Prehistoric India to 1000 B.C. c12.s1: Notes to Chapter V

Prehistoric India to 1000 B.C. c12.s1

Language: English

Notes to Chapter V

c12.s1.1

The basic evidence for the Harappā civilization is contained in the excavation reports - J. Marshall (and others), *Mohenjo-daro and* the *Indus Culture* (1931); E. Mackay, *Further Excavations at Mohenjo-daro* (1938); N. C. Majumdar, *Explorations in Sind* (1934) (for smaller sites); M. S. Vats, *Excavations at Harappā* (1940); R. E. M. Wheeler, ‘Harappā 1946: the Defences and Cemetery R 37’, in *Ancient India*, no. 3 (1947), 58–130; E. Mackay, *Chanhu-daro Excavations* (1943); summaries in E. Mackay, *The Indus Civilization* (1935), V. G. Childe, *New Light on the Most Ancient East* (1934), Chap. VIII; S. Piggott, *Some Ancient Cities of India* (1945), Chap. II.

c12.s1.2

Reports on the skulls with comments on the physical types represented are in the various excavation reports; see also H. F. Friederichs and H. W. Muller in *Anthropos*, XXVIII (1933), 383–406; B. S. Guha, *Racial Elements in the Population* (Oxford Pamphlets on Indian Affairs, 1944); H. V. Vallois, ‘Les Ossements Humains de Sialk’, in *Fouilles de Sialk*, Vol. II, 113–192. For the Mediterranean type of skull, see C. S. Coon, *The Races of Europe* (1939), especially 146–152, 400–509.

c12.s1.3

The grain remains have been reported on in the works cited above, and in their wider setting discussed by H. Peake in *Man*, 1939, 36 and 53. The animals from Harappā have been described in a special monograph, D. Prashad, *Animal Remains from Harappā* (1936), and in the individual reports.

c12.s1.4

For the planning of Mohenjo-daro and Harappā and the significance of the citadels, see R. E. M. Wheeler in *Ancient India*, no. 3 (1947), 58–64, 74–77; for the grain-pounding platforms, *ibid.*, 78. The smaller sites of the Harappā culture are described by Majumdar, *Explorations in Sind* (1934) and by Stein, *An Archaeological Tour in Gedrosia*, 60–71 (Sutkagen-dor); *An Archaeological Tour in Waziristan and North Baluchistan*, 55–64 (Dabar Kot). I am indebted to Mr Krishna Deva for unpublished information on the Ghaggar River sites, briefly described by Stein in *Geog. Journ.*, XCIX (1942), 173–182, and my account of Amilano embodies the result of fieldwork there in 1942.

c12.s1.5

The quotation from the poet Mir is from a translation by Professor Ahmed Ali, and that by Professor Speiser is from *The Beginnings of Civilization in Mesopotamia*, Supplement to *Journ. Amer. Orient. Soc.*, 1939. The substance of my comments on the Harappā sculpture is taken from my article in *The Burlington Magazine*, CX (1948), 33–37, by permission of the publishers, and the quotation on the character of Harappā art is from my *Some Ancient Cities of India* (1945), 16.

c12.s1.6

My views on the ‘post-cremation’ pots are supported by R. E. M. Wheeler (*loc. cit. supra*), and the account of the R 37 cemetery will be found in this same excavation report. The description of the burial cairns at Tharro Hill is based on personal observation in 1943, supplementing Majumdar’s comments.

c12.s1.7

The contacts with Sumer are summarized in my paper in *Antiquity*, xvii, 169–182, and by R. E. M. Wheeler in *Ancient India*, no. 3, 78–80. For etched carnelian beads, see H. Beck in *Antiq. Journ.*, xiii (1933), 384–398; for pins and rods of Western derivation on Harappā sites, my paper in *Ancient India*, no. 4 (1948), 26–40, and for the analysis of the faience beads, J. F. S. Stone in *Antiquity* xxiii (1949), 201–205.