The Cambridge History of India, Vol. IV: The Mughul Period v4.c27.2

Language: English

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Acheik, 509 Acquaviva, 121, 130 Acworth, H. A., 427 n. 1 Ādam (Gakkhar), 61, 67, 86 Aden, Gulf of, 309 Adham Khān, 75, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83; his tomb, 526, 532 *Ādi Granth*, 245, 426 ‘Ādilābād, 383 ‘Ādil Khān, term used by Mughuls for kings of Bījāpur, 266 ‘Ādil Khān, appointed to Bayāna, rebels but is defeated, 58; 59 ‘Ādil Shāh, *passim*, the ruler of Bījāpur at the time; architecture, 570–4 ‘Ādil Shāh Sūr, succeeds, 64; suspects his nobles, 65; crushes rebellion at Ujjain, defeats Ibrāhīm Shāh, 66; killed in battle with king of Bengal, 70, 73 Ādīna Beg Khān, misleads Shāh Nawāz Khān, 372; becomes governor of Punjab, but expelled, 438; conspires with Sikhs, yields to Marāthās and dies, 445 Ādīnāpur, 5 ‘Adlī, 65 Admiral, of Marāthā fleet, 393; = *Sarkhel*, 394; of Mughuls, 404 Adoni, 285, 290 Aduminnyo, 477 *Adventure*, the, 310 Afghānistān taken by Ahmad Shāh Abdālī, 371 Afghāns, on N. W. frontier, 237–40; quarrels in Bījāpur, 276; subdued in Bengal, 311; in Mālwā, 313; resist Sikhs, 322; support Sunnīs, 324; unimportant in first half of eighteenth century, 332; invade Persia, 349; expelled by Nādir Shāh, 357; attempt to stop him at Jamrūd, 358; Rohilla branch of settle in India, 370; rebels in Bihār, 441, 442; Delhi dynasty’s style of architecture, 525 Afonso, 191, 192 Afrīdīs, 136, 238 Afshār Turks, 357 Afzal Khān, 257; killed by Shivājī, 272; celebrated in ballads, 427 Āgra, occupied by Humāyūn, 13; raided by Tātār Khān, 23; adorned by Sher Shāh, 52; restored by Akbar, 89;

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Shāh Jahān proclaimed at, 183; renamed Akbarābād, 205; Christian prisoners at, 217; rebuilt by Shāh Jahān, 220; Shivājī’s visit to, 258; threatened by Jāts, 305; besieged by ‘Azīm-ush-Shān capitulates to Bahādur Shāh, 319; Nīkūsīyar proclaimed emperor at, 340; its early brick citadel, 523; Bābur’s mosque at, 524; Humāyūn’s mosque at, 525; fort described, 535–7; Shāh Jahān’s buildings at, 554 Agrarian system of Mughuls, 451 *Ahadīs*, 316, 331 and n. 1 Āhang Khān, 145 Ahmad I of Turkey, 158 Ahmad, son of Abū Sa‘īd Khān, 3 Ahmad, son of Yūnus Khān, 4 Ahmadābād, occupied by Humāyūn, 25; abandoned by ‘Askarī, 26; entered by Akbar, 104; disliked by Jahāngīr, 166; Dārā Shukoh at, 226; Shujā‘at Khān killed near, 351; captured by Gāikwār, 411 Ahmad Bārha, Sayyid, 106 Ahmad Beg, 85, 86 Ahmadī, 15 Ahmad Khān Bangash, succeeds Qāim Jang, defeats Naval Rāi and Safdar Jang, 430; plunders Allahābād, 430; attacked by Marāthās, 431; submits to Ghāzī-ud-dīn, becomes Amīr-ul-Umarā, 439; joins Ahmad Shāh Abdālī, 446 Ahmad Khān Farankhudī, 82 Ahmad Khān (Sūr), 45; assumes royal title as Sikandar Shāh (*q.v.*), 66 Ahmadnagar (city), stormed by Mughuls, 147; surrendered to Malik ‘Ambar, 159; recovered by Shāh Jahān, 165; besieged by Malik ‘Ambar, 173, 263; Mughul garrison at, 176; coins struck at, 189 n. 2; attacked by Marāthās, 282; Aurangzīb dies at, 299; taken by Sadāshiv Rāo, 390, 412, 413 Ahmadnagar (state), annexes Berār, 118; rebellion in, 137; Akbar’s abortive invasion of, 141;

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cedes Berār to Akbar, 143; invaded by Akbar, 144, 145; dissensions in, 145; capital of stormed, 147; peace with remnant of made by Abu-’l-Fazl, 148; area of restored by Bījāpur, 165; pays tribute to Mughuls, 169; receives Khān Jahān, alienates Marāthās, 186; invaded by Mughuls, 187; invades Bījāpur, but combines against Mughuls, 188; threatened by Shāh Jahān, 189; loses Daulatābād, 193; becomes Mughul, 196; puppet ruler of set up by Shāhjī, 194, 198 Ahmad Shāh (emperor), as prince appointed to Mālwā, 368; commands army against Ahmad Shāh Abdālī, 372; becomes emperor, 373; summons Nāsir Jang to oppose Safdar Jang, 386, 433; allows Safdar Jang to invite Marāthās to Dūāb, 415, 434; blinded, 415, 437; murdered, 416; his character, 428; proceeds against Jāts, 436; his deposition, 436 Ahmad Shāh, Abdālī, establishes power in Herāt and Afghānistān, 371; advances through Punjab, 372; defeated near Sirhind and withdraws, 373, 429; his third invasion, 415, 433; plunders Delhi and Muttra, 416, 438, 439; returns against Marāthās, 416; at Anūpshahr, 418; crosses Jumna, 419, 445; at Pānīpat, 421, 422–4, 448; his final departure from India, 426, 439, 448; levies tribute from Ahmad Shāh, Abdālī (*continued*) Jammū, 445; defeats Holkar in Dūāb, 446; nominates 'Ālī Gauhar as emperor Shāh 'Ālam II, 448 Āhoms, fight Koch, 200; resist Mughuls, 233–6 Ahsan Khān, 321 *Āīn-i-Akbarī*, 465; describes Akbar's fort at Āgra, 537; on Fathpur Sīkrī, 539 Aitchison's treaties, 406 n.

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2 Ajīt Singh, Rājā (of Mārwār or Jodhpur), his infancy, 247; escapes from Delhi, 248; becomes chief, 303; pardoned by Aurangzīb, 304; revolts against Bahādur Shāh and reconciled, 321–2; submits to Husain 'Alī, 333; friendly to Sayyid brothers, 337, 338; viceroy of Gujarāt and Ajmer, 341; rebels, 346; but submits, 347; Ajmer transferred from, 349 Ajīt Singh, Sikh, 335 Ajmer, 54; Akbar's first visit to, 81; his pilgrimage to, after Jahāngīr's birth, and improvements at, 102; province of restored to order, 333; governed by Ajīt Singh, 347 Ajodhya, 27, 524 n. 1 Ajudhan, 53, 102 Akbar, 9; birth, 39; abandoned to his uncles, 40; exposed to fire at Kābul, 41; with army against Sikandar Shāh, 67; declared victor, appointed to govern Punjab, 68; succeeds Humāyūn, 69; his youthful character, and enemies, 70; opposed by Hīmū, 71; defeats him at Pānīpat, 72; recovers Delhi, marries a cousin, 73; factions at his court and foster-relatives, 74; education at Āgra, 75; inability to read and write, 76; his breach with Bairam Khān, 77; marries Salīma Begam, 78; kills tigress with sword, his mastery of elephants, 80; his first pilgrimage to Ajmer and marriage to Bihārī Mal's daughter, 81; early religious toleration, 82; personal bravery near Sakīt, and at murder of Atga Khān, 83; stands forth as ruler, 84; settles Gakkhar disputes, abolishes pilgrim-tax, intrigues with women, 86; escapes assassination, abolishes *jizya*, becomes free from family influence, 87;

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settles affairs in Mālwā, builds fort etc. at Āgra, 89; his troubles with Uzbegs, 91, 92; defeats *but pardons* Uzbegs, 93; proceeds against Muhammad Hakīm, 94; his delight in sport and contests, 95, 103; crushes Uzbegs, 96; marches against Rānā, 97; storms Chitor, 98; orders massacre, 99; disperses "foster-father cohort", 100; gains Ranthambhor, 101; his family, marriage to princess of Bīkāner, 102; deals with Kāngra, 103; annexes Gujarāt, 104; scatters the Mīrzās, 105; settles Gujarāt, 106; religious misgivings, 107; his rapid march to Gujarāt, 108; his reforms of army, land revenue and administration, 109, 375; receives Abu-'l-Fazl and Badāūnī, 111; builds "Hall of Worship", 113; attacks Mewār, 115; meditates pilgrimage to Mecca, 117; and conquest of Deccan, 118; his religious ecstasy and ban on hunting, 119; his mysticism, charity, and loss of faith in Islām, 120; invites Jesuit mission, and recites *khutba*, 121; his Infallibility Decree, 122; persecutes Islām, 123; interferes in Kashmir polity, his interest in Christianity, 124; rebellions due to vagaries, 125; marches against Muhammad Hakīm, 127; orders attack on Portuguese, 128; starts "Divine Faith", 129–31; his quest of "Divine Language", 132; administrative reforms, 133; introduces "Divine Era", schemes for conquest of Deccan, Transoxiana, and Kashmīr, 134; receives Englishmen, 135; annexes Kashmīr, 136; and Sind, 137; visits Kashmīr, 138; dallies with Christianity, sends envoys to Deccan courts, 139;

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designs on Deccan, obtains Qandahār, 141; makes final plans against Deccan, 142, 144; arrives at Burhānpur, 146; settles Deccan, 148; his troubles with Salīm, 149; reconciled to Salīm, 150; illness, 152; death and character, 153–5; his tomb, 179, 549–51; his tomb desecrated by Jāts, 305; his land revenue system, 458–63 Akbar (son of Aurangzīb), sent against Mārwār, 248; and Mewār, 249; sets up as emperor, 250; deserted by Rājputs and flees, 251–2; received by Shambhūjī, 280–1; fails and escapes to Persia, 282–4; an alleged son of, 338; his son Nīkū-siyar, 340 Akbar II, 448 Akbar, a bogus prince at Patna, 306 Akbarābād, name given by Shāh Jahān to Āgra (*q.v.*), 90, 205 Ākkanna, 274 n. 1, 286, 287 Āklūj, 256 Āk Mahall, 116 Akmal Khān, 238, 240 'Alā'ī, religious teacher, 61; defies authority, 62; flogged to death, 63 *alakh niranjan*, 244 'Ālamgīr, imperial title of Aurangzīb, 215; as *zinda pīr*, 244, 318 'Ālamgīr II, succeeds as emperor, 415, 437; complains of Ghāzī-ud-dīn's treatment, 439; favours Najīb-ud-Daula and murdered, 444 'Ālamgīrnagar, 479 'Ālam Khān, 113 'Ālam Khān (Lodī), 9, 10, 11, 12 'Ālam Khān (of Kālpī), 15 'Alā-ud-Daula, title of Sarfarāz Khān (*q.v.*), 364 'Alā-ud-dīn Khaljī, 98, 130, 375 ‘Alā-ud-dīn (Lodī), 9, 22, 23 ‘Alā-ud-dīn (Sayyid), 9 Alaungpaya, king of Burma, 486; birth and expulsion of Talaings, 504-5; his relations with English, 505; expels French from Syriam, 506; attacks Talaings, 507; finally crushes them, 508, 518; devastates Manipur, 509;

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orders massacre of English at Negrais, invades Siam, 510; fails to take Ayuthia and dies, 511; his grave, 512; his wishes for succession, 522 Alaungpaya Ayedawpon, 514 n. 1 Alaungsithu, 489 ‘Alī ‘Ādil Shāh I (of Bījāpur), tomb of, 573 ‘Alī ‘Ādil Shāh II (of Bījāpur), 209, 253, 254, 255; his death, 259, 274; 270; his rights denied by Aurangzīb, 271; attacks Shivājī, 272; agrees to give him chauth, later commuted to fixed payment, 273 ‘Alī Āsaf Khān (of Bārha), 115 ‘Alī Beg, Mīrzā, 143 ‘Alī Gauhar (Mīrzā ‘Abdullah), son of ‘Ālamgīr II, 437; opposes Ghāzī-ud-dīn, 439; escapes to Najīb-ud-Daula and to Oudh, 440; his aims on Bihār, 443-4; nominated as emperor, Shāh ‘Ālam II, 448 ‘Alī Khān, king of Arakan, 477 ‘Alī Khān, Rājā (of Khāndesh), does homage to Akbar, 106; succeeds and submits to Akbar, 117; his sympathy with Ahmadnagar, 118; aids Burhān-ud-dīn, 138; receives Faizī, 139; killed in battle, 143; his Jāmi‘ Masjid at Burhānpur, 575 ‘Ālim ‘Alī Khān, nephew and deputy of Husain ‘Alī, 341; defeated and killed, 343, 344, 378, 399 ‘Alī Mardān Khān (Persian), surrenders Qandahār, becomes governor of Kashmīr, 199; constructs canals, 201; his daughter Sāhibjī, 240; his tomb, 561 ‘Alī Mardān Khān (Mīr Husainī), 292, 314 ‘Alī Masjid, 238, 239 ‘Alī Mohan, 381 ‘Alī Muhammad Khān (of Rohilkhand), his early history, 369; obtains title of Nawāb and aims at independence, but imprisoned, 370;

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regains authority but dies, 429 ‘Alī Murād, Khān Jahān, Amīr-ul-Umarā, 326 ‘Alī Naqī, 211, 228 ‘Alī Qulī (Persian), *see* Sher Afgan, 160 ‘Alī Qulī Khān Shaibānī, 68, 71, 72; becomes Khān Zamān (*q.v.*), 73 ‘Alī Shāh (of Kashmīr), 120, 124 ‘Alī Vardī Khān, governor of Bihār, intrigues to become viceroy of Bengal, 364; defeats Sarfarāz Khān, 365; occupies Orissa, 366-7; expels Bhāskar Pant, 368; kills Bhāskar Pant, but forced to give Orissa to Marāthās, 408, 441; suppresses Afghān rebels in Bihār, 442; cedes Orissa and dies, 443