[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [General history and culture](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general) › [India as Known to Panini: A Study of the Cultural Material in the Ashtadhyayi](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.agrawala-1953) › c8.s3.1 # India as Known to Panini: A Study of the Cultural Material in the Ashtadhyayi c8.s3.1 India as Known to Pāṇini: A Study of the Cultural Material in the Ashṭādhyāyī c8.s3.1 - **Language:** English ### [c8.s3.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.agrawala-1953.c8.s3.1) The householder's life began with marriage. Its ceremony was performed round the Fire as witness. Pāṇini refers to marriage by the word \*upayamana\* (I.2.16), which he explains as \*sva-karaṇa\*, \*i.e.\* 'the bridegroom making the bride his own' (I.3.56). The marriage ceremony was solemnised by \*pāṇigrahaṇa\*, 'the holding by the bridegroom of the bride's hand.' Pāṇini uses two other terms for it, \*haste-kṛitya\* and \*pāṇau-kṛitya\*. This holding of the hand was a symbol of \*sva-karaṇa\*, \*i.e.\* formal transfer of the father's dominion over the girl to the husband. We may cite Manu's comment that this ceremony was observed for marriage within the same caste (III.43). - [Previous: c8.s2.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.agrawala-1953.c8.s2.17) - [Next: c8.s3.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.agrawala-1953.c8.s3.2) - [Up: c8.s3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.agrawala-1953.c8.s3) ## Cites (2) - [Aṣṭādhyāyī](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vedanga.vyakarana.astadhyayi-school.astadhyayi.1.2.16) — Pāṇini, Sanskrit - [Mānava Dharmaśāstra](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.manu.3.43) — Manu & Bhṛgu, Sanskrit --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.agrawala-1953.c8.s3.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.agrawala-1953.c8.s3.1) · Pramāṇa