The Cambridge History of India, Vol. IV: The Mughul Period v4.c24.s8: Chapter VIII and X. Aurangzīb

The Cambridge History of India, Vol. IV: The Mughul Period v4.c24.s8

Language: English

Chapter VIII and X. Aurangzīb

‘Ālamgīr-nāma. By Mīrzā Muhammad Kāzim. Official history of the first ten years of Aurangzīb’s reign, based upon State records. (*Bibliotheca Indica*.) Maāsir-i-‘Ālamgīrī. By Muhammad Sāqī Musta‘idd Khān. A complete history of Aurangzīb’s reign, based upon state-papers but very condensed, the first ten years being abridged from ‘*Ālamgīr-nāma*. Edited by Ahmad ‘Alī and printed in *Bibliotheca Indica*, 1870–3. ‘Amal-i-Sālih, see chap. VII. Zafar-nāma (also Wāqi‘āt *or* Hālāt)-i-‘Ālamgīrī. By ‘Āqil Khān Rāzī. Covers 1657–63. MSS. O.P.L.,¹ A.S.B.² Tārīkh-i-Shāh Shujā‘ī. By Mīr Muhammad Ma‘sūm (an old servant of Shujā‘). Invaluable for Bengal occurrences; ends abruptly on 18 April, 1660. MSS. I.O.L.,³ O.P.L. Aurang-nāma. A poem by “Haqīrī” (a Roz-bihānī soldier posted in Bengal), often agrees with Ma‘sūm; ends with execution of Dārā. Hyderābād Āsafiya Library MS. (only copy extant). Fathiyya-i-‘ibriyya. By Shihāb-ud-dīn Ahmad (bin Muhammad) Tālish. A diary of Mīr Jumla’s invasion of Kuch Bihār and Assam. Printed in Calcutta, A.H. 1265=A.D. 1848–9. MSS. O.P.L., A.S.B. Abridged in English by Blochmann, *J.A.S.B.* 1872; two sections translated by Jadunāth Sarkār in *J.B. and O.R.S.* “Continuation” (Bodleian MS. 589) gives the history of Bengal from the death of Mīr Jumla to the conquest of Chatgāon (1663–6); ends abruptly. Four long sections of the “Continuation” translated by Jadunāth Sarkār in *J.A.S.B.* 1906 and 1907. Nuskha-i-Dilkushā. By Bhīmsen. Invaluable as an eye-witness of Deccan affairs 1670–1707. Br. Mus. Or. 23. See J. Sarkār’s *Studies in Mughal India* for life of author and analysis of contents. Futūhāt-i-‘Ālamgīrī. By Ishwar Dās (a Nāgar Brāhman of Pattan and a Mughul civil officer in Jodhpur). First-rate authority for events in Rājputāna only. Covers 1657–98. Br. Mus. Add. 23,884 only MS. extant. See J. Sarkār’s *Studies in Mughal India* for life of author and analysis of contents. Waqāi‘. By Ni‘mat Khān ‘Alī. Describes in highly rhetorical prose, interspersed with verse, four episodes of the siege of Golkonda in 1687. Text edited by Scholfield; also lithographed A.H. 1248 and printed (Lucknow) 1259. Mirāt-i-Ahmadī. By ‘Alī Muhammad Khān (the last Mughul *dīwān* of Gujarāt). Completed in 1754, 3 vols. (Gaekwad’s Oriental Series.) Original source only in respect of Gujarāt affairs, the wealth of *farmāns*, etc. quoted *in extenso* and the economic data supplied. From 1730 onwards gives very useful details of political history not to be found elsewhere. First part, ending with 1605, translated as Bird’s *History of Goozerat*; second part summarized in Campbell’s Bombay Gazetteer; third part translated in Gaekwad Series. Akhbārāt-i-darbār-i-mu‘alla. Daily news-letters from the imperial camp. Tod MS. in R.A.S., and the residue in Jaipur State archives. Earlier years of Aurangzīb’s reign very scanty, with a long gap *annis* 23–34; last thirteen years of the reign very copious. Similar *Akhbārāt* of Muhammad A‘zam’s viceroyalty of Gujarāt (*annis* 46–9 of Aurangzīb) and second regnal year of Bahādur Shāh I in R.A.S.; many sheets for 1707–22 in Jaipur State archives; twenty sheets for 1742 in Paris Bib. Nat.; many of Shāh ‘Ālam II in Poona and elsewhere.

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¹ Oriental Public Library (Patna).

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² Asiatic Society of Bengal.

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³ India Office Library.

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Ahkām-i-‘Ālamgīrī. Ascribed to Hamīd-ud-dīn Khān Bahādur, Nimcha-i-‘Ālamgīr Shāhī. Text edited by Jadunāth Sarkār (2nd ed.). English translation by same, *Anecdotes of Aurangzib* (2nd ed.). Very characteristic anecdotes and caustic remarks and orders of Aurangzīb.

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Zawābit-i-‘Ālamgīrī. Br. Mus. Or. 1641. The best *dastūr-ul-‘amal* (i.e. official manual, containing statistics, office procedure, administrative regulations and miscellaneous information regarding the Moghul empire), *c.* 1689.

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Tārīkh-i-‘Alī ‘Ādil Shāh Sānī. By Sayyid Nūr-ullah. Ends 1667. I.O.L. MS. 3052.

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Muntakhab-ul-Lubāb. By Muhammad Hāshim Khāfī Khān. See chap. vi.¹

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¹ For a suggestion that Khāfī Khān borrowed from another writer, Abu-’l Fazl Ma‘mūrī, see Sri Ram Sharma, *J.R.A.S.* 1936, p. 279. [Ed.]

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Tavārīkh-i-Bangāla. By Salīm-ullah. English translation by F. Gladwin as *Narrative of Transactions in Bengal* (Calcutta, 1788), reprint 1918.

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LETTERS

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The letters of Aurangzīb have survived in (*a*) four compact and clearly defined collections made by his secretaries and one by a personal attendant, (*b*) certain compilations made after his death by selection from various earlier sources, and (*c*) stray letters and orders scattered through a large number of other books or as separate pieces.

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Ādāb-i-‘Ālamgīrī. A collection of fully drafted letters from Aurangzīb (1650–8) written by his first secretary Abu-’l-Fath Qabīl Khān (d. May 1662), together with (i) Abu-’l-Fath’s own letters, (ii) letters written by Sādiq of Ambāla on behalf of Prince Muhammad Akbar, *c.* 1675–80, and (iii) a history of the war of succession. Put together in 1704. Excellent O.P.L. MS. In course of publication, ed. by S. Ashraf Nadavī at Azamgarh.

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Ahkām-i-‘Ālamgīrī. By ‘Ināyat-ullah Khān (Aurangzīb’s last secretary). Containing a *précis* of the points which the emperor dictated to his secretary for inclusion in the letters; covers *c.* 1700–5. Rāmpur State Library and Patna O.P.L. MSS. only copies known.

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Kalimāt-i-Tayyibāt. Compiled by the same ‘Ināyat-ullah in 1719. Very brief and obscure *précis*, overloaded with Arabic texts; covers *c.* 1699–1704. MSS. A.S.B., O.P.L.

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Kalimāt-i-Aurangzīb. By the same ‘Ināyat-ullah. Same style; covers *c.* 1703–6. Complete copy in Rāmpur State Library; a fragment in I.O.L. 3301, ff. 33*a*–60*b*.

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There are certain later and shorter collections of Aurangzīb’s letters, mostly selected from ‘Ināyat-ullah and bearing various titles, e.g. *Raqāim-i-Karāim* (compiled by Sayyid Ashraf Khān Mīr Muhammad Husainī bin ‘Abdul Karīm), *Dastūr-ul-‘amal-i-Āgāhī* and *Rumūz-wa-Ishārahā-i-‘Ālamgīrī* (both compiled by Rājā Āyā Mal, the *dīwān* of Jay Singh Savāī, in 1738 and 1742 respectively). Several letters from these selections constitute the lithographed *Ruq‘āt-i-‘Ālamgīrī*. The MSS. are very numerous and seldom exactly correspond in their contents or titles.

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Other letters of Aurangzīb are to be found in Jaipur State archives:

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Paris Bib. Nat. MS. Persan Suppl. 476 (Blochet, no. 704).

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Faiyyāz-ul-qawānīn (11 letters).

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Mirāt-i-Ahmadī, vol. II (edicts only).

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Khatūt-i-Shivājī. R.A.S. MS. 71.

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Zāhir-ul-Inshā, lithographed.

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Bahār-i-Sakhun (completed 1663). I.O.L. MS. Ethé 2090, I.O.L. MS. 549, f. 50, and numerous other volumes.

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*Letters of other historical personages:*

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Haft Anjuman. Compiled by Udirāj (afterwards Tala‘-yār), the secretary of Rustam Khān and of Mīrzā Rājā Jay Singh. Paris Bib. Nat. no. 37, a fragment; two complete MSS. in India.

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Ruq‘āt-i-Shāh ‘Abbās Sānī.

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Khatūt-i-Shivājī. R.A.S. MS. 71. Containing letters of Shivājī, Aurangzīb, prince Akbar, Shambhūjī, Shāhū, etc. (Two of Akbar's letters are printed in Zāhir-ul-inshā.)

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Faiyyāz-ul-qawānīn. 266 folios, containing 25 letters from Shāh Jahān, 8 from Dārā, 6 from Shujā', 47 from Murād Bakhsh, 9 from *vazīr* Ja'far Khān, others from Shāh 'Abbās II, 'Ādil Shāh, Qutb Shāh, Jay Singh, etc.

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Ruq'āt-i-Hamīd-ud-dīn Khān (a servant of Aurangzīb's mother-in-law Nauras Bānū and afterwards *faujdār* in Mālwā). Two incomplete MSS. in India.

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Ruq'āt-i-Nawāzish Khān (*faujdār* of Māndū, later governor of Kashmīr).

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Inshā-i-Mādhu Lāl. Lithographed letters of Mu'izz-ud-dīn and others.

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Kārnāma-i-waqāi', being the letters of Ma'tabar Khān (*faujdār* of Kalyān) by his secretary Jethmal ("Hindu"). I.O.L. MS. 2007.

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Muraqa'āt-i-Hasan. By Maulānā Abu'l-Hasan, a civil officer in Bengal and Orissa, 1655–67. Rāmpur State Library, Inshā, no. 182.

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Majmū'a-i-munshāt-va-ghaira. Letters from and to Bīdār Bakht, from Mukhlis Khān Rūh-ullah Khān, Asad Khān, to Muhammad Murād Khān, etc. Rāmpur State Library, Inshā, no. 176.

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I.O.L. MS. 150. *Surat English Factory letters*, 1695–6. English summary in *Proceedings of Indian Historical Records Commission, Calcutta session*.

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Inshā-i-Raushan-Kalām. By Bhūpat Rāy, servant of Ra'dandāz Khān, *faujdār* of Baiswāra. Irvine MS. in I.O.L. Br. Mus. Add. 6600. Letters from 'Abdullah Qutb Shāh, etc.

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Bahār-i-sakhun. I.O.L. Ethé 2090.

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Br. Mus. Sloane MS. 3582, ff. 101–24. Letters and official papers relating to the Karnātak.

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I.O.L. MS. 2678, ff. 72–128.

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I.O.L. MS. 549.

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I.O.L. MS. Land orders.

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Pārasnis MS. Letters from Shivājī, Murād Bakhsh, etc. Marāthi translation published by Rājwāde; an English translation (in MS.) in Pārasnīs Collection, Sātārā.

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*Secondary Persian Sources*

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Basātīn-us-salātīn, a history of Bījāpur. By Mirzā Ibrāhīm Zubairī. 1824. Very valuable and accurate in spite of being a later compilation. Lithographed at Hyderābād.

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Qutb-numā-ī-'Ālam (Golkonda history). By Sayyid Muhammad Mīr Abū Turāb. 1806.

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Maāsir-ul-Umarā, a biographical dictionary of the peerage of the Mūghul empire, 1742–79. Edited by 'Abdur-Rahīm and Ashraf 'Alī and printed in *Bibliotheca Indica*, 1887–95. Translation by H. Beveridge in progress from 1912. Contains much valuable information from correct tradition and certain works now lost.

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MARĀTHĪ

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Shiva-Chhatrapatichen Charitra. By Krishnājī Anant Sabhāsad, edited by K. N. Sane (3rd ed. 1912). Translated by Mankar (1884 and 1886) and by S. N. Sen (2nd ed. 1925).

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Jedheyānchi Shakāvali. Text in *Shiva-charitra-Pradīp*. Translation by Jadunāth Sarkār in *Shivājī Souvenir*, 1927.

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Il-Qalmī Bakhar. By Dattājī (the chronicler of Shivājī) and transcribed (with modifications) by Khandojī R. Malkare. Edited by Rājwāde and Pārasnīs. Rough translation by Frissel, as "the Raigarh Life" in *Forrest's Selections... Bombay... Maratha Series*. Expanded Persian version, *Tarikh-i-Shivājī* (I.O.L. 1957, also Rieu, i, 327), by Jadunāth Sarkār in *Modern Review*, 1907 and 1910. (For a critical bibliography of early Marāthā history, see Jadunāth Sarkār's *Shivājī*, 3rd ed.)

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HINDĪ

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Chhatra-prakāsh. By Lal Kavi. Text edited by W. Price, Calcutta, 1829; translated in Pogson's *History of the Boondelahs*, 1830.

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Assamese

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Buranji from Khunlun and Khunlai. English translation in MS. from the Ahom language, in Assam Government Secretariat. Kāmrūpar Buranji. Edited by S. K. Bhuyan, Assamese text. Purānī Asām Buranji. Gauhati. 1930.

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European Records and Works

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English Factories in India, see chap. VII. (1651–4) 1915, (1655–60) 1921, (1660–4) 1923, (1665–7) 1925, (1668–9) 1927, thereafter in MS. at the India Office, London. Diary and Consultation Books of Fort St George, 1681–5. Edited by A. T. Pringle. 5 vols. Madras, 1893–5. Early Annals of the English in Bengal. By C. R. Wilson. 3 vols. Calcutta, 1895–1917. The Diary of W. Hedges. Edited by Colonel H. Yule. 2 vols. Hakluyt Society. 1887–9. The Diaries of Streynsham Master, 1675–80. Edited by R. C. Temple. 2 vols. Indian Records Series. 1911. Storia do Mogor. By N. Manucci. Translated and edited with valuable notes by W. Irvine. 4 vols. 1907–8. The Dutch records are in *Hague Transcripts* (in the India Office Library) and the *Dagh Register*, which covers the period 1624–93 and is still being published at the Hague. The Portuguese records are in Biker's *Collecção de Tratados*, 14 vols. Lisbon, 1881–7, and the writings of Panduranga S. Pissurlencar (Nova Goa).

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2. MODERN SOURCES

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Bernier, F. Travels. Edited by Constable. 2 vols. ed. 1914. Bhattāchārya, S. N. History of the Mughal N.E. Frontier Policy. A minutely detailed study. Calcutta, 1928. Biddulph, C. E. Afghan Poetry of the seventeenth century. 1890. Biddulph, Col. J. Pirates of Malabar. 1907. Careri, Gemelli, Travels of. In Churchill's *Voyages*, vol. IV. Gait, E. A. History of Assam. 2nd ed. Kaeppelin, P. La Compagnie Indes Orientales et François Martin. Paris, 1908. The best guide to the French records and history of the French in India in the seventeenth century. Sarkār, Jadunāth. History of Aurangzīb. Based on original sources. 5 vols. Vols. I and II (1st ed. 1912, 2nd ed. 1925), vol. III (1st ed. 1916, 3rd ed. 1928), vol. IV (1st ed. 1919, 2nd ed. 1930), vol. V (1925). —— Shivājī and His Times. 1st ed. 1919, 3rd ed. 1929. —— Mughal Administration. 2nd ed. 1924. —— Studies in Mughal India. 1919, being the 2nd ed. of *Historical Essays* published in 1913. —— Anecdotes of Aurangzīb. 2nd ed. 1925. —— India of Aurangzīb: Statistics, topography and roads. 1901. Wright, Arnold. Annesley of Surat. 1918.

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THE KINGDOMS OF THE DECCAN DURING THE REIGNS OF JAHĀNGĪR, SHĀH JAHĀN AND AURANGZĪB, AND THE RISE OF THE MARĀTHĀS

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1. ORIGINAL SOURCES

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Tārīkh-i-Firishta, see chaps. iv and v. For the reigns of Ibrāhīm 'Ādil Shāh II and the history of the Deccan generally, to the fall of Ahmadnagar.

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Tūzuk-i-Jahāngīrī, see chap. vii. For an account of Jahāngīr's dealings with the Deccan.

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Iqbāl-nāma-i-Jahāngīrī, see chap. vii.

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Pādshāh-nāma. By 'Abdul-Hamīd Lāhaurī, see chap. vii. For the affairs of the Deccan during the reign of Shāh Jahān.

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Muntakhab-ul-Lubāb, see chap. vi. For the affairs of the Deccan during the reigns of Jahāngīr, Shāh Jahān, and Aurangzīb and the history of the independent kingdoms of the Deccan.

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Basātīn-us-Salātīn. By Mīrzā Ibrāhīm. Hyderabad lithographed edition. A history of the 'Ādil Shāhī kings of Bījāpur.

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Tārīkh-i-Muhammad Qutb Shāhī. MS. in author's possession. A history of the Sultāns of Golconda to A.D. 1617.

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Hadīqat-us-Salātīn. A history of the reign of 'Abdullah Qutb Shāh of Golconda. MS. in India Office Library.

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Hadīqat-ul-'Ālam. By Mīr Abu-'l-Qāsim, Mīr 'Ālam. Hyderābād lithographed edition of A.H. 1309. A history of the Sultāns of Golconda.

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History of the Mahrattas. By James Grant Duff. Bombay reprint of 1878. The leading authority on the history of the Marāthās.

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The Portuguese in India. By F. C. Danvers. 1894. For the relations between the Portuguese and the native powers in the Deccan.

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Bernier's Travels, see chaps. viii and x. Deals with Aurangzīb's relations with the independent kingdoms of the Deccan and the Marāthās.

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Tavernier's Travels. Edited, by V. Ball. 1889. Ditto.

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Storia do Mogor, see chaps. viii and x. Treats in considerable detail of Aurangzīb's relations and dealings with the independent kingdoms of the Deccan and the Marāthās. A most valuable work.

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Relations of Golconda in the early seventeenth century. Edited by W. H. Moreland. Hakluyt Society. 1930. Contains valuable descriptions of the country in the early seventeenth century.

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2. MODERN WORKS

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Haig, Major T. W. Historic Landmarks of the Deccan. Allahabad, 1907. Treats of episodes in the history of the Deccan. Drawn exclusively from original sources.

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Sayyid Nūh-ullah Qādirī, Tārīkh-i-'Alī 'Ādil Shāhī. An exceedingly turgid and bombastic history of the reign of 'Alī 'Ādil Shāh II. Of slight value. MS. in author's possession.

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PERSIAN

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Bahādur Shāh-nāma. By Dānishmand Khān (Ni‘mat Khān ‘Alī). Covering 1707–9. I.O.L.¹ MS. Ethé 385. Muntakhab-ul-Lubāb, see chap. vi. Nuskha-i-Dilkushā, see chap. viii. Maāsir-ul Umarā, see chap. viii. Tazkira or Tārīkh. By Irādat Khān (Mīrzā Mubārak-ullah). Covering 1707–13. I.O.L. MS. Ethé 389. English translation by Jonathan Scott as *Memoirs of Eradut Khan* in vol. ii of his translation of Firishta, 1794. A‘zam-ul-harb. By Kām Rāj. 1707 only. Br. Mus. Or. 1899. ‘Ibrat-nāma. By Kām Rāj. 1707–19. I.O.L. MS. Ethé 391. ‘Ibrat-nāma. By Muhammad Harīsī, Mīrzā. Ends 1721. I.O.L. MS. 50. ‘Ibrat-nāma. By Muhammad Qāsim Lāhaurī. *c.* 1721. I.O.L. MS. 194, Lahore Public Library. Tārīkh-i-Farrukh-siyar. By Muhammad Ihsān Ījād. Br. Mus. Or. 25. Mirāt-i-Wāridāt. By Muhammad Shafī‘ Wārid. Ends 1734. Br. Mus. 6579, O.P.L.² MS. Tazkirat-us-salātīn-i-Chaghtaia. By Muhammad Hādī Kāmwār Khān. Ends 1724. MS. O.P.L., I.O.L., Br. Mus. Tārīkh-i-Hind. By Rustam ‘Alī. Ends 1736. Br. Mus. Or. 1628. Tazkirat-ul-mulūk. By Yahya Khān. 1712–36. Very brief for the later Moghul emperors. I.O.L. MS. 1149. Dastūr-ul-inshā (*c.* 1757). By Yār Muhammad. Printed Calcutta, A.H. 1253. Jang-nāma of Farrukh-siyar and Jahāndār Shāh. By Ni‘mat Khān ‘Alī. Translated by W. Irvine, *J.A.S.B.* 1900. Nādir-uz-Zamānī. By Khush-hāl Chand. Vol. I (1679–1719) (mostly a compilation). Lahore Public Library. Ahwāl-ul-Khawāqīn. By Muhammad Qāsim. Br. Mus. Add. 26,244. Vol. I (1707–19), vol. II (1719–38). Muntakhab-ut-Tavārīkh. By Jagjīvan Dās. Written in 1708; gives useful statistics of all the *sūbas* in 1707. Br. Mus. Add. 26,253. Chahār Gulshan. By Chatarman, Rāj. Gives useful statistics. Partly translated in Jadunāth Sarkār’s *India of Aurangzīb* (1901). I.O.L. and O.P.L. MSS. Jaipur State Records. A very large mass of Persian *farmāns*, *hasb-ul-hukms*, *parwānas*, news-letters, *vakīls’* reports and business papers of the period 1707–*c.* 1723. The imperial letters have been preserved with their seals and silk bags (*Kharītas*) intact (except for a slit), and the ordinary letters with their (open) paper envelopes and belts. A unique collection.

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¹ India Office Library.

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² Oriental Public Library (Patna).

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URDŪ

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Shamsher-i-Khālsa. By Gyān Singh and Rajindar Singh. Lithographed, 1891.

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DUTCH

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Diary of E. Conraad Graaf for embassy of 1712–13. State Record Office at the Hague. Translated by Mrs Kuenen-Wicksteed and J. Ph. Vogel, *Journal, Panjab Historical Society*, x, 1.

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2. MODERN WORKS

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Cunningham, J. D. History of the Sikhs. 1840 and 1918. Downing, Clement. History of the Indian Wars. Edited by W. Foster. 1924.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Duff, J. G. History of the Mahrattas, see chap. ix. Irvine, W. Later Mughals. Edited and continued by Jadunāth Sarkār. Vol. I (1707–19), vol. II (1719–39). Calcutta, 1921–2. All the Persian sources have been exhausted in it, and chap. xi is mostly an abridgement of it, with a few additions. Macauliffe, M. A. The Sikh Religion. 6 vols. 1909. Wilson, C. R. Early Annals of the English in Bengal, see chap. viii. A French account of the Jāts, written about 1774, most probably by Father F. Xavier Wendel, in Orme MSS., I.O.L. (vol. ccxvi, no 2, copy in vol. xv, no. 11).

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MUHAMMAD SHĀH

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The authorities quoted for chap. xi cover this chapter also, except those which are shown to cease at earlier dates. For authorities on the Marāthās see chap. xiv. The following additions may be made.

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1. ORIGINAL SOURCES

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Tārīkh-i-Shahādat-i-Farrukh-siyar wa Julūs-i-Muhammad Shāh. By Muhammad Bakhsh, Āshob. Extract in Elliot and Dowson, viii, 232. Tārīkh-i-Faiz Bakhsh. By Shiva Prasād. For contents see Elliot and Dowson, viii, 175. Shāhnāma or Munavvar-ul-Kalām. By Shiva Dās of Lucknow. Bayān-i-Waqāiʻ. By Abdul Karīm, Kashmīrī. Extracts translated in Elliot and Dowson, viii, 124. Tarikh-i-Jahānkushā-i-Nādirī. By Mīrzā Mahdī. Lithographed at Bombay. Nādir Shāh aur Muhammad Shāh. Hindī poem by Tilok Dās. Edited and translated by W. Irvine. *Journal, Asiatic Society Bengal*, 1897, p. 24. Historical relation of the Rohilla Afgans. By W. Hamilton. 1787. Practically a translation of *Tārīkh-i-Faiz Bakhsh, supra*. Revolutions of Persia. By J. Hanway. 1762. History of Nādir Shāh. By J. Fraser. 1741. Goolistan-i-Rehmut or Life of Hāfiz Rahmat Khān. Translated by C. Elliott. 1831.

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2. MODERN WORKS

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Irvine, W. The Bangash Nawabs of Farrukhābād. *Journal, Asiatic Society Bengal*, 1878–9. Muhammad Abdus-Salām Khān. Sarguzasht-i-Nawāb Najib-ud-daula. Lithographed, Aligarh and Rampur, 1924. Srīvāstava, A. L. The first two Nawabs of Oudh. Lucknow, 1933. Contains a full critical bibliography.