[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [General history and culture](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general) › [India as Known to Panini: A Study of the Cultural Material in the Ashtadhyayi](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.agrawala-1953) › c8.s2.12 # India as Known to Panini: A Study of the Cultural Material in the Ashtadhyayi c8.s2.12 India as Known to Pāṇini: A Study of the Cultural Material in the Ashṭādhyāyī c8.s2.12 - **Language:** English ### [c8.s2.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.agrawala-1953.c8.s2.12) The occasional studentships for shorter terms or study of special texts or observance of particular vows points to a new feature in the educational system. These gave to seekers after truth and advanced knowledge, opportunities for specialisation to realise their desires towards self-fulfilment both through the study of texts and prescribed practices. This practice of occasional studentship is also known to the \*Upanishads\*. \*SNĀTAKA\*—The student who completes his study is called \*snātaka\*. The Gaṇasūtra holds it as completion of Vedic study (\*Veda-samāpti\*, V.4.29). The more proficient \*snātaka\* was singled out as \*nishṇāta\* (with his study fully completed). This term for proficiency was later on applied to proficiency in any study or craft, \*e.g.\* \*nishṇātaḥ kaṭakaraṇe\*, skilled (\*kuśala\*) in the art of mat-making (VIII.3.89). The epithet \*sragvī\* (V.2.121, wearer of garland) appears also to have been applied to a \*snātaka\*. The \*srak\* was a sign of graduation and the \*Gṛihya Sūtras\* differentiate it from the ordinary garland for decoration called \*mālā\* (V. M. Apte, \*Social and Religious Life in the Gṛihya Sūtras\*, p. 107). Manu also applies the term \*sragvī\* to a \*snātaka\* (\*Manu Smṛiti\*, III.3). A student who ends his studentship and enters upon the householder's life is condemned by Pāṇini as \*khaṭvārūḍha\* ('taking to the luxury of sleeping on a cot,' not permitted to a Brahmachārī, II.1.26). \*HOUSE-HOLDER\*—\*Gṛihapati\* is the regular name, from the \*Ṛigveda\* onwards, for the householder as master of the house. Pāṇini refers to him in connection with the Fire kindled at the time of marriage with whose worship commenced his life as a householder (\*Gṛihapatinā saṁyukte ñyaḥ\*, IV.4.90). The \*Kāśikā\* treats \*Gārhpatya\* as the technical term for the Household Fire. - [Previous: c8.s2.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.agrawala-1953.c8.s2.11) - [Next: c8.s2.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.agrawala-1953.c8.s2.13) - [Up: c8.s2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.agrawala-1953.c8.s2) ## Cites (3) - [Aṣṭādhyāyī](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vedanga.vyakarana.astadhyayi-school.astadhyayi.2.1.26) — Pāṇini, Sanskrit - [Mānava Dharmaśāstra](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.manu.3.3) — Manu & Bhṛgu, Sanskrit - [Ṛgvedasaṃhitā](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.samhita.rg) — Sanskrit --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.agrawala-1953.c8.s2.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.agrawala-1953.c8.s2.12) · Pramāṇa