[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Archaeology, epigraphy and coins](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy) › [Indian Epigraphy](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.sircar-1965) › c16.s3.89 # Indian Epigraphy c16.s3.89 Indian Epigraphy c16.s3.89 - **Language:** English ### [c16.s3.89](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.sircar-1965.c16.s3.89) The \*Rājanaka\* was apparently a smaller feudatory than \*Rājan\*. \*Rājaputra\* is the same as \*Rājakumāra\* of the Hirahadagalli plates, although the intention here may be to refer to the sons of the feudatories since the following \*Rājāmātya\* possibly indicates the ministers or administrators of the subordinate rulers. \*Senāpati\* (leader of forces), \*Viṣayapati\* (ruler of a district) and \*Bhogapati\* (superintendent of \*Jāgīrs\*) have already been discussed above. It is however interesting to note that, in the present case, the \*Senāpati\* is distinguished from the \*Balādhyakṣa\*. We have to remember in this connection that, according to some authorities, the smallest leader of the forces of an Indian king was a \*Pattika\*, ten of whom served under a \*Senāpati\*, while the \*Senānāyaka\* or \*Balādhyakṣa\* led ten \*Senāpatis\*.¹ Thus the \*Balādhyakṣa\* was a higher officer than the \*Senāpati\*, while the \*Mahādaṇḍanāyaka\* was probably a still higher military officer or a governor. The \*Ṣaṣṭhādhikṛta\* was no doubt the collector of the king’s grain share from the farmer and was practically the same as the \*Dhruvādhikaraṇika\* or \*Dhruvasthānādhikaraṇika\* of the Kathiawar inscriptions. The designation shows that the king’s share was one sixth of the produce at least originally. The \*Daṇḍaśakti\* is apparently the \*Daṇḍika\* of later epigraphs and may have been a sort of police magistrate, while the \*Daṇḍapāśika\* was probably a smaller police officer. The expression \*Daṇḍapāśika\* still survives in Oḍiyā \*Daṇḍuāsi\* meaning ‘a village watchman’. \*Dauḥsādhasādhanika\* seems to have been a leader of expeditionary forces requisitioned on occasions of emergency. The word \*sādhanika\* forming a part of this designation is the same as Prakrit \*Sāhaṇia\* and means ‘the commander of an army’. The designation \*Sādhanika\* in a Paramāra inscription and \*Mahāsādhanika\* in Merutuṅga’s \*Prabandhacintāmaṇi\* are used to indicate a chieftain or military governor.¹ The \*Dūta\* (envoy) is distinguished from the \*Abhitvaramāṇa\* whose designation seems to mean a messenger or carrier of letters meant for quick delivery of the message, etc. \*Khola\*, also known from the Ramganj plate to be discussed below, is unintelligible if he was not a special type of messenger, while \*Gamāgamika\* seems to have been the officer regulating the entrance in and departure from towns. \*Hastyaśvagomahiṣājīvikādhyakṣa\* was no doubt the officer or officers in charge of the king’s elephants, horses, cows, buffaloes, goats and sheep and may be compared with \*Vallava\* and \*Govallava\* of the Hirahadagalli plates and the \*Vrajabhūmika\* of the inscriptions of Aśoka. The \*Naukādhyakṣa\* was probably the admiral in charge of the royal fleet. The \*Tarika\* (superintendent of a ferry or the ferries) is the same as the \*Tairthika\* of the Hirahadagalli plates and the \*Tarapati\* of later records, while the \*Śaulkika\* was the collector of \*śulka\* or customs, similar to the \*Māṇḍapika\* of the Hirahadagalli plates. \*Jyeṣṭhakāyastha\* was the chief scribe or the representative of the scribal class on a board of administration. Since \*Mahattara\* was the head of a village or community and the member of a \*Pañcāyat\*, the \*Mahāmahattara\* appears to have been the head of a group of villages or the chairman of its council of administration, while the \*Dāśagrāmika\* was similarly the head of a group of about ten villages, or the chairman of the administrative council of the group.¹ These officials were apparently similar to the \*Grāmakūṭa\*, \*Rāṣṭrakūṭa\* and \*Deśādhikṛta\* of South Indian records. - [Previous: c16.s3.88](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.sircar-1965.c16.s3.88) - [Next: c16.s3.90](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.sircar-1965.c16.s3.90) - [Up: c16.s3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.sircar-1965.c16.s3) ## Cites (1) - [Prabandhacintāmaṇi](https://indike.org/pramana/in.lit.historical.jaina.prabandhacintamani) — Merutuṅga, Sanskrit --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.sircar-1965.c16.s3.89](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.epigraphy.sircar-1965.c16.s3.89) · Pramāṇa