Indian Chronology (Solar, Lunar and Planetary): A Practical Guide to the Interpretation and Verification of Tithis, Nakshatras, Horoscopes and other Indian Time-records, B.C. 1 to A.D. 2000 c13: Chapter VIII. Karanas, Ahas and Tyajyam

Indian Chronology (Solar, Lunar and Planetary): A Practical Guide to the Interpretation and Verification of Tithis, Nakshatras, Horoscopes and other Indian Time-records, B.C. 1 to A.D. 2000 c13

Language: English

c13.s1 Karanas — 25 parts

Chapter VIII. Karanas, Ahas and Tyajyam

Karanas

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55. The list of karanas is given in Table III. Every tithi is divided into two karanas, and the ending moment of the second of every set of two karanas coincides with the ending moment of a tithi. For the other karana all we have to do is to add half a tithi, ·49217 day, to the last mean tithi, as well as to the corresponding solar and lunar anomalies and calculate from these data the absolute ending moment of the karana.

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Thus on 27 February 1910 the mean tithi (18th) ended at ... ·2479 day. For the 37th karaṇa (Bava) add ... ... ... ·4922 ... 7401 day

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Sun's anomaly 320·30 days. Moon's anomaly 12·324 days. ·49 ... ·492

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320·79; ☉'s Eqn. + ·1501. 12·816 + ·150 = 12·966 ☽'s Equation - ·0840. Sum of the equations + ·1501 - ·0840 = ... ... ... + ·0661 ... ·8062 day

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i.e., the karana Bava ended at 48 ghaṭikas 22 palas on 27 February 1910.

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56. Properly speaking, two karanas ought to be shown in the panchaṅgam, corresponding to every tithi : but the panchaṅgams in practice mark only that karana whose ending moment is 30 ghaṭikas or less from sunrise. If the tithi itself ends at 30 ghaṭikas or less from sunrise, the same ending moment is entered in the panchaṅgams against both tithi and karana. In the above case, i.e., 27 February 1910, the 36th karana Vishti (called Bhadra in the Tamil country) will be found marked in the panchaṅgams as having the same ending moment as the tithi.

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57. Having discussed the five component parts of a *panchāngam* proper, *viz.*, *vāra*, *tithi*, *nakshatra*, *yoga* and *karana*, it remains to notice two other entries usually found in a line with the first five, *viz.*, the *ahas* and the *tyājyam*.

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58. The *ahas* or duration of daylight is simply the normal period of daylight in India, *viz.*, twelve hours or 30 *ghaṭikas*, with the corrections for sunrise and sunset, deduced according to the rules to be presently laid down (Chapters IX and XI). Thus, if on a particular day the sun rose at 5-25 a.m. and set at 6-20 p.m. the *ahas* would be 12 hours + 35' + 20' = 12 hours 55 minutes, or 32 *ghaṭikas* 18 *palas*. (Tables XX and XIX.)

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59. The *tyājyam* (lit., portion to be abandoned for purposes of business) is a definite portion of the total duration of each *nakshatra*, which portion is considered inauspicious. If the *tyājyam*, always reckoned from the first moment of each *nakshatra*, ends by day, it is called a day-*tyājyam*, and if it ends by night, it is called a night-*tyājyam*, and in the latter case it is usual to deduct the *ahas* and state that the *tyājyam* ends so many *ghaṭikas* and *palas* after sunset.

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60. The following are the fractional parts which are *tyājyam* for the several *nakshatras* :—

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N.B.—Authorities differ as to the *tyājyam* for certain of the *nakshatras* : for instance, Mr. Srauti has informed the author that his *tyājyams* for *nakshatras* Nos. 13, 14, and 19 are 7/30, 1/2, and 1/3 (instead of 11/30, 14/15, and 1/3) respectively.

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61. The method of working out the *tyājyam* is simple. We take the total duration of each *nakshatra* from the ending moment of the previous *nakshatra* up to its own ending moment and cut off the *tyājyam*.

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Thus, according to the table in section 175 on 12 July, 1910, Nakshatra Uttara Phalguni ended at Madras at 51 ghaṭikas 50 palas.

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On 13 July 1910, the next Nakshatra Hasta ended in the same latitude at 56 ghaṭikas 30 palas.

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The total duration of the Nakshatra Hasta was, therefore, 64 ghaṭikas 40 palas.

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The tyājyam for Hasta is 11/30

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Now, 11/30 of 64 ghaṭikas 40 palas = 11 × (2 ghaṭikas 9 palas) = 23 ghaṭikas 39 palas.

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∴ The tyājyam for Nakshatra Hasta ended on 12 July 1910, 51 ghaṭikas 50 palas + 23 ghaṭikas 39 palas 13 July 1910, 15 ghaṭikas 29 palas, which was a day tyājyam.

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Again, on 20 July 1910, Nakshatra Mūla ended at 31 ghaṭikas 56 palas.

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On 21 July 1910, Nakshatra Pūrva Ashādhā ended at 35 ghaṭikas 36 palas.

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∴ Total duration of Pūrva Ashādhā was 63 ghaṭikas 40 palas, of which the tyājyam was ⅖, i.e., 2 × (12 ghaṭikas 44 palas) = 25 ghaṭikas 28 palas.

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∴ Tyājyam for Mūla ended on 20 July 1910 at 57 ghaṭikas 24 palas ; which, being night-time, we deduct the ahas, 31 ghaṭikas 27 palas (arrived at in accordance with subsequent rules regarding sunrise and sunset);

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∴ Tyājyam ended at 25 ghaṭikas 57 palas after sunset on 20 July 1910, and was a night tyājyam.

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Our tyājyam will, of course, differ from that entered in other panchaṅgams exactly in proportion to the difference between our ending moment and that of other panchaṅgams for Nakshatras.

Indian Chronology (Solar, Lunar and Planetary): A Practical Guide to the Interpretation and Verification of Tithis, Nakshatras, Horoscopes and other Indian Time-records, B.C. 1 to A.D. 2000 c13: Chapter VIII. Karanas, Ahas and Tyajyam

Contents

Chapter VIII. Karanas, Ahas and Tyajyam

Karanas