT \*tuṟu\*, \*tuṟu-kal\* 'stone for closing the \*tūmpu\* (outlet) of a channel' (\*Apitāṉa\*. 1217); \*tuṟukal\* id. (\*TL\* ); \*tūmpiṉil putainta kallum\* 'stone buried in the \*tūmpu\*' (\*Vivēka\*. 61). The expression \*\*\*tuṟukay\*\*\* (\*\\* \*tuṟukai\*) is not attested elsewhere. This is probably a verbal noun formed from the stem \*tūṟu\*/\*tuṟu\* 'to enter (a hole)' + \*kay\* (\*-kai\* in LT), the nominal suffix, to yield the meaning 'a narrow opening', which is interpreted in the present context as 'the vent (in a sluice)'. ### [c28.s8.t6.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t6.5) Cf. Ta. \*tuṟu\* 'to cram, stuff, press, to be closed' (D. 3367); Ka. \*tūṟu\* 'to enter or go through a (narrow) hole', Te. \*tūṟu\* 'to enter, penetrate' (D. 3399a); Ta. \*tuṟu\* 'hole, cavity', Ka. \*tūtu\*, \*tūntu\* 'hole', Te. \*tūṭu\*, \*tūṇṭu\* 'hole' (D. 3399b). ### [c28.s8.t6.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t6.6) Cf. LT \*tuṟu\*, \*tuṟṟu\* 'to cram, be closed' (\*Tivā\*. 1351). ### [c28.s8.t6.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t6.7) \*\*114.2 uḷḷāru\*\* (compound v.) 'which is fitted inside'. ### [c28.s8.t6.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t6.8) \*\*a. uḷ\*\* (n.) 'inside' (D. 698). ### [c28.s8.t6.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t6.9) \*\*b. āru\*\* (v.) 'filled'; adjectival participle. Cf. Ta. \*ār\* (v.) 'to become full'; Ka. \*ār\* 'to be filled', \*āru\* 'full of'; Te. \*āru\* 'to become full' (D. 368). Here \*āru\* (LT \*ār\*) occurs as a \*viṉaittokai\* (participle without tense marker or participial suffix). See. \*\*10.4\*\* for further comments. The \*-u\* ending indicates the influence of Kannada in this region close to the border with Karnataka. ### [c28.s8.t6.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t6.10) Cf. LT \*ari ār cilampiṉ\* 'of the anklet filled with tinkling pieces' (\*Kuṟun\*. 369:2); \*cilampu ār cīṟ-aṭi\* 'small feet fitted with anklets' (\*Aka\*. 17:9); \*ārtal\* 'to be full' (\*Tivā\*. 1382; \*Piṅkala\*. 2228; \*Cūṭā\*. 8:15); \*uḷḷārnta\* 'that which is inside' (\*Taṟ\*. Ta. \*Aka\*.). ### [c28.s8.t6.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t6.11) Cf. (inscr.) \*taṇṭ(u)=ār mūppu\* 'having a stick (in) old age' (\*Pallava Inscrs\*. No. 98, 9th cent. A.D.). ### [c28.s8.t6.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t6.12) \*\*114.3 kal\*\* (n.) lit., 'stone', here for a 'stone stopper'. See \*\*14.3.a\*\*. for further comments. ### XXXVII. Paraiyanpattu ### [c28.s8.t7.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.1) \*\*115.1 namōttu\*\* 'Let there be salutation!' \< \*namō=(a)stu\* (Skt.). An invocation. ### [c28.s8.t7.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.2) Cf. (inscr.) \*namōstu\* (\*ARE\* 132/1937-38, Pallava-Grantha, Tiruchirapalli Rockfort, ca. 5th cent. A.D. according to the Report; but probably latter half of the 6th cent. A.D. when this region came under the Pallava rule). ### [c28.s8.t7.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.3) It is interesting that the Vaṭṭeḻuttu script was also popularly known as \*nāna-mōṉa\* from \*na-mō\*, the first two letters of the invocation \*namōttu\* with which the children's primer for teaching the Tamil alphabet commenced (T.A. Gopinatha Rao in \*TAS\*.I, reprint 1988:p. 395, note 1). ### [c28.s8.t7.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.4) \*\*a. \*namō\*\*\* From \*namō\* (Skt.) 'salutation'. ### [c28.s8.t7.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.5) \*\*b. \*(a)ttu\*\*\* From \*astu\* (Skt.) 'let there be!' Cf. \*atthu\* (Pkt.); however, the borrowing in this case is probably directly from Skt. considering the late date of the inscription. See section 3.3.7. ### [c28.s8.t7.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.6) \*\*115.2 \*pāṉāṭṭu\*\*\* (P.) in the oblique case. 'of Pāṇāṟu (\*pāṇ\* + \*nāṭu\*)'. Sandhi: \*ṇ\* + \*n\* \> \*ṉ\* (by merger). Cf. LT \*palvayiṉ payaṉirai cērnta pāṉāṭṭu aṅkaṇ\* 'there in Pāṇāṟu where at many places milch cows gather' (\*Aka.\* 155:6-7). \*pāṉāṭṭu\* is taken to be the sandhi of \*pāṇ\* + \*nāṭṭu\* and also interpreted as 'in the country of the \*pāṇaṉ\*' by R. Raghavaiyangar (1933) and by N. M. Venkataswamy Nattar and R. Venkatachalam Pillai (1949) in their editions of \*Akanāṉūṟu\*, even though some old manuscripts give the variant reading \*pāḻ nāṭṭu\* (\> \*pāṉāṭṭu\*) 'the ruined country' which does not suit the context. (I am grateful to Dr. S. Palaniappan, Dallas, USA, for the references. I consulted the unpublished notes of U.Ve. Swaminathaiyar at the Swaminathaiyar Library. While noting the reading \*pāḻ nāṭṭu\* in \*Aka.\* 155, he has given cross-references to verses 113 and 325 referring to \*pāṇaṉ nal nāṭṭu\* 'in the good country of the \*pāṇaṉ\*'.) The present early inscriptional reference to \*pāṉāṭṭu\* is a valuable confirmation of the correct reading and interpretation of the expression. Cf. \*pāṇa-rāṣṭra\* (Skt.), an ancient territorial division (presently included in North and South Arcot Districts). Cf. (inscr.) \*perum-pāṇa-p-pāṭi\* 'an ancient territorial division of Toṇṭaimaṇṭalam' (\*SII.\* I:No. 67, Cōḻa, 11th cent. A.D.). ### [c28.s8.t7.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.7) \*\*a. \*pāṇ\*\*\* a community, originally engaged in fishing (\*Puṟa.\* 348), and which became famous for its bards and minstrels (\*Puṟa.\* 11-12). Cf. \*pāṇaṉ\* 'an ancient class of Tamil bards and minstrels' (D. 4068). See section 4.18.1 (vi). Cf. LT \*pāṇ\* 'song' (\*Tivā.\* 1866); \*pāṇar\* 'bards' (\*Tivā.\* 213; \*Piṅkala.\* 815; \*Cūṭā.\* 2:34). ### [c28.s8.t7.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.8) \*\*b. \*(n)āṭṭu\*\*\* oblique of \*nāṭu\* (n.) 'country, territorial division.' See 49.1.b for further comments. ### [c28.s8.t7.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.9) \*\*115.3 \*va\[c\]caṇanti\*\*\* N. of a senior Jaina monk \< \*vajjanaṁdi\* (Pkt.) \< \*vajranandī\* (Skt.). It is interesting to compare the name with those of three Jaina monks known to Tamil tradition: (i) \*vajjaṇaṁdi\* (Pkt.): According to \*Darśana-sāra\* (Pkt.) written by Dēvasēna in 853 A.D., Vajjaṇaṁdi, a Jaina monk, founded the Drāviḍa Saṁgha at Madurai in 525 Vikrama Era corresponding to 468-69 A.D. (A. Chakravarti, revised edn. 1974:p. 17, note 1). ### [c28.s8.t7.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.10) (ii) \*vajranandī\* (Skt.): The senior Jaina monk (\*gaṇin\*) who received the gift of a village as \*paḷḷi-c-cantam\* from Simhavarman, the Pallava king (\*Pallava Inscrs.\* No. 17, ca. 6th cent. A.D.). ### [c28.s8.t7.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.11) (iii) \*vaccaṇanti\* (Ta.): According to tradition, Guṇavīra Paṇḍitar (ca. 12th cent. A.D.) wrote \*Vaccaṇantimālai\*, a work on poetics, named after Vaccaṇanti, his preceptor (\*TL\*). ### [c28.s8.t7.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.12) While the monk mentioned at (iii) above lived long after the date of the present inscription, the other two belonged to about the same period (ca. 5-6 cent. A.D.). However, there is no evidence except identity of names to connect either of them with \*\*vaccaṇanti\*\* of the present inscription. ### [c28.s8.t7.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.13) \*\*a. vacca-\*\* (N.) Cf. \*vajja\* (Pkt.) \< \*vajra\* (Skt.) 'diamond'; alternatively, \*vaccha\* (Pkt.) \< \*vatsa\* (Skt.) lit., 'yearling, a term of endearment; also a personal name' (MW). ### [c28.s8.t7.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.14) Cf. (Pkt. inscr.) \*vacha\* (\< \*vatsa\*) (K.G. Krishnan, ed. 1989: No. 38; Lüders List: No. 1174). ### [c28.s8.t7.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.15) \*\*b. ṇanti\*\* (N.) \< \*ṇaṃdi\* (AMg.) \< \*nandin\* (Skt.), a suffix generally added to the names of Jaina monks. Cf. \*\*cantirananti\*\* (\*\*116.4\*\*). The word-initial \*ṇ\*-, not permitted by LT orthography, is due to Pkt. influence. Cf. \*\*ṇākaṉ\*\* (\*\*72.1\*\*). ### [c28.s8.t7.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.16) Cf. LT \*accaṇanti\* 'N. of the preceptor of Cīvakaṉ' (\*Cīvaka.\* 409); \*Pavaṇanti\* (author, \*Naṉṉ.\*). ### [c28.s8.t7.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.17) Cf. (inscr.) \*pavaṇanti\*, \*nākaṇanti\* 'N. of Jaina monks' (\*Pallava Inscrs.\* Nos. 74 & 85 respectively, 8th cent. A.D.); \*ciṅkaṇanti\*, \*nākaṇanti\* id. (V.Venkayya 1896-97, \*EI.\* IV: p. 136, n.6, Pāṇṭiya, ca. 9th cent. A.D.). ### [c28.s8.t7.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.18) \*\*115.4 \[\*ā\*\]cāri\[ya\]r\*\* (n.) \< \*ācārya\* (Skt.) 'preceptor'; title of \*\*vaccaṇanti\*\*. See section 4.9.3 (vi). ### [c28.s8.t7.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.19) \*\*-ar\*\* is the honorific singular suffix. ### [c28.s8.t7.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.20) Cf. LT \*ācāriyaṉ\* 'teacher' (\*Ēlāti.\* 75:4); \*ācāriyaṉ\* id. (\*Piṅkala.\* 783; \*Cūṭā.\* 2:7). ### [c28.s8.t7.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.21) Cf. (inscr.) \*arishṭanēmi ācāryyar\* 'N. of a Jaina monk' (\*SII.\* I: No. 73; \*taṉmatēva ācāriyaṉ\* 'N. of a Jaina monk' (\*SII.\* XVII: No. 397, Pāṇṭiya, 13th cent. A.D.). ### [c28.s8.t7.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.22) Jaina inscriptions in Kannada also refer to \*ācāriyar\* (A.N. Narasimhia 1941: No. 51) and \*ācāriya\* (G.S. Gai 1946: No. 8). ### [c28.s8.t7.23](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.23) \*\*115.5 māṇākkar\*\* (n.) 'disciple' \< \*māṇavaka\* (Skt.) 'pupil, scholar, religious student' (MW). See section 4.9.3 (vii). ### [c28.s8.t7.24](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.24) \*\*-ar\*\* is the honorific singular suffix. ### [c28.s8.t7.25](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.25) Cf. (Pkt. inscr.) \*mānavakō\* 'young brahman' (\*Bhārhut Inscrs.\* No. B66). ### [c28.s8.t7.26](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.26) Cf. LT \*iḷa māṇākkaṉ\* 'young pupil' (\*Kuṟun.\* 33:1); \*māṇākkaṉ\* 'one who learns' (\*Cūṭā.\* 2:7). ### [c28.s8.t7.27](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.27) Cf. (inscr.) \*māṇākkar\* 'disciple' (\*SII\*. V: Nos. 316, 333, 341; XIV: No. 22, Jaina, Pāṇṭiya, ca. 9th cent. A.D.). In Old Kannada inscriptions, the term \*māṇākkar\* occurs in the same sense (A. N. Narasimhia 1941: No. 30). ### [c28.s8.t7.28](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.28) The present inscription is unique in that the name of the disciple whose death by fasting is commemorated, does not find a place in it. Perhaps it was his wish. ### [c28.s8.t7.29](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.29) 115.6 ārātaṉi (n.) 'worship'. Cf. \*ārādhana\*, \*ārādhanā\* (Skt.). ### [c28.s8.t7.30](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.30) Cf. LT \*pukai pū avi ārātaṉai aḻal pala ēnti\* 'carrying many things like (fragrant) smoke, flowers, oblations for worship (and) fire' (\*Pari\*. 6:11); \*ārātaṉai\* 'worship' (\*Tivā\*. 1638; \*Piṅkala\*. 1799; \*Cūṭā\*. 9:13). ### [c28.s8.t7.31](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.31) Cf. (inscr.) \*ārātitt(u) uṇpāṉ āka-p-paṇittōm\* 'we ordered that he partakes of the food after offering (it) in worship' (\*Pallava Inscrs\*. No. 78, 8th cent. A.D.). ### [c28.s8.t7.32](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.32) However, the expression \*ārātaṉi\* here is a Jaina technical term meaning 'ending one's life by the observance of ceremonial fasting unto death as a religious act of penance'. Cf. \*ārāhaṇa\* (AMg.) (\< \*ārādhana\*) '\*anaśana\* (fasting unto death)' (\*PSM\*). Cf. (Ka. inscr.) \*ārādhane nōntu\* 'having observed the vow of \*sanyasana\* (fasting unto death)' (A.N. Narasimhia 1941: No. 33); The death of a Jaina monk by observing the \*ārādhanā-vidhi\* '(Jaina code of death)' is referred to in another Kannada inscription (\*ARE\* B. 239/1947-48, 14th cent. A.D.). Cf. \*\*aṇacaṉa(m)\*\* (\*\*116.2\*\*). ### [c28.s8.t7.33](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.33) Sandhi: \*māṇākkar\* + \*ārātaṉi\* \> \*māṇākkarārātaṉi\*. ### [c28.s8.t7.34](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.34) 115.7 nōṟṟu (v.) 'having observed the penance'; adverbial participle from \*nōl\* 'to do penance, practise austerities' (\*D\*. 3800). ### [c28.s8.t7.35](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.35) \*\*Analysis:\*\* \*nōl\* (stem) + \*tt\* (\> \*ṟṟ\*) (completive tense marker) + \*u\* (adverbial participial suffix). Cf. \*\*nōṟṟa\*\* (\*\*116.3\*\*). ### [c28.s8.t7.36](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.36) Cf. LT \*nōṟṟōr\* 'those who observed the penance' (\*Aka\*. 61:1; \*Puṟa\*. 26:16); \*uṇṇātu nōṟpār periyar\* 'great men do penance by fasting' (\*Kuṟaḷ\*. 160); \*nōnpu\* 'penance' (\*Piṅkala\*. 1796; \*Cūṭā\*. 8: 40); \*nōṟṟal\* id. (\*Cūṭā\*. 11:288); \*nōnpu\* 'ceremonial fasting, abstinence from food' (\*TL\*). ### [c28.s8.t7.37](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.37) Cf. (Ka. inscr.) \*nōntu\* 'having observed the vow or penance (of fasting)' (A.N. Narasimhia 1941: Nos. 9,10,12,13, etc.; G.S. Gai 1946: No. 79). ### [c28.s8.t7.38](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.38) 115.8 \[m\]uṭitta (v.) 'who completed'; adjectival past participle from \*muṭi\* 'to end, be completed' (\*D\*. 4922). ### [c28.s8.t7.39](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.39) \*\*Analysis:\*\* \*muṭi\* (stem) + \*tt\* (past tense marker) + \*a\* (participial suffix). The participle qualifies \*māṇākkar\* 'disciple', who completed observing the penance. ### [c28.s8.t7.40](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.40) The expression \*muṭitta\* is employed here in the technical sense of 'ending one's life by fasting unto death' (Jaina). "The expression (\*muḍipu\*) is used to denote the death of a devout follower of the Jaina faith who voluntarily undertakes a solemn vow to end his life by fasting" (P.B. Desai 1957:pp. 339-343). ### [c28.s8.t7.41](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.41) Cf. Ta. \*muṭivu\* 'death'; Ka. \*muḍi\* 'to become extinct' (D. 4922). ### [c28.s8.t7.42](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.42) Cf. LT \*muṭittal\* '\*vīṭu peṟutal\*' (that is, 'to die by fasting') (\*Cīvaka.\* 3073, comm.); \*muṭivu\* 'dying' (\*Tivā.\* 1674; \*Cūṭā.\* 9:20). \*muṭital\* 'death' (\*Piṅkala.\* 1907). ### [c28.s8.t7.43](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.43) Cf. (Ka. inscr.) \*muḍippidar\* / \*muḍippidār\* 'caused to end one's life by fast unto death' (A.N. Narasimhia 1941: Nos. 11,12,13, etc.; G.S. Gai 1946: No. 79). ### [c28.s8.t7.44](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.44) \*\*115.9 \[\*ni\\*\]cītkai\*\* (n.) 'seat of penance' (where a Jaina monk performs the religious penance of fasting unto death). See Fig. 1.16. ### [c28.s8.t7.45](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.45) Cf. (Ka. inscr.) \*nisidige\* referring to the sites where Jaina ascetics performed \*sanyasana\* or \*sallēkhana\* (religious fasting unto death) (A.N. Narasimhia 1941:Nos. 18, 39, 48, 49 & 56). In later Kannada inscriptions, the word was spelt in various ways (ibid. pp. 312-313 for the complete list). ### [c28.s8.t7.46](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.46) The term \*nisidige\* occurring in Jaina inscriptions in Old Kannada has been variously interpreted as a 'forbidden place' (derived from \*nishēdh\* 'to prohibit'); or as an 'epitaph' (Narasimhia, ibid. pp. 312-313); or as a 'memorial' (P.B. Desai 1957:pp. 355-356). The term \*\*\*nicītikai\*\*\* (\*\*116.6\*\*) has been explained as 'death by fasting of a Jaina; denotes probably the memorial got up for such a person' (\*SITI\*, III:2, Glossary). None of these interpretations is, however, wholly satisfactory. In the present study, \*nicītikai\* is interpreted as 'a seat of penance' combining the evidence of etymology and the context of occurrence as discussed below. ### [c28.s8.t7.47](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.47) The term is derived from \*nishad\* \< \*ni-sad\* (Skt.) 'to sit or lie down or rest upon' (MW); concurrently, this verb also means 'to suffer (bodily pain)'. Cf. \*nishaṇṇa\* 'seated' (and also) 'distressed' (ibid.); \*ṇisīhiā\* (AMg.) 'seat; enduring of the suffering of sitting (in a place of religious study)' (\*AMD\*). ### [c28.s8.t7.48](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.48) Cf. (Pkt. inscr.) \*vāsha-\* \*nishidiyā\* 'resting place for the rainy season' (Nagarjuni Hills Inscription of Daśaratha, K.G. Krishnan, ed. 1989: No. 37); \*nisīdiyā\* 'resting place (of Jaina monks)' (Khāravēla's Udayagiri Inscription, ibid. No. 67). ### [c28.s8.t7.49](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.49) The term \*nicītikai\* occurs twice in this Corpus (Nos. \*\*\*115\*\*\* & \*\*\*116\*\*\*) and also in a later Tamil inscription at Tirunatharkunru referring to the \*aṇacaṉam\* 'fasting unto death' by a Jaina ascetic (\*SII\*. XVII: No. 261, ca. 10th cent. A.D.). The variant \*niśīdika\* occurs in a Tamil inscription (in Tamil and Grantha scripts) at Vijayamaṅgalam commemorating the death by fasting of Puḷiappai, probably the younger sister of Cāmuṇḍarāja who erected the famous monolith of Gomaṭēśvara at Sravanabelagola (\*ARE\* 597/1905). ### [c28.s8.t7.50](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t7.50) The parallels between the Jaina inscriptions in Kannada and Tamil indicate the close contacts between the Tamil and Kannada Jaina communities in this period. Cf. Nos. \*\*49\*\* & \*\*83\*\*. See section 4.10.3. ### XXXVIII. Tirunatharkunru ### [c28.s8.t8.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t8.1) \*\*116.1\*\* \*\*\*aimpattēl(u)\*\*\* (num.) 'fifty-seven'; the context requires supplying the word 'days' qualified by the numeral. ### [c28.s8.t8.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t8.2) \*\*a.\*\* \*\*\*aim-\*\*\* (num. adj.) from \*aintu\* 'five' (D. 2826). ### [c28.s8.t8.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t8.3) \*\*b.\*\* \*\*\*patt(u)-\*\*\* 'ten' (D. 3918). The final \*-u\* is elided in sandhi. ### [c28.s8.t8.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t8.4) \*\*c.\*\* \*\*\*ēl(u)\*\*\* 'seven' (D. 910). The final \*-u\* is elided in sandhi. ### [c28.s8.t8.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t8.5) \*\*116.2\*\* \*\*\*aṉacaṉa(m)\*\*\* (n.) 'abstinence from food, fasting' \< \*anaśana\* (Skt.). ### [c28.s8.t8.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t8.6) The expression \*aṉacaṉam\* occurs here in the technical sense of 'fast (unto death) as a religious penance'. It has the same significance as \*sanyasana\*, \*sallēkhana\* and \*ārādhanā-vidhi\* occurring in the Jaina inscriptions in Kannada. ### [c28.s8.t8.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t8.7) Cf. LT \*aṇṇal aṉacaṉa-t-tavam amarntāṉ\* 'the great one sat in the penance of fasting' (\*Yacōtara.\* 24); \*aṉacaṉa nōṉpu koṇṭāṉ\* 'He undertook the penance of fasting' (\*Nāka.\* 148); \*aṉacaṉāti tapacu\* 'including the penance of fasting' (\*Nīlakēci\* : 1, comm.). ### [c28.s8.t8.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t8.8) Cf. (inscr.) \*muppatu nāḷ aṉacaṉa(n) nōṟṟa iḷaiya paṭārar nicītikai\* 'the place of penance of Iḷaiya Bhaṭārar (who died after) observing fast for thirty days' (\*SII.\* XVII : Nọ. 261, ca. 10th cent. A.D.). ### [c28.s8.t8.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t8.9) \*\*116.3\*\* \*\*\*nōṟṟa\*\*\* (v.) 'who observed the penance'; adjectival past participle from \*nōl\* 'to do penance'. ### [c28.s8.t8.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t8.10) \*\*Analysis:\*\* \*nōl\* (stem) + \*tt\* (\> \*ṟṟ\*) (past tense marker) + \*a\* (participial suffix). See \*\*\*nōṟṟu\* (115.7)\*\* for further comments. ### [c28.s8.t8.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t8.11) Sandhi: aimpattēl(u) + aṉacaṉam + nōṟṟa \> aimpattēḷaṉacaṉannōṟṟa. ### [c28.s8.t8.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t8.12) \*\*116.4\*\* \*\*\*cantiraṉanti\*\*\* N. of the Jaina monk who undertook the fast unto death at this site. As indicated by the second part of his name, he belonged to the Nandigaṇa of the Digambara sect. ### [c28.s8.t8.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t8.13) Cf. LT \*kaṇaka-nantiyum puṭpa-nantiyum pavaṇa-nantiyum kumaṇamācuṇaka-nantiyum kuṇaka-nantiyum tivaṇa-nantiyum moḻi koḷā aṇaka nantiyar\* (a list of Jaina ascetics of the Nandigaṇa referred to derisively) (\*Tēvā.\* III:39.6). ### [c28.s8.t8.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t8.14) Cf. (inscr.) \*śrīnanti, kaṇakananti, kuṇananti\* (\*SII.\* V: Nos. 314, 359 & 398 respectively, Jaina, Pāṇṭiya, ca. 9th cent. A.D.); \*ārampaṇanti\* (\*SII.\* I: No. 68, Cōḻa, 11th cent. A.D.). Cf. \*\*\*vaccaṇanti\* (115.3)\*\*. ### [c28.s8.t8.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t8.15) \*\*a.\*\* \*\*\*cantira-\*\*\* (N.) \< \*candra\* (Skt.) 'moon', here occurring as part of the personal name. This is an instance of direct borrowing from Skt. and not through Pkt. ### [c28.s8.t8.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t8.16) The waning influence of Pkt. and increasing presence of Skt. in the language of the Tamil inscriptions begins from about this time (ca. 5-6 cent. A.D.). Cf. \*irācar\* (111.1) for another example of direct borrowing from Skt. See section 3.3.7. ### [c28.s8.t8.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t8.17) Cf. LT \*cantiraṉ\* 'moon' (\*Tivā.\* 58; \*Piṅkala.\* 225; \*Cūṭā.\* 1:58). ### [c28.s8.t8.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t8.18) \*\*b. \*nanti\*\*\* (N.) Cf. \*nandi\* (Pkt.) \< \*nandin\* (Skt.). Cf. \*-ṇanti\* (115.3.b). ### [c28.s8.t8.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t8.19) Cf. (Pkt. inscr.) \*nandi\* 'a Jaina \*gaṇin\*' (Lüders List: No. 74); \*kumāranandi\*, \*nāganandi\* 'personal names' (\*Pallava Inscrs.\* No. 3, Pkt., ca. 4th cent. A.D.). ### [c28.s8.t8.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t8.20) \*\*116.5 \*ācirikaru\*\*\* (n.) 'teacher'. Title of \*cantirananti\*, the senior Jaina monk. Cf. \*ācariyika\* (Pāli) \< \*ācārya\* (Skt.). Cf. \*ācāriyar\* (115.4). ### [c28.s8.t8.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t8.21) Cf. LT \*āciriyar\* 'teacher' (\*Matu.\* 761; \*Paṭṭiṉa.\* 170); 'learned persons' (\*Piṅkala.\* 848). ### [c28.s8.t8.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c28.s8.t8.22) Cf. (inscr.) \*matirai āciriyaṉ\* 'the Jaina monk from Matirai' (\*SII\*. XIV: No. 45, Pāṇṭiya, 9th cent. A.D.). _First 200 of 299 passages. 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