Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D. c31: General Index

Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D. c31

Language: English

General Index

c31.1

The General Index does not include the inscriptional words in the Corpus except personal names, place names and a few terms occurring in original form in the translation. (Inscriptional words are listed in the **Inscriptional Glossary**.) Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations (except tracings and estampages of inscriptions which are listed at pp. xxxiii and xxxiv respectively). Abbreviation: inscr(s). for inscription(s).

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c31.3

abode (of ascetics) 15, 24, 105, 110, 132, 133, 329, 351, 388, 403, 405, 407, 554, 563, 581, 591, 593 Accaṇanti 139 accountant 15, 110, 123, 124, 373, 571 accusative (second) case 289 adjectival participles 296-98 adjectives 105, 299-300 administration (in early Tamil society) 122-26 adverbial clauses 302, 305 adverbial participles 298 Akaḻūr (Agalur) 156, 427, 607 Agastya 24, 169 agriculture 140 Aiyarmalai (inscr.) 38, 97, 98, 157, 387, 580-81 Ājīvika 81, 103, 127, 128, 129, 132, 133 Akaram 461, 623 Alagankulam (pottery inscrs.) 45-46, 49, 53, 55, 60, 92, 121, 147, 148, 149, *154*, 155, 156, 160, 169, 206, 243, 249 Alagarai 47, 53, 160 Alagarmalai (inscrs.) *12*, 13, 15, 23, 38, 84, *88*, 92, 97, 98, 116, 122, 123, 127, 129, 131, 135,137, 140, 141, 153, 234, 369-83, 569-80 Alexandria 155, 163 alphabetic scripts 163 alpha-syllabic writing 263 Āḻvārs 137 Amaravathi (river) 50 Amaravati 111, 160, 161 Ammankoyilpatti (inscr.) 38, 92, 94, 97, 98, 125, 157, 185, 197, 214, 439, 614-16 *ampalam* 163 amphora (inscribed) 43, 49, 56 Anaikoddai (seal) 50, 64, 208, 209 Anaimalai (inscr.) 13, 38, 74, 75, 80, 84, 86, 90, 97, 98, 130, 137, 157, 198, 203, 234, 237, 403, 591-92 Andhra kings 201, 205. *See also* Sātavāhanas. Andhra (Pradesh / region) 43, 48, 71, 94, 151, 159, 161, 167, 176, 177, 184, 193, 204, 235 Andippatti (hoard) 80, 121, 236 Andronov, M. 297 Antai Ariyti 353, 564 Antai Assutaṉ 319, 550 Antai Cēnta(ṉ) 357, 565 Antai Irāvataṉ 354, 564 Antai Pikkaṉ 345, 561 Antai Vissuvaṉ 355, 565 Antuvaṉ 391, 583 *anusvāra* 79, 80, 173, 177, 226 appellative nouns 145-46, 283 Arachalur (inscrs.) 21, 38, 80, 84, 90, 92, 93, 94, 97, 98, 144, 158, 184, 185, 186, 198, 441-43, 616-18 Aramaic 210 Arasalapuram (inscr.) 30, 41, 97, 99, 158, 159, 184, 467, 624-26 Araṭṭa Kāyipaṉ 132, 403, 592 Ardhamāgadhī loanwords 112, 113 Arikamedu (pottery inscrs.) 43, 44, 49, 53, 54, 60, 74, 91, 92, 144, 147, 150, 160, 169, 178, 181, 184, 185, 186, 188, 189, 190, 196, 205, 223, 234, 235, 237, 248 Aritaṉ 327, 553 Āritaṉ 132, 403, 591-92 Ariti 365, 568 Arittapatti (inscr.) 4, 5, 38, 97, 98, 121, 137, 157, 325, 552 Ariytaṉ 343, 560 arretine ware 43 *Arthaśāstra* 123 Āruṇāṭṭārmalai 17 Ārya-eḻuttu 212 Asoka 23, 115, 128, 161, 162 Asokan Brāhmī (alphabet) 3, 74, 76, 93, 167, 171, 175, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 187, 196, 210 Asokan edicts (inscrs.) 3, 23, 69, 73, 90, 111, 115, 120, 126, 161, 162, 168, *174*, 180, 181, 203, 226 assembly (of village) 125, 367, 568 assembly (of learned persons) 24, 110, 124, 125, 445, 618-19 assimilation (in loanwords) 177, 245 Ataṉ 373, 571 Ātaṉ 435, 611 Ataṉ Ataṉ 369, 373, 569, 571 Ātaṉ Cāttaṉ 425, 606 Ātaṉ Cel Irumporai (-porai) 20, 117, 130, 405, 407, 594-95 Atiṇṇaṉ Etirāṉ Cēntaṉ 63, 121 Atiyamāṉs (of Takaṭūr) 118, 121, 161 Atiyaṉ (Atiyamāṉ) Neṭumāṉ Añci 23, 117, 119-20, 399, 589-90 Aṭiyārkkunallār 158 Attiraṉ 132, 351, 563 attributes 145, 288 Auvaiyār 120 Āvūr 119 Āyccayyaṉ Neṭucāttaṉ 393, 585-86 *āytam* 104, 183, 253, 254

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Bāṇa chieftains 152 Barata Tissa 143 Begley, V. 43, 44, 91, 169 Bengal 128 Berenike 43, 49, 56, 61, 235 beryl (aquamarine) 44 Bhadrabahu 127 Bhadrabahu-Chandragupta legend 127 Bhakti movement 137 Bharata 143 Bhattiprolu 168, 176 casket inscrs. 69, 71, 72, 76, 78, 91, 168, *174*, 176, 226, 227, 228, 229 medial sign-*ā* 72, 78, 83, 87 orthography (medial vowel notation) 48, 71, 72, 78-79, 80, 81, 87, 167, 176, 226, 227, 229, 231, 228, 232, 239 palaeography 176, 185, 194 script 75, 79, 86, 167, 176, *192*, 215, 225, 227, 229 black and red ware 44, 45 Brahmagiri minor rock edicts (of Asoka) *174*, 175 Brahmanical Hinduism 163 Brāhmī characters (letters) 74, 187, 189, 194, 195, 202, 203, 218, 251, 253 chronology 215 inscrs. *174*, 181, 193 inscrs. of Sri Lanka 71, 91, *188*, *192* nomenclature 167-68 orthography 225, 226, 227, 232 palaeography 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 189, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 203 script 3, 16, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78, 80, 85, 86, 87, 91, 93, 159, 162, 163, 167, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175, 177, 179, 180, 182, 183, *196*, 204, *209*, *216*, 225, 229, 243, 248, 250 variants 175-78 *see also* Asokan Brāhmī, Mauryan Brāhmī, Northern Brāhmī, Sinhala-Brāhmī, Southern Brāhmī, Tamil-Brāhmī Buddha 126, 226 Buddhism (Buddhist religion) 84, 111, 115, 124, 126, 127, 129, 132, 141, 159, 163, 172 Buddhist caves of Western India 126 monks 43, 70, 85, 103, 126, 129, 162 place of worship 48, 133, 176, 177 saṁgha 46 scholars in Tamil 163 Bühler, G. 71, 75, 76, 80, 168, 176, 180, 187, 210, 229 Burnell, A.C. 210 Burrow, T. 120

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Caiyaḷaṉ 396, 587 Caldwell, R. 247 Cammiade, L.A. 11 Campokal 457, 622 Campoykaipēṭu 451, 621 Caṅkam Age 4, 7, 8, 11, 17, 19, 20, 44, 85, 117, 118, 153, 158, 162, 163, 164 Caṅkam literature 44, 85, 101, 103, 116, 119, 120, 135, 139, 143, 153, 159, 163 Caṅkam poets 117 Caṅkams (Tamil) 137 Cāntantai Cāntaṉ 358, 565 Cāntaritaṉ 322, 551 Cantiraṇanti Ācirikaru 29, 132, 473, 633-34 carnelian 45 carpenter 110, 114, 142, 423, 605 Cārudēvī 205

c31.8

Casal, J. M. 91, 234 case 289-91 accusative (second) case 289 dative (fourth) case 289 genitive (sixth) case 290 locative (seventh) case 291 nominative (first) case 289 Casson, L. 155 Caṭikaṉ 317, 548 Cāttaṉ 457, 622 causative verbs 293-94 Cauvery (delta) 36 Cauvery (river) 17 cave inscrs. 3, 4, 5, 9, 13, 17, 19, 21, 23, 24, 43,69, 70, 71, 72, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 83, 86, 87, 90, 91, 92, 93, 101, 103, 104, 105, 109, 111, 112, 114, 115, 127, 128, 135, 137, 153, 160, 167,168, 193, 196, 199, 201, 209, 213, 234 caves (rock / stone shelters) 6, *10*, 12, *14*, 18, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 117, 119, 123, 130, 132, 133-34, 135, 137, 140, 142, 152, 319, 325, 341, 388, 396, 405, 407, 451, 550, 552, 560, 581, 587-88, 597, 621 Cēkkant(i)-aṇṇi 131, 437, 613 Cēkkanti 131, 132, 437, 612 Celva-k-kaṭuṅkō (Vāḻi-y Ātaṉ) 117, 121 Ceṅkāyapaṉ 20, 117, 130, 132, 405, 407, 409, 593, 597 Ceṅkuviraṉ 348, 562 Cēntaṉ Kūṟṟaṉ 136 Centaṉṟaṉ 463, 464, 623-24 Cēra
(in) Asokan edicts 23 capital (Karur) 36, 141, 153, 417, 602 coins 57, 62, 63, 118, 153, 236, 237, 244 country (kingdom / nāṭu) 29, 36, 122, 135, 140, 161, 212, 214 dynasty (lineage) 11, 115, 117, 118, 121, 157, 212 inscrs. 8, 19, 20, 81, 82, 117, 118, 206, 229, 405, 407, 433, 435, 592-97, 609-10, 611 insignia 153, 157, 206, 433, 610 king (prince, ruler) 46, 118, 120, 121, 130, 405, 407, 433, 435, 593-95, 609-10, 611 seaport (Muciri / Muziris) 155, 395, 586; Toṇṭi (on the west coast) 153 Cēras 17, 23, 118 Cēral Ātaṉ 121 Cēramāṉ 120 Cēraṉ Ceṅkuṭṭuvaṉ 116

c31.9

Cerraṭaṉ 334, 556 chalcolithic 171, 209 Chanda, R.P. 70, 71 Chandragupta Maurya 127 charity (religious) 105, 110, 132, 315, 317, 427, 545, 607 Chengam taluk 30, 37, 211 chieftains 119-22, 152, 423, 434, 475, 604, 610, 634 *Cilappatikāram* 139, 158 Ciḻivaṉ 344, 561 Ciḻivaṉ Atiṇṇaṉ Veḷiyaṉ 325, 552 Ciṟuceṇṇaṉ 458, 623 cities and ports 153 *Cīvakacintāmaṇi* 139 clans 142 cloth 141 cloth merchant 381, 576 cock 467, 468, 626 cockfight 30, 159 coins Cēra 57, 62, 63, 118, 153, 236, 237, 244 Cōḻa 118 Pāṇḍiya 57, 62, 160, 236 punch-marked 46 Roman 46 Sātavāhana 50, 122, 199-205, *200* (with) Tamil-Brāhmī legends 50-51, 57, 62-63, 118, 121, 122, 182, 199-205, *200*, *204* Cōḻa
(in) Asokan edicts 23 capital (Uraiyur) 36, 44 coins 118 conquest of Pāṇṭiya country 212 country (kingdom / nāṭu) 36, 127, 140 dynasty 115, 118, 148 empire 212 princes 119 Cōḻas 23, 211, 213 commodities of trade 141 common nouns 281 common religious terms 132 consonants 184-96, 220, 221, 240-242, 253, 257-63 consonant-vowels 262-64 Cranganore 155 culture (in early Tamil society) 158-59 *Cūṭāmaṇi* 139

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dam 33, 479, 638 Dāmilī 167, 168 Dani, A.H. 91, 187, 194 *Darśanasāra* 136 Dasaratha 128 dative (fourth) case 289 daughter 144, 412, 413, 600 Deccan 93, 115, 128, 167, 175 decipherment (of Tamil-Brāhmī) 69, 72-77 Dēvanāgarī 171 Dēvasēna 136 Dharmapuri district 30, 37, 211 Digambara 131, 135, 136, 152 Drāviḍa saṁgha 136, 137 Drāviḍī (Drāviḍa-lipi) 167, 168 Dravidian characters 71, 74, 191, 194 element (in Early Tamil inscrs.) 72, 104-09 etyma (in Early Tamil inscrs.) 661-70 languages 70, 71, 105, 167, 170, 177, 201, 245 lineage 203 linguistic studies 161, 171, 250 phonology 247 Prakrit 199 stems (words) 102, 103, 104, 112 drip ledge 25, 26, 133, 378; cutting 333; section 334, 555

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Edakal (inscrs.) 3, 8-11, 10, 13, 23, 27, 118, 120, 206 Edakal-A (inscrs.) 38, 97, 98, 108, 122, 157, 431-35, 608-11 Edakal-B (inscrs.) 33, 41, 97, 99, 157, 477-78, 635-37 Egypt 164 Ekkāṭṭūru 475, 634 Eḷa-a Aṭṭaṉ 381, 576 Eḷacantaṉ 377, 573 Eḷaiyūr 365, 567 Eḷamakaṉ 395, 587 Ēḻaṭippaṭṭam 15 Ēḻūr (Elur) 156, 481, 639 epenthesis 177, 245 Ēṟai 143 Eran 180 Erettimalai (inscr.) 30, 32, 41, 97, 99, 140, 469, 627-28 Ēri 403, 591 Erragudi (rock edicts of Asoka) 180, 181 Erukkāṭṭu-ūru (Erukkāṭṭūr) 389, 393, 581-82, 583 Erumināṭu (Erumaināṭu) 16, 152, 385, 577-78 etyma (doubtful items) 678-679 expounder of meaning (of scriptures) 403, 592 Eyil 343, 560 Ezhuttukallu (inscr.) 31, 32, 41, 96, 97, 99, 184, 479, 637-38

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father 144, 317, 548 fauna 157 Fawcett, F. 8, 9, 33 feminine singular 284, 285 field expedition; first (1962-66): 81-83; second (1991-96): 87-90; 88 fifty-seven 283, 473, 633 first person plural (exclusive) 286 flora 157-58 forecourt 134, 415, 602 foreign trade 163, 164 forms of *ḷ* (in early southern scripts) 192, 194 Francis, W. 4, 11

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Gajabāhu I 116 Gajabāhu synchronism 116 *Gātha Saptasati* 161 Gaya 184 Gelb, I.J. 172 genitive (sixth) case 290; zero-genitive 291 *ghaṭikā* 125 gift (religious) 7, 13, 16, 25, 27, 110, 120, 124, 129, 132, 142, 152, 344, 345, 349, 357, 361, 362, 363 Girnar (rock edicts of Asoka) 120 glide-*v*- 276 glide-*y*- 275 gold 141, 155 gold merchant 417, 602 goldsmith 106, 142, 15, 51, 369, 569 gold-washing 33 Gopinatha Rao, T.A. 29, 210 Govindaraj, R. 213, 214 Gṛidhrakūṭa 126

c31.18

Grantha (characters) 109, 212, 249, 251 Grantha (script) 182, 208, 212, 213, 214, 215 Greek 155 Gunapadeya Plates 205 Gupta period 187 *gur* (juice of sugar cane, molasses) 141 *gur* merchant 376, 573 Gurzala 94, 191

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Hala 161 Halmidi 159 Harappan 167, 209 Hāthīgumphā inscr. 111 heir apparent 20, 117, 122, 130, 405, 407, 596 herostone inscrs. 211 herostones 30, 33, 37, 211 honorific singular 285 honorifics 144-45 householder 110 Hultzsch, E. 8, 9, 33 human (epicene) plural 284, 285 hundred 283, 340, 559 husbandman 110

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I(ḷ)lavōṉ 132, 331, 554-55 Ikshvāku 94, 161, 191 Iḻa-householder (*-kuṭumpikaṉ*) 142, 393, 584 Iḻam 152 Iḷanataṉ 341, 560 Iḷañcaṭikaṉ 317, 547 Iḷañcēral Irumporai 117 (I)ḷaṅkaṭuṅkō 20, 117, 405, 596 Iḷaṅkāyipaṉ 132, 427, 606 (I)ḷaṅkō (title of Vaiśyas) 125, 447, 620 Iḷantattaṉ 119 Iḷayar 16, 142, 385, 579 imported roman ware 91 Indalur (inscr.) 30, 41, 97, 99, 158, 159, 468, 626-27 Indo-Aryan element (in Early Tamil inscrs.) 76, 109-14 etyma (in Early Tamil inscrs.) 671-77 languages 69, 73, 75, 102, 103, 104, 112, 171, 226, 247, 251 loanwords (in Early Tamil inscrs.) 95, 109, 111-14, 175, 241, 253, 281, 542 Middle Indo-Aryan (Prakrits) 111, 171, 177, 245 personal names derived from Indo-Aryan 151 Indrapala, K. 209 Indus script 171, 172, 208, 209, 210 infinitive 298 inscribed objects with Tamil-Brāhmī legends 4, 37, 50-51, 58-59, 64-67, 93, 145, 147, 149, 150 interjections 107, 300 International Phonetic Alphabet 171 Iron Age 91 iron weapons and implements 15, 45 irrigation 140 Irumporai (-puṟai) 19, 20, 62, 63, 85, 117, 120, 121, 153, 118, 405, 407, 594 Ivakuṉṟa(m) 403, 591 ivory 156

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Jaffna 43, 48, 50, 56, 61, 64, 152, 209 Jaffna dialect (of Tamil) 194 Jaina character of (Early Tamil) inscrs. 128 contribution to Tamil 139 Digambara (sect) 131, 135, 136, 152 disciple (acolyte) 131, 471, 630-31 early dated records 136-37 fast unto death (by Jaina monks) 471, 473, 632-33, 634 hermitage /monastery (*paḷḷi*) 125, 133, 135, 136, 137, 317, 331, 339, 365, 389, 399, 412, 429, 437, 447, 547, 593 hierarchy 129 inscrs. 7, 29, 114, 128, 135 Kāñci 137, 139 literary evidence 128 monks 7, 20, 29, 43, 85, 111, 115, 117, 127, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 136, 214, 351, 405, 407, 563, 593 *nicitikai* inscrs. 28, 29, 132, 135, 136, 471, 473, 628-34 nuns 15, 16, 131, 132, 175, 375, 572-73 Prakrit 112 preceptor 127, 128, 131, 329, 331, 333, 553, 554 religious terms 132, 133 re-occupation of cave shelters 137 saṁgha 127 scholars (in Tamil) 163 sculptures (in caves) 25, *138*, 139 Śvētāmbara (sect) 135 Tamil Jaina tradition 130 Tīrthaṅkaras 138 Jainism (Jaina religion) 109, 111, 115, 124, 128, 129, 130, 132, 137, 139, 141, 159, 163, 172 early phase in Tamil country 127 evolution of early Jainism in Tamil country 134-36 Jambai (inscr.) 22, 23-24, 38, 47, 53, 97, 98, 117, 119, 120, 399, 588-90 Jebarajan, E. 80, 90 juxtaposition of script and symbols 206, 207

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Kaccavaṉu Catti 478, 637 Kadamba 161 Kadathur 64, 236 Kadayam 24, 156 Kalabhras 37, 136 *kalam* 140, 340, 559 Kalamalla 159 Kalinga 135 Kallupatti 47, 53 Kaḷukumalai (Kalugumalai) 4, 5, 6, 126 Kalugumalai (Tirunelveli district) 131, 139 Kaḷumāra nataṉ 116, 378, 574 Kanchipuram 16, 36, 47, 49, 53, 121, 125, 126, 137, 139, 160, 214 *kaṇi* 129, 315, 317, 319, 321, 383, 543, 551, 576 Kaṇimāṉ 121, 423, 604 Kannada influence on Early Tamil inscrs. 108-09, 152 inscrs. 108, 109, 131, 137 language 108, 144, 152, 159, 160, 161, 251 literature 108, 159, 247 New Kannada 108 Old Kannada inscrs. 29, 108 language 108, 109, 128, 135, 152, 290 onomastics 108 personal names 135 Kāppi-ūr 425, 606 Karashima, N. 51 Kāriyāṟu (river) 119 Karnataka 8, 9, 13, 16, 29, 30, 31, 33, 37, 89, 94, 108, 109, 127, 128, 135, 136, 137, 151, 152, 184, Karunaratne, S. 180, 189, 190, 191, 193 Karungalakkudi (inscr.) 38, 97, 98, 137, 365, 567-68 Karu-ūr (Karuvūr, Karur) 16, 17, 19, 36, 44, 47, 50, 51, 53, 55, 61, 64, 65, 66, 67, 117, 118, 119, 141, 143, 147, 148, 149, 153, *154*, 156, 158, 160, 169, 236, 237, 238, 240, 244, 249, 417, 602 Kassapaŋ 379, 575 Kaṭalaṉ Vaḻuti 122, 315, 546 Kātaṉ 459, 623 Kāttāṉ 397, 588 Kaṭumān 118 Kaṭumān Māṟaṉ 116 Kaṭummiputa Cēra (Kaṭumiputta Cēra) 9, 118, 433, 609-10 Kaṭuṅkōṉ (I)ḷaṅkaṭuṅkō 117, 407, 596 Kaṭuṅkōṉ, the Pāṇṭiya 136 Kavanur 125 *Kavijanāśraya* 159 *Kavirājamārga* 159 *kāviti* 123, 124, 125, 319, 549; chief *kāviti* 389, 582 Kavuṭi 16, 132, 385, 578-79 Kāyivaṉ 455, 622 Kerala 8, 9, 27, 31, 33, 36, 89, 96, 118, 155, 184, 212 Kēralaputō 120 Khalsi (rock edicts of Asoka) 74, 203 Kharavela 135 *kiḻār* 125, 439 Kilavalavu (inscr.) 3, *10*, 11, 13, 38, 90, 97, 98, 123, 126, 130, 137, 153, 180, 331, 554-55 Kīḻccēri 468, 626 king 122, 405, 407, 435, 465, 593, 611, 624 kinship terms 144 Kīraṉ Koṟṟi 412, 413, 600-01 Kodumanal 44-45, 49, 53, 55, 60, 92, 141, 144, 147, 148, 149, 150, 160, 169, 172, 184, 185, 186, *188*, 189, 190, 191, 195, 196, 197, 206, *207*, 209, 235, 237, 256 Kōleḻuttu 212 Kol-i-p-puṟai 57, 62, 118 Kol-irumpuṟai-y 57, 63, 118 Kongarpuliyankulam (inscrs.) 38, 76, 81, 97, 98, 126, 130 137, 141, 172, 206, 333-35, 555-58 Koṅku nāṭu 36 Korkai 47, 53, 160 Koṟṟai 455, 622

c31.27

Korrantai 429, 608 Korrantai (I)lavan 120, 415, 601-02 Koskenniemi, K. 210 Kōtan 395, 586-87 Kovalanpottal 47, 53 Kōvalūr (Tirukkoyilur) 120 Kōvūr Kilār 119 Krishnamurthy, R. 116, 118, 254 Krishnan, K. G. 80, 171, 191, 201 Krishna Sastri, H. 4, 5, 7, 11, 15, 16, 70-72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 84, 90, 101, 126, 127, 311 Kucalan 461, 623 Kudumiyamalai (inscr.) 38, 90, 97, 98, 157, 158, 429, 608 Kumulūr 16, 385, 578 Kunā 447, 619-20 Kunnakkudi (inscrs.) 20, 39, 90, 97, 98, 180, 186, 425-26, 606 Kuppal Nattam 139 Kuraḷ 139 Kūram Plates 214 Kuramakal Ilaveyini 143 Kuranți Kāttampalli 139 Kuravan 58, 64, 143 Kuttuvan Kōtai 57, 63, 118 Kuvira-antai 361, 566 Kuvira-antai Vēḷ 362, 566-67 Kuviran 347, 349, 562-63

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Lal 209 *Lalitavistara* 168 land tax 140 Latin 49 law of convertibility of surds and sonants 247-51 literacy (in early Tamil society) 159-64 local autonomy 163 locative (seventh) case 291 Lockwood, M. 172 *Lōkavibhāga* 136, 152

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Mācakōtu 33, 479, 637-38 Matirai (Madurai) 4, 11, 13, 15, 36, 44, 46, 115, 116, 123, 129, 135, 136, 137, 141, 153, 155, 156, 160, 351, 355, 369, 371, 563, 564, 569-70 Magadha 111, 127 *Mahābhārata* of Nannaya 159 Mahadevan, I. 92, 201, 210, 311 Mahalingam, T.V. 103, 44, 80, 81, 84, 85, 92, 127, 311 Mahāvīra 151 Mahendravarman 31, 213 Mahisha-maṇḍala 108, 152 mahout or charioteer 142, 556 Mākkōtai 57, 63, 118 Malai Vaṇṇakkan 144, 441, 616-17 Malaiyamāṉs (chieftains of Kōvalūr) 120, 121 Malakonda 94, 193 Malayalam (language) 195, 212, 215, 251 pre-Malayalam 33 Malayalam (script) 212 Maligaimedu 47, 53 Malliya Rechana 159 Mamandur (inscr.) 16, 36, 39, 91, 94, 97, 98, 121, 122, 126, 185, 423, 604-06 Mangulam (inscrs.) 3, 4-7, 6, 13, 23, 39, 74, 76, 77, 81, 82, 85, 92, 93, 96, 97, 98, 115, 116, 122, 123, 124, 129, 135, 137, 141, 175, 227, 315-23, 543-52 Manickam Naicker, P.V. 172 Mannarkoil (inscrs.) 24, 39, 97, 98, 124, 125, 184, 202, 445-47, 618-20 maṉṟam 163 Māntarañ cēral Irumporai 118 mārāya(m) 392, 583 Marukaltalai (inscr.) 3, 13, 24, 39, 97, 98, 337, 558-59 Marutam Pāṭiya Ilaṅkaṭuṅkō 117 masculine singular 284, 285 master mason 31, 84, 142, 475, 634-35 Mathura 135 Maurya (Mauryan) 76, 111, 123, 161, 172, 225 Mauryan Age 93, 127, 167, 175, 177, 197 Mauryan Brāhmī (alphabet / script) 69, 93, 135, 167, 170, 175, 176, 177, 196, 227, 231 Mauryan empire 111, 193 Mediterranean 155 Meenakshipuram 5 Meenakshisundaran, T. P. 102, 195 megalithic 91, 171, 173, 234 megalithic graves 45, 50 megalithic pottery 209 megalithic symbols 50, 206, 209 Mēṟcēri 467, 625 merchants (traders) 13, 15, 110, 124, 141, 372, 376, 377, 381, 417, 419, 570, 573, 576, 602, 603 merchant guilds 110, 123, 124, 129, 141, 163, 319, 548-49 members 323, 551 Mettuppatti (inscrs.) 11, 13, 23, 26, 39, 70, 76, 81, 92, 97, 98, 129, 153, 351-63, 563-67 *mithuna* figures 154, 158 Mittiraṉ 58, 65, 147 Mōci 427, 607 Mōci Kīraṉār 117 Mohandas, P.N. 80 Mōnala(ṉ) Cāttaṉ 481, 639 morphophonemics 271-80 morphology 281-301 mother 144, 437, 612 Muciri (Muziris) 155, 163, 395, 586 Mudalaikulam (inscr.) 39, 97, 98, 125, 367, 568-69 Mughal empire 161 Mukaiyūr(u) (Mukaiyur) 156, 467, 624-25 Muni Sarvanandi 136 music and dance (in early Tamil society) 158 musical inscrs. (at Arachalur) 21, 84, 158, 441-43, 616-18 Muttuppatti (inscrs.) 39, 90, 92, 97, 98, 137, *138*, 142, 152, 155, 179, 395-97, 586-88

c31.32

c31.33

Naccināṟkkiṉiyar 183 Nagarjunakonda 111, 161, 191 Nagaswamy, R. 23, 31, 46, 84, 158, 189, 195, 199, 202, 211, 311 Nākaṉ 132, 143, 370, 383, 569, 577 Ñākaṉ 421 Nākapērūr 395, 586 Nakkaṉ 454, 622 Nāḻal 429, 608 Nalaṅkiḷḷi 119 *Nālaṭiyār* 139 Nalliyūr 412, 413, 598-99 Nambudiri brahmans 212 Nanda-Maurya empires 161 Nandas 172 Nandivarman II 211, 213 *Naṉṉūl* 139, 170 Nanta-siri (Kuvaṉ) 7, 115, 129, 132, 315, 317, 319, 543-44 Narayana Rao, C. 77-78, 311 Narayanan, M. G. S. 31 Nataṉ 132, 383, 577 Natana Kasinathan 45, 46, 169 Natti 132, 321, 417, 603 Nāyaṉmār 137 Nekanurpatti (inscr.) 39, 97, 98, 108, 131, 136, 186, 230, 437, 611-13 Nelveḷi 325, 552 Neṭumallaṉ 376, 573 Neṭuñceḻiyaṉ (Neṭuñcaḻiyaṉ / Neṭiñcaḻiyaṉ) 7, 96, 115, 116, 122, 129, 135, 315, 317, 545-46 Neṭuṅkiḷḷi 119 neuter plural 285, 286 neuter singular 285, 286 Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. 191 Nilambur 31, 33 nomenclature (of variants of Brāhmī) 167-68 nominative (first) case 289 Northern Black Polished (NBP) ware 46 Northern Brāhmī (script) 49, 91, 167, 178, 181 nouns 105, 281-83 Noyyal (river) 44 number and gender 284-86 numerals 107, 205, 283

c31.34

c31.35

Odaikalpalaiyam 47, 53 oil 141; oil merchant 419, 603 Oppaṇappa vīra(ṉ) 431, 608-09 Orissa 111, 128 orthography 86-87, 102, 175, 225-51 ostrakon inscr. 49 overseas trade of the Tamils 51

c31.36

c31.37

paddy 140, 340, 559 Padiyur 44 Paiśācī (Prakrit) 77 Pākaṉūr 142, 335, 556 Pālai Pāṭiya Peruṅkaṭuṅkō 117 Palghat Gap 44 Pāli 49, 51, 70, 73, 103, 111 Paḷḷaṉkōvil Plates 137, 214

c31.38

Pallava administration 123 kingdom 36, 123, 213 occupation of Kanchipuram 121, 126 region/territory 29, 137, 139, 168 rule 125 Pallavas 3, 37, 161, 211 *paḷḷiccantam* 137 Palpuli 477, 635-36 Paṇaituṟai 387, 580 Pāṇarāshṭra 136, 152 Pāṇāṭu 30, 143, 152, 471, 629 Pañcapāṇḍava malai 126 Pañca-paramēshṭhin 130, 131 Pāṇḍava pabbata 126 Pāṅkāṭ(u) 327, 552 *Paṇṇavaṇā-sutta* 167 Panneerselvam, R. 84, 85, 201, 311 Pāṇṭiya
(in) Asokan edicts 23 capital (Matirai/Maturai) 141, 153 coins 57, 62, 160, 236 country (nāṭu/region) 29, 30, 36, 70, 77, 84, 119, 122, 134, 135, 137, 139, 212, 234 dynasty 115, 135, 136, 212 inscrs. 4, 13, 81, 82, 121 king/prince 7, 15, 129 kingdom/state 36, 46, 115, 116, 123, 153, 161 seaport (Tondi) 11, 153 Pāṇṭiyas 3, 23, 37, 115-16, 153 Pappinayakkanpatti 47, 53 Paracu 132, 329, 553-54 paragogic suffixes 269-70 Paraiyanpattu (inscr.) 29-30, 41, 97, 99, 131, 132, 135, 152, 184, 471, 628-33 Paramesvaravarman II 213 Parampaṉ-kōkūr 439, 614 Paraṇar 120 Paranavitana, S. 180, 191, 193, 195, 196, 209 Parataṉ 58, 64, 143 Paratavar 143 Parker, H.W. 71, 193 Parpola, A. 210 participial nouns 295-96 particles 107, 300 parts of speech 281 Paruttikkuṉṟil 214 Pāṭalikā 136, 152 Pataliputra 128 Patiṟūr 359, 565-66 *Patiṟṟuppattu* 85, 117, 122 Paṭṭattāḷmaṅgalam Plates 214 Patumaṉ Kōtai 55, 60, 121 pearls 123, 156 Peccipallam 139 Pentōṭaṉ 453, 621-22 pepper 155, 156 Pērāciriyar 183 Pērataṉ piṭṭaṉ 335, 557 *Periplus* 123, 155 Persian (language) 161 person 286-88 personal names (in Early Tamil inscrs.) 145-51, 281, 656-58 Perum-pāṇa-p-pāṭi 152 Perumpa(t)taṉ 51, 59, 64 Perumpokaḻ (Perumpugai) 156, 437, 611 Perumukkal (inscr.) 27, 41, 97, 99, 465, 624 Peruñcēral Irumporai 117, 120, 153 *Peruṅkatai* 139 Peruṅkaṭuṅkōṉ 20, 117, 405, 407, 595 Peruṅkīraṉ 421, 604 Peruṅkūṟṟaṉ 445, 619 Peruvajuti 57, 62, 116 Pēttalai 347, 562 Phoenician 210 phonology 253-70 physical features of caves (with Tamil-Brāhmī inscrs.) 25, 26, 133-34 Pillaiyarpatti (inscr.) 30-31, 41, 84, 90, 97, 99, 125, 128, 142, 475, 634-35 *Piṅkalantai* 139 Piṇṇaṉ Kurṟaṉ 409, 597-98 Piṭṭaṉ 120, 412, 599 Piṭṭaṅkoṟṟaṉ 120 Piṭṭantai 413, 599-600 place names 151-56, 281, 659-60 Pliny 155 ploughshare 140, 141, 377, 573

c31.39

Polālaiyan 393, 584-85 Poluvampatti 47, 48, 53, 160 pool (pond) 13, 25, 105, 134, 392, 439, 453, 615, 622 Poompuhar (Kāviri-p-pūmpaṭṭiṇam) 47, 53, 135 Poonagari 48 Porkorri 468, 626-27 post-holes 25 post-Mauryan 111, 175 Potikai mountain 24 potiyil 163 pottery graffiti 172, 206, 207, 209 pottery inscrs. 4, 37, 43-50, 52, 53, 54-56, 60-61, 74, 78, 87, 91, 92, 93, 94, 115, 147, 160, 169, 172, 185, 186, 189, 190, 195, 196, 197, 198, 205, 234, 235, Prakrit (of the) cave inscriptions 111 charters of early Pallavas 213 dialects 111, 112, 113 Dravidian Prakrit 199 element in Early Tamil inscrs. 72 grammatical forms 110 inscriptional orthography 240 inscriptional Prakrit 111 inscrs. 94, 95, 106, 109, 124, 131, 135, 161, 168, 176, 190, 240 on inscribed objects 67, 148, 183, 191, 193, 249 on pottery 44, 47, 160, 248 Jaina Prakrit (Ardhamāgadhī) 112, 113 language 23, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 69, 76, 77, 95, 101, 103, 111, 112, 114, 115, 117, 120, 126, 130, 136, 144, 148, 160, 161, 162, 171, 191, 193, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 226, 240, 245, 248 legend on Pāṇṭiya bi-lingual coin 62, 160 legends on Sātavāhana bi-lingual coins 63, *200*, 201-05 literary Prakrits 111 loanwords (in Early Tamil inscrs.) 23, 73, 75, 103, 113, 160, 250 prehistoric rock carvings 8, *10*, 27, 29 Prinsep, J. 75 producer or seller of salt 142 professions 141-42 pronouns 107, 284 props (support) 25, 423, 605 prothetic vowel *i-* 270 Proto-Dravidian 201, 254 Proto-South Dravidian 103 Proto-Telugu- Kannada (script) 94, 215 Ptolemy 153 Pugalur (inscrs.) 16, 17-20, *18*, 23, 36, 39, 81, 82, 84, 85, 90, 91, 92, 94, 96, 97, 98, 117, 118, 122, 130, 135, 141, 153, 229, 405-21, 592-604 Pūjyapāda 136 Pulankurichi (inscrs.) 37, 136, 169, 180, 181, 184, 185, 197, 198, 211, *puḷḷi* 79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 86, 87, 90, 93, 94, 99, 173, 175, 182, 183, 186, 198-99, 202, 203, 226, 229, 230-31, 234, 235, 236, 240 *puḷḷi* in *Tolkāppiyam* 230 punctuation 205 *Puranānūṟu* 23 Pushparatnam, P. 195, 196 Pūti vīra 434, 611 Puttur 139

c31.40

c31.41

quasi-alphabetic script 164 Quseir al-Qadim 43, 49, 56, 61, 147, 235

c31.42

c31.43

Rajan, K. 256 Rajaraja I 140 Rajasekharappa 33 Raman, K. V. 44 *Rāmāyaṇa* 123 Rea, A. 176 rectilinear style of writing (at Kodumanal) 45, 223 Red sea coast (ports) of Egypt 43, 49, 93, 163, 235 Renati Cōḷas 159 Rice, B. L. 33 rings with Tamil-Brāhmī legends 50-51, 58-59, 65-67, 255 rock-cut shrine 25, 30, 31 Roman 155, 172 Roman coins 46 Roman script 49 Roman settlements 49, 163, 164 Roman ship 46, *154*, 155, 156 Roman trade 91, 234 Rome 44, 46, 115, 163 Rosetta stone 176 rouletted ware 44, 46, 48

c31.44

Rummindei pillar edict of Asoka 226 russet-coated painted ware 44

c31.45

c31.46

Sappamittā 131, 132, 375, 572 Sahyādri 152 Śaiva (faith) 31, 137 Śālaṅkāyana 161 Salihundam 43, 48, 151, 160, 235, *sallēkhana* 136 Salomon, R. 111 salt 15, 141; salt merchant 372, 570 Samanamalai 139 *Samavāyāṅga-sutta* 168 Sampath, M.D. 16 Samprati 128 Sanchi 187, 194 *sandhi* 271-80 Sanskrit hybrid Sanskrit inscr. (at Arikamedu) 49, 91, 178 inscriptions 9, 184, 213 language 8, 73, 76, 95, 112, 114, 163, 170, 212, 214, 215 loanwords (in Early Vaṭṭeḻuttu inscrs.) 113 Sanur 206 Sarma, I. K. 201 Sātavāhanas 63, 161, 178, 204, 205, 236 Sātavāhana coins with bi-lingual legends 50, 122, 199-205, 200 Satiyaputō (Satiyaputta) 23, 119, 120, 399, 588-89 scribe 110, 112; chief of scribes 15, 110, 123, 373, 588-89 seals with Tamil-Brāhmī legends 50, 51, 58, 64 seat of penance 28, 471, 473, 632-33, 634 Selvaraj, K. 23, 24 semi-precious stones 44 Sendalai pillar inscrs. 208, 213 servant (of the king) 122, 315, 546 Sesha Iyer, K. G. 120 Settipodavu 139 Sewell, R. 4 Shanmugam, P. 24 Shastri, A. M. 201 Sholavandan 156 short vowels *e* and *o* 80, 182, 183, 198, 199 shortened -*i* and -*u* 183, 254 Sidebotham, S.E. 155 Signs of the Indus script *208*, 209, 210 Siṃhasūri 136 Siṃhavarman 136, 137, 211, 214 Siṃhaviṣhṇu 136 Sinhala-Brāhmī Early Sinhala-Brāhmī inscrs. 93, 94, 124, 143, 144, 147, 181, 193 script 49, 93, 94, 167, 177, 178, 181, 185, 193 Late Sinhala-Brāhmī (script) 94, 167, 177, 178, 181, 185 inscrs. 123, 187, 190, 195, 196 script 93-94, 167, 18, *188*, *192* Sinhala-Prakrit inscrs. 46, 190 language 44, 45, 47, 49, 112, 124, 149, 167, 177, 181 Sinhalese 182 Sircar, D.C. 80, 199 Siromoney, G. 80, 90, 172, 231 sister-in-law's husband 110, 317, 547 sites with Tamil-Brāhmī pottery inscrs. 52, 53 Sittannavasal (inscrs.) 14, 15-16, 70, 85, 137, 142 Sittannavasal-A (inscr.) 39, 97, 98, 108, 135, 152, 157, 385, 577-80 Sittannavasal-B (inscrs.) 27, 41, 97, 99, 135, 198, 206, 230, 451-59, 621-23 Śiva 169 Siva Siri Puḷumāvi 202 Sivakasi 47, 53 Sivaramamurti, C. 210 social organisation (in early Tamil society) 142-45 Somasundara Rao, C. 201 son 144, 345, 405, 407, 421, 439, 445, 561, 595, 596, 604, 614, 619 sound variations (in Early Tamil inscrs.) 265-68 South Asia 114 South India 106 South Indian (southern) scripts (evolution and chronology) *192*, 194, 215 South Pennar (river) 23 Southern Brāhmī (script) 8, 48, 49, 51, 94, 148, 167, 170, 175-76, 177, 178, 181, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 189, 191, 192, 193, 194, 197, 201, 202, 213, 214, 215 Southern Brāhmī (inscrs.) 93 spring (of water) 105, 134, 426, 606 Sravanabelagola 127

c31.47

Sri Lanka 43, 46, 48, 49, 50, 61, 62, 64, 93, 112, 115, 116, 123, 124, 126, 143, 149, 150, 151, 152, 163, 167, 180, 188, 190, 191, 192, 196, 209, 230, 236, 238, 240 standard epigraphic Prakrit 111-12 stelae inscrs. 30 stone-stopper 30, 32, 140, 469, 627-28 stone bed (seat) 4, 13, *14*, 16, 17, 18, 24, 25, 26, 110, 126, 133, 137, 140, 383, 385, 387, 409, 411, 413, 416, 417, 419, 427, 577, 580, 581, 598, 601, 602, 603, 607-08 stonemason 25, 110, 141, 555 Subbarayalu, Y. 45, 169 Subrahmanya Aiyer, K. V. 3, 4, 5, 7, 13, 15, 16, 68, 71, 72-77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 84, 90, 101, 102, 126, 237, 311 Subramanian, T. N. 29, 78, 79, 81, 170, 171, 210, 214, 243 substituition of voiced with voiceless consonants (in loanwords) 248-49 Suhastin 128 superintendent 110 superintendent of pearls 123, 124, 319 Svāti Tirunāḷ 212 Śvētāmbara 135 syllabic structure of stems 281 symbols in cave inscrs. 205-10, 207

c31.48

c31.49

Takaṭūr 23, 117, 119, 120 Talaiyālaṅkāṉam 116 Tamatakallu (inscr.) 33, 41, 97, 99, 481, 639 Tamil-Brāhmī (inscrs.) 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 15, 17, 23, 24, 25, 36, 37, 38-40, 43, 50, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 99, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 114, 120, 126, 128, 129, 133, 137, 139, 163, 168, 176, 180, 181, 184, 187, 189, 190, 203, 225, 231, 237, 240, 245, 248, 249, 250, 251, 302 chronology 90-95, 203 direction of writing 179-80 Early Tamil-Brāhmī (inscrs.) 36, 95, 129, 133, 135, 175, 176, 182, 187, 198, 237, 239, 244, 268 general characteristics of writing 178-79 language of 101-04 Late Tamil-Brāhmī (inscrs.) 176, 181, 182, 185, 186 Tamil-Brāhmī legends coins 50-51, 57, 62-63, 118, 121, 122, 182, 199-205, *200*, *204* inscribed objects 4, 37, 50-51, 58-59, 62-67, 93, 145, 147, 149, 150 rings 50-51, 58-59, 65-67, 255 seals 50-51, 58, 64 touchstone 50-51, 59, 64 Tamil-Brāhmī (orthography) analytical writing 242-44 apparent lengthening of *u* as *ū* 237-39 chronology of medial vowel notations 231-36, 232 doubling of consonants 240-42, 277-78 dual values of *e* and *o* 239-40 evolution of medial vowel notations 87, 226-36, 232 falling together of *n* and *ṉ* (in Early Tamil inscrs.) 268 medial vowel notations in cave inscriptions 234 legends on inscribed objects 235-36 pottery inscriptions 234-35 orthographic changes in loanwords 245-47 conventions (peculiarities) 69, 71-72, 76, 83, 86-87, 94-95, 225 classification 98-99 systems / types of medial vowel notations TB-I: 227; TB-II.: 229; TB-III (*puḷḷi*): 230 pause 244-45 *puḷḷi* (orthographic aspects) 230-31 use of *i* as *i* 237 voicing of consonants absent 247-51 Tamil-Brāhmī (palaeography) additional letter *ḷ* 71, 73-74, 93, 94, 187-91, *188*, 201, 202, 203, *218* *ḻ* 71, 193-94, 192, *218* *ṟ* 9, 23, 75, 192, 195-96, 203, 204, *218* *ṉ* 74, 194-95, 192, *218* additional letters (*ḷ*, *ḻ*, *ṟ*, *ṉ*) 48, 69, 71, 81, 187-96, *218* consonants 184-96, *220-21* ductus of the script 164 evolution into (Early) Vaṭṭeḻuttu 210-12, *219-22*, 224 graphemic inventory 175 medial *e/o* sign with *puḷḷi* 198 medial vowel signs 196-98, *222* origin of Tamil-Brāhmī (from Brāhmī) 173, 175 palaeographic changes (from Brāhmī) 173-74 palaeographic charts 138, 168-69, *217-23* *puḷḷi* (palaeographic aspects) 198-99 use of *ḍ* as *ḷ* *188*, 189-90 use of reversed *ḍ* as *ḷ* *188*, 190-91

c31.50

Tamil-Brāhmī (periods) Early (ca. 2nd cent. B.C.-1st cent. A.D.) 95, 109, 133, 168, 169, 182, 185 Late (ca. 2nd - 4th cent. A.D.) 36, 94, 95, 133, 168, 169, 184, 231

c31.51

Tamil-Brāhmī (script) 3, 4, 9, 21, 36, 37, 43, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 69, 71, 72, 79, 80, 86, 87, 91, 93, 104, 115, 119, 135, 159, 160, 163, 164, 167, 168, 169, 171, 172, 173, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 186, 187, 191, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 201, 202, 203, 211, 213, 215, 217-23, 225, 226, 227, 229, 230, 231, 234, 239, 250, 251, 253, 254 decipherment 69, 72-77 Early Tamil-Brāhmī (script) 78, 93, 94, 175, 177, 181, 189, 197, 251, 254 Late Tamil-Brāhmī (script) 176, 181, 182, 185, 186

c31.52

Tamil (country / nāṭu) 3, 8, 9, 13, 16, 21, 23, 27, 29, 31, 33, 36, 43, 48, 69, 75, 77, 85, 92, 94, 103, 109, 114, 115, 118, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 133, 135, 136, 137, 141, 142, 143, 151, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 171, 172, 173, 175, 193, 204, 211, 213, 214, 249 Tamil kingdom 205

c31.53

Tamil (Early Tamil inscrs.: Tamil-Brāhmī and Early Vaṭṭeḻuttu upto 6th cent. A.D.) chronological classification 97-99 Commentary xxvii-xxviii, 541-639 Corpus xxvii-xxviii, 309-10, 315-481 direct photographs 96, *484*, *510*, *536* distribution 34, 35, 36 documentation 95-96 Dravidian element 72, 104-09 Dravidian etyma 661-70 estampages xxxiv, 96, 485-537 Glossary (inscriptional) 643-55 grammatical morphemes 107, 301, 680-83 Indo-Aryan element 72, 76, 109-14 Indo-Aryan etyma 671-77 influence of Kannada 108, 136, 152 orthographic changes in loanwords 245-47 orthographic classification 98-99 palaeography 180-99 personal names 145-51, 281, 656-58 phonological processes 269-70 place names 151-56, 281, 659-60 rare grammatical usages 95, 107-08 rare lexical items 95, 105-06 religious association 128 sound variations 265-68 syntax 301-05 tracings (direct from stone) xxxiii, 82, 88, 95

c31.54

Tamil (later) inscriptions 23, 37, 103, 105, 108, 109, 112, 114, 124, 125, 208, 210, 212, 242, 249

c31.55

Tamil (language) 3, 7, 8, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 69, 70, 75, 77, 78, 79, 81, 85, 94, 101, 102, 103, 107, 108, 112, 115, 120, 129, 145, 148, 160, 162, 167, 168, 169, 177, 182, 194, 199, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 213, 214, 226, 245, 250, 251, 253, 255, 256, 286, 287, 294, 301 hybrid Tamil 102 Literary Tamil 85, 111, 114, 239, 251, 253, 300 Old Tamil 73, 75, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 196, 245, 247, 248, 250, 251, 256 phonemic inventory 253 phonology (phonetic pattern) 109, 250 syntax 301

c31.56

Tamil (script) 3, 16, 29, 80, 85, 87, 106, 168, 170, 171, 172, 208, 210, 211, 212, 213-14, 215, 247, 251, 253, 263 emergence of Tamil script 213 origin of writing in Tamil 169-73 Tamil characters in Vaṭṭeḻuttu inscrs. 214

c31.57

Tamil society (early) administration 122-26 agriculture 140 art *154*, 158 literacy 159-64 music add dance 158 personal names 145 professions 141 social organisation 142 sport (cockfight) 159 trade 141

c31.58

tank 105, 125, 134, 141, 156, 367, 568-69, 583

c31.59

Tanmaṉ 379, 575

c31.60

Tātta Kāri 477, 636

c31.61

Tāvaṇūr 409, 597

c31.62

Tekkan Malayalam 212

c31.63

Telugu 159, 160, 161, 201, 204, 205, 215, 247, 251; Old Telugu 187, 201, 204

c31.64

Teṇku Ciṟupocil (Teṉ-ciṟuvāyil-nāṭu) 16, 152, 385, 579

c31.65

tense 294

c31.66

Tēṉūr 121, 423, 604

c31.67

Teriruveli 47, 53, 119, 235

c31.68

Tēvaṉ Cāttaṉ 144, 158, 441, 617 textiles 15, 156 Thailand 50, 51, 64, 164 three (numeral symbol) 283, 427, 607-08 Tiruchirapalli (inscrs.) 16, 17, 28, 36, 44 Tiruchirapalli-A (inscr.) 40, 97, 98, 430, 608 Tiruchirapalli-B (inscrs.) 27, 42, 97, 99, 135, 461-64, 623-24 Tirumalai (inscrs.) 40, 97, 98, 124, 125, 388-89, 581-83 Tirumalai (North Arcot district) 139 Tirunatharkunru (inscr.) 28, 131, 132, 136, 137, *138*, 29, 42, 90, 97, 99, 183, 473, 633-34 Tirupparankunram (inscrs.) 16, 17, 40, 73, 90, 97, 98, 108, 124, 135, 137, 142, 152, 179, 187, 189, 202, 203, 237, 391-93, 583-86 Tirupparuttikkunram 137 Tiru-p-pātiri-p-puliyūr 152 Tiruvadavur (inscrs.) 26, 40, 88, 97, 98, 130, 327-29, 552-54 Tiruvalangadu Plates 148 Tissamaharama 50, 62, 124, 143, 149, 150 Tittaṉ 59, 67, 119 Tittaṉ Veḷiyaṉ 119 Tiṭṭi (Tidiyan) 156, 397, 588 Tiṭṭi-il 363, 567 Tivākaram 139 Tiyaṉ 58, 143 Tiyaṉ Cantaṉ 382, 576 Tiyaṉ Ōtalaṉ 58, 65 *Tolkāppiyam* 101, 139, 170, 173, 183, 198, 226, 230, 231, 249, 250, 251, 254, 261, 263, 264, 269 Toṇṭi (Tondi) (on the east coast) 11, 153, 156, 331, 554 Toṇṭi (on the west coast) 153 Tondur (inscr.) 40, 90, 97, 98, 137, 205, 427, 606-08 Toṇṭai (nāṭu) 36, 121, 134 Toṇṭaimāṉ 120, 121 toponyms 105, 156-57, 660 touchstone (with Tamil-Brāhmī legend) 50-51, 59, 64 trade 141 trader in ploughshares 140, 377, 573 Travancore 212

c31.69

c31.70

Upparuva(ṉ) 132, 333, 555 Ujjain 128 *upādhyāya* 127, 130, 131, 141 Uraiyur 36, 37, 44, 47, 53, 54, 60, 92, 119, 122, 142, 147, 150, 160, 172, 206, 209, 235, 238 Utayaṉa(ṉ) 23, 110, 129, 351, 564 Uttamapalaiyam 139 Uvaccar 130

c31.71

c31.72

Vaccaṇanti Ācāriyar 30, 132, 471, 629-30 Vaigai (river) 45 Vaishnava 137 Vaiśya 124, 125 Vajranandi 136, 137, 214 Vallam 37, 47, 53, 209 Vañci 153 Vaṇṇakkar clan 144 Varadarajan, M. 170 Varichiyur (inscrs.) 40, 97, 98, 140, 157, 339-41, 559-60 Vāsiṣṭhīputra (Śrī) Sātakarṇi 63, 80, *200*, 201 Vāsiṣṭhīputra (Śrī) Puḷumāvi 63, 80, *200*, 201, 203 Vaṭṭeḻuttu Early Vaṭṭeḻuttu inscrs. 4, 9, 25, 27, 29, 31, 37, 41-42, 83, 86, 90, 93, 95, 96, 97, 99, 104, 112, 114, 128, 131, 132, 134, 135, 136, 137, 139, 140, 142, 143, 157, 158, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 197, 198, 210, 212, 230, 241, 242, 245, 254, 302 period (5-6 cent. A.D.) 36, 41-42, 83, 95, 234 script 21, 29, 30, 33, 48, 99, 103, 168, 169, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 189, 193, 195, 196, 197, 198, 211, 212, *219-22*, 224 evolution 211-12 inscrs. 25, 37, 126, *138*, 139, 214 origin 210 script 3, 25, 29, 31, 37, 164, 168, 170, 176, 178, 179, 182, 210-12, 213, 214, 215 Vedal 139 Vedic (Brahmanical) Hinduism 128, 132 Vedic and Brahmanical deities 147 Vedic literature 170 Vēḷ 144 Vēḷ Āvi-k-Kōmāṉ Patumaṉ 121 Vēḷāḷar 124; Koṅku Veḷḷāḷar 144 Veḷḷaṟai (Vellarippatti) 123, 124, 141, 156, 319, 323, 548, 551 Velu Pillai, A. 268, 297 Vēmparṟūr (Veppattur) 125 Vēmpiṟṟūr (Vempattur) 125, 156, 367, 568 Veṇ 345, 562 venerable 130, 403, 591

c31.73

Veṇkāsipaṉ 337, 558 Venkataswamy, M. S. 85-86, 311 Venkayya, V. 11, 13, 69-70, 90, 126 Venkoba Rao, G. 11 Veṇkōmalai 478, 636-37 Veṇṇi Ātaṉ 419, 603 Veṇpaḷḷi 381, 575 vent of the sluice 469, 627-28 verbs 105, 292-93, 295 Vessaṉ 387, 580-81 Vienna Museum papyrus 155 Vijaya Sātakarṇi 201, 202, 203 Vikkiramangalam (inscrs.) 16, 20, 40, 76, 92, 97, 98, 343-49, 560-63 village 344, 560-61 (village) assembly 125, 367, 568 village or temple accountant 124 Vintai-ūr 396, 587 Vīrai Vēṇmāṉ Veḷiyaṉ Tittaṉ 119 Vīrai / Vīrāmpaṭṭiṇam (Arikamedu) 119 Virasikhamani 139 Viśākha Muni 127 *visarga* 173, 177 Vishṇukuṇḍins 161 Viyakaṉ 372, 570-71 Viyakkaṉ Kōpaṉ Ka(n)ṇatēvaṉ 439, 614-15 vowels 175, 181-83, 219, 253, 255-57