Early India and Pakistan to Ashoka c12: Chapter III
Early India and Pakistan to Ashoka c12
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Chapter III
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11 For general surveys, see V. D. Krishnaswami, 'Stone Age India', *A.I.* no. 3 (1947), 11 ff.; and 'Progress in Prehistory', *Ib.*, no. 9 (1953), 53 ff. 12 H. de Terra and T. T. Paterson, *Studies on the Ice Age in India and Associated Human Cultures* (Carnegie Inst. of Washington, 1939); Jacquetta Hawkes, Christopher Hawkes and H. de Terra, 'Yale North India Expedition: Palaeolithic Human Industries in the Northwest Punjab and Kashmir and their Geological Significance', *Memoirs of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences* (New Haven, 1934). See also F. E. Zeuner in *Dating the Past* (4th ed., London, 1958), pp. 274-7. 13 B. B. Lal, 'Palaeoliths from the Beas and Banganga Valleys, Panjab', *A.I.* no. 12 (1956), 58 ff. 14 I.A. 1956-7, 1 f. 15 F. E. Zeuner, *Stone Age and Pleistocene Chronology in Gujarat* (Deccan College Monograph Series 6, Poona, 1950); B. Subbarao, 'Archaeological Explorations in the Mahi Valley', *Journ. of the M. S. University of Baroda*, I (1952), 33-72; H. D. Sankalia, *The Godavari Palaeolithic Industry* (Deccan College Monograph Series 10, Poona, 1952). 16 F. E. Zeuner, 'Das Problem der Pluvialzeiten', *Geologische Rundschau*, Bd. 41 (Stuttgart, 1953), 242 ff. 17 De Terra and Paterson as cited, n. 12. 18 H. D. Sankalia, *Investigations into the Prehistoric Archaeology of Gujarat* (Baroda, 1946). 19 V. D. Krishnaswami and K. V. Soundara Rajan, 'The Lithic Tool-industries of the Singrauli Basin, District Mirzapur', *A.I.* no. 7 (1951), 40-59. 20 N. K. Bose and D. Sen, *Excavations in Mayurbhanj* (Calcutta, 1948). 21 H. D. Sankalia, 'Animal-fossils and Palaeolithic Industries from the Pravara Basin at Nevasa, District Ahmadnagar', *A.I.* no. 12 (1956), 35-52. (On p. 36, Nevasa is erroneously placed in 'District Ahmadabad'.) 22 L. A. Cammiade and M. C. Burkitt, 'Fresh Light on the Stone Ages in Southeast India', *Antiquity*, IV (1930), 327 ff. Also, F. J. Richards, L. A. Cammiade and M. C. Burkitt, 'Climatic Changes in South-east India during Early Palaeolithic Times', Geological Mag. LXIX, no. V (1932); and M. Seshadri, The Stone-age Cultures of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Mysore (Univ. of Mysore, 1956).
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²³ For Africa, see L. S. B. Leakey, Stone Age Africa (Oxford, 1936); Sonia Cole, The Prehistory of East Africa (Pelican Books, 1954); and H. Alimen, Préhistoire de l'Afrique (Paris, 1955), translated as The Prehistory of Africa (London, 1957).
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²⁴ K. V. Soundara Rajan, 'Stone Age Industries near Giddalur, District Kurnool', A.I. no. 8 (1952), 64-92.
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²⁵ So V. D. Krishnaswami, A.I. no. 9 (1953), 62.
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²⁶ H. L. Movius, Early Man and Pleistocene Stratigraphy in Southern and Eastern Asia (Papers of the Peabody Museum, Harvard Univ., XIX, no. 3, 1944), and 'Palaeolithic Archaeology in Southern and Eastern Asia, exclusive of India', UNESCO Journ. of World History II, nos. 2 and 3 (Paris, 1955).
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²⁷ Indian Geolog. Survey Rec. XIII, pt. 3 (1881), p. 122; hence de Terra and Paterson, Studies on the Ice Age in India ... (Washington, 1939), p. 313.
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²⁸ Cited by G. H. R. von Koenigswald, Meeting Prehistoric Man (London, 1956), p. 173.
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²⁹ De Terra and Paterson as cited, n. 12.
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³⁰ H. D. Sankalia, 'Animal-fossils and Palaeolithic Industries from the Pravara Basin at Nevasa', A.I. no. 12 (1956), 35 ff.
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³¹ Proc. Prehist. Soc. of E. Anglia VII (1932), 39-40. See also K. R. U. Todd, 'The Microlithic Industries of Bombay, A.I. no. 6 (1950), pp. 4-16; and, more generally, D. H. Gordon, 'The Stone Industries of the Holocene in India and Pakistan', A.I. no. 6 (1950), 64-90.
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³² H. Alimen, Préhistoire de l'Afrique (Paris, 1955), p. 81.
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³³ B. Subbarao, The Personality of India (Baroda, 1956), p. 32.
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³⁴ F. E. Zeuner, 'The Microlithic Industry of Langhnaj, Gujarat', Man 1952, 182; H. D. Sankalia and I. Karve, 'Early Primitive Microlithic Culture and People of Gujarat', American Anthropologist LI (1949), 28-34.
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³⁵ F. E. Zeuner and Bridget Allchin, 'The Microlithic Sites of Tinnevelly District, Madras State', A.I. no. 12 (1956), 4 ff.
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³⁶ R. E. M. Wheeler, 'Brahmagiri and Chandravalli, 1947', A.I. no. 4 (1948), 222 ff.
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³⁷ De Terra and Paterson, as cited, n. 12.
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³⁸ A.I. no. 13 (1957), 89 ff.
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³⁹ A.I. as n. 25; B. Subbarao, *Stone Age Cultures of Bellary* (Poona, 1948), pp. 31 ff.; F. R. Allchin, 'The Neolithic Stone Industry of the North Karnataka Region', *Bulletin of the Sch. of Orient. and African Studies* XIX/2 (1957), 321 ff.; E. C. Worman, 'The "Neolithic" Problem in the Prehistory of India', *Journ. of the Washington Acad. of Sciences*, 39 (1949), 181-201. The last paper is partially out of date but includes a good bibliography.
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⁴⁰ *I.A.*, 1956-57, 19.
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⁴¹ *I.A.* 1955-56, 8.
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⁴² Particularly in the Somrong Sen culture and in Tongking. See P. Lévy, *Recherches préhistoriques dans la région de Mlu Prei* (Hanoi, 1943); V. Goloubew, 'L'âge du bronze au Tonkin et dans la Nord-Annam', *Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême Orient*, XXIX.
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⁴³ D. J. Finn, *Archaeological Finds on Lamma Island near Hong Kong* (Ricci Publications, University of Hong Kong, 1958), p. 44. Finn's dating, based on Menghin, is wild. Uncritical, too, is his acceptance of Heine-Geldern's very speculative equation of supposed 'waves' of cultural migration with the spread of language-groups. See R. Heine-Geldern in *Anthropos* XXVII, 543 ff. For Szechwan, see Cheng Te-K'un, *Archaeological Studies in Szechwan* (Cambridge, 1957), pp. 54, etc.
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⁴⁴ B. Karlgren, 'Some Weapons and Tools of the Yin Dynasty', *Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, Stockholm* (Stockholm, 1945), 103 ff.
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⁴⁵ This suggestion has been developed by Dr. A. H. Dani, whose Ph.D. thesis on the 'Prehistory and Protohistory of Eastern India' (University of London Library) is a scholarly study of the whole subject.
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⁴⁶ The map seems to me to be decisively against the opposite view that the Indian axes were 'derived ultimately from the neolithic stoneworking techniques of the Middle East and Iran'. F. R. Allchin as cited in no. 39, p. 325. Of course China may have got its axe-types from western Asia by some trans-continental route like the later Silk Route. But there is at present no connecting evidence.
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⁴⁷ *Man* 1948, 99.
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⁴⁸ E.g. V. Gordon Childe, *New Light on the Most Ancient East* (London, 1952); Stuart Piggott, *Prehistoric India* (Pelican Books, 1950); Wheeler, *The Indus Civilization* (Cambridge, 1953); D. H. Gordon, 'The pottery-industries of the Indo-Iranian Border', *A.I.* nos. 10 and 11 (1954-55), 157-91.
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⁴⁹ Wheeler as cited in n. 48.