[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Archaeology, epigraphy and coins](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy) › [Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D.](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003) › c8.12 # Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D. c8.12 Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D. c8.12 - **Language:** English ### [c8.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c8.12) | Section | Page | Section | Page | | 7.3 Dependent sounds (\*cārpeḻuttu\*) | 254 | II. MORPHOPHONEMICS | | | 7.3.1 Shortened \*-i\* (\*kuṟṟiyal-ikaram\*) | 254 | 7.9 Definition | 271 | | 7.3.2 Shortened \*-u\* (\*kuṟṟiyal-ukaram\*) | 254 | 7.10 Sandhi without change | 271 | | 7.3.3 The āytam (\*ḵ\*) | 254 | 7.11 Sandhi of consonant and vowel | 271 | | 7.4 Distribution of vowels | 255 | 7.11.1 In personal names | 272 | | 7.4.1 Initial | 255 | 7.11.2 In place names | 272 | | 7.4.2 Medial | 255 | 7.12 Mutation of initial stem in sandhi | 272 | | 7.4.3 Final | 256 | 7.13 Changes in sandhi | 273 | | 7.4.4 Vowel clusters | 256 | 7.14 Assimilation | 273 | | 7.5 Distribution of consonants | 257 | 7.14.1 Regressive assimilation | 273 | | 7.5.1 In the Corpus | 257 | 7.14.2 Progressive assimilation | 274 | | 7.5.2 Comparison with \*Tolkāppiyam\* | 261 | 7.14.3 Mutual assimilation | 275 | | 7.6 Distribution of consonant-vowels | 263 | 7.15 Addition | 275 | | 7.6.1 In the Corpus | 263 | 7.15.1 Addition of glide \*-y-\* | 275 | | 7.6.2 Comparison with \*Tolkāppiyam\* | 263 | 7.15.2 Addition of glide \*-v-\* | 276 | | 7.7 Sound variations | 265 | 7.15.3 Doubling of the final consonant | 277 | | 7.7.1 Vowels | 265 | 7.15.4 Doubling of the initial consonant | 277 | | 7.7.2 Consonants | 267 | 7.16 Elision | 278 | | 7.8 Some phonological processes | 269 | 7.16.1 Elision of a stem-final vowel | 278 | | 7.8.1 Addition of paragogic suffixes | 269 | 7.16.2 Elision of the stem-final shortened \*-u\* | 279 | | 7.8.2 Addition of the euphonic vowel \*-u\* | 270 | 7.16.3 With doubling of the preceding consonant | 279 | | 7.8.3 Addition of the prothetic vowel \*i-\* | 270 | 7.16.4 Elision of the stem-final suffix \*-(a)m\* | 279 | | 7.8.4 Contraction | 270 | 7.16.5 Elision of the stem-final PNG suffix \*-(a)ṉ\* before a noun | 280 | | 7.8.5 Loss of initial palatal \*c-\* | 270 | | | | 7.8.6 Elision of nasal \*n\* | 270 | | | | 7.8.7 Elision of \*n\* with doubling of consonants | 270 | 7.16.6 Elision of the PNG suffix \*-(a)ṉ\* before a genitive suffix | 280 | | 7.8.8 Elision of nasal \*ṉ\* | 270 | | | - [Previous: c8.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c8.11) - [Next: c8.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c8.13) - [Up: c8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c8) ## Linked texts (1) - [Tolkāppiyam](https://indike.org/pramana/in.sangam.grammar.tolkappiyam) — Tolkāppiyar, Tamil --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c8.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.mahadevan-2003.c8.12) · Pramāṇa