The Cambridge History of India, Vol. IV: The Mughul Period v4.c4: Table of Contents

The Cambridge History of India, Vol. IV: The Mughul Period v4.c4

Language: English

| | PAGES |
| Bābur . . . . . . . . . . | 1–20 |
| Humāyūn, 1530–1540 . . . . . . . . | 21–44 |
| Sher Shāh, the Sūr dynasty, Humāyūn, 1555–1556 . . . . | 45–69 |
| Akbar, 1556–1573 . . . . . . . . | 70–107 |
| Akbar, Mystic and Prophet, 1573–1605 . . . . . . | 108–155 |
| Jahāngīr . . . . . . . . . . | 156–182 |
| Shāh Jahān . . . . . . . . . . | 183–221 |
| Aurangzīb, 1658–1681 . . . . . . . . | 222–259 |
| Independent kingdoms of the Deccan and rise of the Marāthās . . | 260–280 |
| Aurangzīb, 1681–1707 . . . . . . . . | 281–318 |
| Bahādur Shāh I, Jahāndār Shāh, Farrukh-siyar, Rafī‘-ud-Darajāt and Rafī‘-ud-Daula . . . . . . . . | 319–340 |
| Muhammad Shāh . . . . . . . . | 341–376 |
| The Hyderābād State, 1724–*c.* 1761 . . . . . . | 377–391 |
| Growth of the Marāthā power to 1761 . . . . . | 392–427 |
| Ahmad Shāh, ‘Ālamgīr II to 1761 . . . . . . | 428–448 |
| The Revenue System of the Mughuls . . . . . . | 449–475 |
| The History of Burma . . . . . . . . | 476–522 |
| Monuments of the Mughul period . . . . . . | 523–576 |
| Bibliographies . . . . . . . . . | 577–598 |
| Chronology, India . . . . . . . . | 599–610 |
| Chronology, Burma . . . . . . . . | 611–612 |
| Dynasties and Genealogical Tables . . . . . . | 613–623 |
| Index . . . . . . . . . . | 625–670 |

v4.c4.3

CHAPTER I

v4.c4.4

BĀBUR

v4.c4.5

By Sir E. Denison Ross, C.I.E., Ph.D., D.Litt., Director of the School of Oriental Studies, London.

v4.c4.6

| | PAGE |
| The situation in Persia and Turkestān . . . . . . . | 1 |
| Wars and intrigues in Bābur's youth . . . . . . . | 2 |
| Bābur's birth and parentage . . . . . . . . | 3 |
| Early vicissitudes . . . . . . . . . | 4 |
| Bābur establishes himself in Kābul . . . . . . . | 5 |
| His first raid into India . . . . . . . . | 5 |
| Bābur assumes title of emperor . . . . . . . | 6 |
| Bābur and Shāh Isma‘īl . . . . . . . . | 7 |
| Hopes of rule in Samarqand abandoned . . . . . . | 8 |
| Buhlūl Lodī . . . . . . . . . | 9 |
| The four invasions of India . . . . . . . . | 10 |
| ‘Ālam Khān and Daulat Khān . . . . . . . | 11 |
| Bābur subdues the Punjab . . . . . . . . | 12 |
| The battle of Pānīpat . . . . . . . . | 13 |
| Bābur's description of India . . . . . . . . | 14 |
| Bābur settles in Hindūstān . . . . . . . . | 15 |
| War against the Rājputs . . . . . . . . | 16 |

v4.c4.7

The battle of Khānua . . . . . . . . . 17 Bābur's illness and death . . . . . . . . 18 His character . . . . . . . . . . 19 *Memoirs* and poems . . . . . . . . . 20

v4.c4.8

CHAPTER II

v4.c4.9

HUMĀYŪN

v4.c4.10

By Sir Richard Burn, C.S.I., F.R.A.S.B., M.A.

v4.c4.11

Humāyūn divides the empire . . . . . . . . 21 The difficulties before him . . . . . . . . 22 Humāyūn invades Gujarāt . . . . . . . . 23 Capture of Māndū and Chāmpāner . . . . . . . 24 Humāyūn fails to hold Gujarāt . . . . . . . 25 Return to Māndū . . . . . . . . . 26 Gujarāt lost, and revolt in eastern provinces . . . . . 27 Expedition against Sher Khān . . . . . . . . 28 Chunār taken and Bihār and Bengal invaded . . . . . 29 Gaur occupied and then abandoned . . . . . . . 30 Humāyūn's retreat from Bengal . . . . . . . 31 Hindāl and Kāmrān fail to help him . . . . . . 32 Sher Khān routs Mughal army at Chausa . . . . . . 33 Humāyūn again defeated by Sher Khān near Kanauj . . . . 34 Humāyūn flees to the Punjab . . . . . . . . 35 Schemes for a place of refuge . . . . . . . 36 Failure to occupy Sind . . . . . . . . . 37 Marriage to Hamīda Begam . . . . . . . . 38 Hopes of aid in Rājputāna . . . . . . . . 39 Humāyūn takes refuge in Persia . . . . . . . 40 Capture of Qandahār and Kābul . . . . . . . 41 Kāmrān in revolt . . . . . . . . . 42 Character of Humāyūn . . . . . . . . . 43

v4.c4.12

CHAPTER III

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SHER SHĀH AND THE SŪR DYNASTY. THE RETURN OF HUMĀYŪN

v4.c4.14

By Lt.-Colonel Sir Wolseley Haig, K.C.I.E., C.S.I., C.M.G., C.B.E., M.A.

v4.c4.15

The Sūr Afghāns . . . . . . . . . 45 Early life of Farīd (Sher) Khān . . . . . . . 46 Sher Khān enters Bābur's service . . . . . . . 47 Dissensions among the Afghāns . . . . . . . 48 Humāyūn defeats Mahmūd Lodī . . . . . . . 49 Sher Khān's son takes Bengal . . . . . . . . 50 Humāyūn defeated at Chausa and Kanauj . . . . . . 51 Sher Khān's administration of Bengal . . . . . . 52 Pūran Mal of Rāisen . . . . . . . . . 53 Operations against the Rājputs . . . . . . . 54 Death of Sher Shāh and character . . . . . . . 55 His methods of administration . . . . . . . . 56

v4.c4.16

Construction of roads and buildings . . . . . . . 57 Succession of Islām Shāh . . . . . . . 58 Rebellion of the Niyāzīs . . . . . . . 59 Persecution of the nobles . . . . . . . 60 Death of Islām Shāh. Messianic propaganda . . . . . 61 Activities of Shāh 'Alā'ī . . . . . . . 62 Character of Islām Shāh . . . . . . . 63 Succession of Muhammad 'Ādil Shāh . . . . . . 64 Influence of Hīmū . . . . . . . 65 Ibrāhīm Shāh assumes independence . . . . . . 65 Ahmad Khān claims sovereignty as Sikandar Shāh . . . . 66 Humāyūn invades India . . . . . . . 67 Defeat of Sikandar Shāh . . . . . . . 68 Death of Humāyūn, and succession of Akbar . . . . . 69

v4.c4.17

CHAPTER IV

v4.c4.18

AKBAR, 1556–1573

v4.c4.19

By Lt.-Colonel Sir Wolseley Haig.

v4.c4.20

Problems before the new emperor . . . . . . . 70 Hīmū takes Delhi . . . . . . . 71 Battle of Pānīpat . . . . . . . 72 Sikandar Shāh surrenders . . . . . . . 73 Factions at the court . . . . . . . 74 The "foster-father cohort" . . . . . . . 75 Akbar's education . . . . . . . 76 Bairam Khān dismissed . . . . . . . 77 Rebellion and death of Bairam Khān . . . . . . 78 Invasion of Mālwā . . . . . . . 79 Akbar's feats of daring . . . . . . . 80 Rebellion in eastern provinces . . . . . . . 81 Akbar marries princess of Amber . . . . . . . 81 Merta captured. Rebellion in Mālwā . . . . . . 82 Murder of Atga Khān . . . . . . . 83 Akbar shakes off evil influences . . . . . . . 84 Confusion at Kābul . . . . . . . 85 Expedition against Gakkhars . . . . . . . 86 Muzaffar 'Alī appointed *Dīwān* . . . . . . . 87 Reduction of Garha-Katanga . . . . . . . 88 Mālwā rebellion quelled . . . . . . . 89 Āgra fort begun . . . . . . . 89 Afghān invasion of Bihār defeated . . . . . . 90 Attempts to reform administration . . . . . . . 90 Uzbegs in India rebel . . . . . . . 91 Operations against the Uzbegs . . . . . . . 92 Uzbegs defeated and pardoned . . . . . . . 93 Muhammad Hakīm invades Punjab but retires . . . . . 94 Rebellion of the Mīrzās . . . . . . . 94 Akbar's sport near Lahore . . . . . . . 95 Final suppression of the Uzbegs . . . . . . . 96 Expedition against the Rānā of Chitor . . . . . . 97 Fortress of Chitor taken . . . . . . . 98 Massacre at Chitor . . . . . . . 99 Dispersal of the "foster-father cohort" . . . . . . 100 Capture of Ranthambhor and Kālinjar . . . . . . 101

v4.c4.21

| | PAGE |
| Birth of Akbar’s children . . . . . . . . . | 102 |
| Invasion of Gujarāt . . . . . . . . . . | 103 |
| Gujarāt subdued . . . . . . . . . . | 104 |
| Operations against the Mīrzās . . . . . . . . | 105 |
| The Mīrzās dispersed . . . . . . . . . | 106 |
| Akbar’s religious misgivings . . . . . . . . | 107 |

v4.c4.22

CHAPTER V

v4.c4.23

AKBAR, MYSTIC AND PROPHET

v4.c4.24

By Lt.-Colonel Sir Wolseley Haig.

v4.c4.25

| Akbar suppresses revolt in Gujarāt . . . . . . . | 108 |
| Todar Mal revises land revenue settlement in Gujarāt . . . | 109 |
| Imperial administrative reforms . . . . . . . | 109 |
| Discontent caused by reforms . . . . . . . | 110 |
| Abu-’l-Fazl and Badāūnī arrive at court . . . . . . | 111 |
| Invasion of Bengal . . . . . . . . . | 112 |
| Bengal occupied . . . . . . . . . . | 113 |
| The “Hall of Worship” . . . . . . . . | 113 |
| Religious dissensions . . . . . . . . . | 114 |
| Fresh campaign against the Rānā . . . . . . . | 115 |
| Bengal finally subdued . . . . . . . . | 116 |
| Submission of minor Rājput chiefs and of Khāndesh . . . | 117 |
| Rebellion in Gujarāt . . . . . . . . . | 118 |
| Akbar’s religious meditations . . . . . . . . | 119 |
| Muslim sectarian disputes . . . . . . . . | 120 |
| Akbar assumes spiritual authority . . . . . . . | 121 |
| The Infallibility Decree . . . . . . . . . | 122 |
| Discontent of orthodox divines . . . . . . . | 123 |
| The first Jesuit mission . . . . . . . . . | 124 |
| The Jesuits unable to convert Akbar . . . . . . . | 125 |
| Widespread rebellion . . . . . . . . . | 125 |
| Rebels declare for Muhammad Hakīm . . . . . . | 126 |
| Akbar marches against Muhammad Hakīm . . . . . | 127 |
| Muhammad Hakīm submits . . . . . . . . | 128 |
| Akbar’s hostility to the Portuguese . . . . . . | 128 |
| The “Divine Faith” . . . . . . . . . | 129 |
| Examination of various creeds . . . . . . . | 130 |
| Exclusion of Islām . . . . . . . . . | 131 |
| Disturbances in Bengal and Gujarāt . . . . . . | 132 |
| Administrative reforms . . . . . . . . | 133 |
| “Divine Era” introduced . . . . . . . . | 134 |
| Expeditions into Kashmīr and tribal areas . . . . . | 135 |
| Kashmīr annexed. Frontier operations . . . . . . | 136 |
| Berār invaded. Sind annexed . . . . . . . | 137 |
| Akbar visits Kashmīr . . . . . . . . . | 138 |
| Death of Rājā Todar Mal . . . . . . . . | 138 |
| Reduction of disorder in Bengal . . . . . . . | 139 |
| Second Christian mission . . . . . . . . | 139 |
| Rebellion in Kashmīr . . . . . . . . . | 140 |
| Qandahār surrendered to Mughuls . . . . . . | 141 |
| Third Christian mission . . . . . . . . | 141 |
| Famine from 1595 to 1599 . . . . . . . . | 142 |
| Successes in the Deccan . . . . . . . . | 143 |
| Akbar sets out for the Deccan . . . . . . . | 144 |

v4.c4.26

Death of Sultān Murād . . . . . . . . 144 Negotiations with Ahmadnagar . . . . . . . 145 Akbar arrives in Deccan . . . . . . . . 146 Disobedience of Salīm . . . . . . . . 146 Ahmadnagar taken by storm . . . . . . . 147 Annexation of Khāndesh . . . . . . . . 148 Salīm rebellious . . . . . . . . . 149 Murder of Abu-'l-Fazl . . . . . . . . 149 Reconciliation between Salīm and Akbar . . . . . . 150 Misconduct of Salīm . . . . . . . . 151 John Mildenhall at Akbar's court . . . . . . 151 Akbar's last illness . . . . . . . . . 152 Death of Akbar . . . . . . . . . 153 Character of Akbar . . . . . . . . . 154 His personal appearance . . . . . . . . 155

v4.c4.27

CHAPTER VI

v4.c4.28

JAHĀNGĪR

v4.c4.29

By Sir Richard Burn.

v4.c4.30

Jahāngīr's accession . . . . . . . . 156 Khusrav's revolt . . . . . . . . . 156 Revolts quelled . . . . . . . . . 157 Fresh plot in favour of Khusrav . . . . . . 158 Expedition against Mewār . . . . . . . 158 Disasters in the Deccan . . . . . . . . 159 Failure of renewed Mughul attack on Ahmadnagar . . . . 160 Rebellion in Bengal . . . . . . . . . 160 Khurram's success in Mewār . . . . . . . 161 The English and the Mughuls . . . . . . . 162 Nūr Jahān's influence . . . . . . . . 163 Prince Khusrav . . . . . . . . . 164 Khurram's negotiations in the Deccan . . . . . . 165 Roe's agreement with Shāh Jahān . . . . . . 166 Jahāngīr in Gujarāt . . . . . . . . . 166 Visit to Kashmīr . . . . . . . . . 167 Capture of Kāngra . . . . . . . . . 168 Shāh Jahān deputed to the Deccan . . . . . . 168 Treaties with kingdoms in the Deccan . . . . . . 169 Death of Khusrav . . . . . . . . . 169 Loss of Qandahār . . . . . . . . . 170 Shāh Jahān rebels . . . . . . . . . 171 His success in Bengal and Bihār . . . . . . 172 Defeat and flight to Deccan . . . . . . . 173 Jahāngīr's health fails . . . . . . . . 174 Mahābat Khān's *coup d'état* . . . . . . . 175 Death of Malik 'Ambar . . . . . . . . 176 Jahāngīr's last illness . . . . . . . . 177 His character . . . . . . . . . 178 Artistic taste . . . . . . . . . 179 Love of literature and dress . . . . . . . 180 Politics and administration . . . . . . . 181 Religious views . . . . . . . . . 182

v4.c4.31

CHAPTER VII

v4.c4.32

SHĀH JAHĀN

v4.c4.33

By Sir Richard Burn.

v4.c4.34

| | PAGE |
| Accession | 183 |
| Petty local disturbances | 184 |
| Rebellion of Khān Jahān | 185 |
| Famine in the Deccan | 186 |
| Khān Jahān defeated | 187 |
| Dissensions in Bījāpur | 188 |
| Death of Mumtāz Mahall | 189 |
| King of Ahmadnagar poisoned by Fath Khān | 189 |
| Āsaf Khān fails to take Bījāpur | 190 |
| Mughal attack on Hooghly | 191 |
| Attack on Ahmadnagar by Bījāpur | 192 |
| Storming of Daulatābād | 193 |
| Death of Mahābat Khān | 194 |
| Rebellion in Bundelkhand | 195 |
| Peace made with Bījāpur | 196 |
| Conditions of peace with Golconda | 197 |
| Shāhjī enters service of Bījāpur | 198 |
| Qandahār surrendered to Mughuls | 199 |
| Campaign in Assam | 200 |
| Annexation of Bāglān | 200 |
| War with Portuguese | 200 |
| Insurrection in Kāngra | 200 |
| Bundelkhand, Baghelkhand and Mālwa | 201 |
| Plans for invading Transoxiana | 202 |
| Capture of Badakhshān and Balkh | 203 |
| Balkh abandoned | 204 |
| Loss of Qandahār | 205 |
| Failure to recover Qandahār | 206 |
| Disputes with Golconda | 207 |
| Aurangzīb enforces terms on Golconda | 208 |
| Aurangzīb attacks Bījāpur | 209 |
| Shivājī hostile to Mughuls | 210 |
| Aurangzīb's complaints against Dārā | 210 |
| The struggle for succession | 211 |
| Shāh Shujāʿ defeated | 212 |
| Aurangzīb and Murād gain a victory | 212 |
| Battle of Sāmogarh | 213 |
| Dārā's flight and pursuit | 214 |
| Shāh Jahān imprisoned at Āgra | 214 |
| Aurangzīb becomes emperor | 215 |
| Character of Shāh Jahān | 216 |
| Shāh Jahān's religious intolerance | 217 |
| His administration | 218 |
| Foreign policy | 219 |
| Architecture and literature | 220 |
| Vernacular poems | 221 |

v4.c4.35

CHAPTER VIII

v4.c4.36

AURANGZĪB (1658–1681)

v4.c4.37

By Sir Jadunath Sarkar, C.I.E., D.Litt.

v4.c4.38

| | PAGE |
| Coronation of Aurangzīb | 222 |
| Pursuit of Dārā Shukoh | 223 |
| Battle against Shujā‘ at Korā | 224 |
| Struggle with Shujā‘ | 225 |
| Flight and death of Shujā‘ | 226 |
| End of Dārā Shukoh | 227 |
| Sulaimān and Murād Bakhsh executed | 228 |
| Aurangzīb’s second coronation | 228 |
| Foreign embassies to Aurangzīb | 229 |
| Religious ordinances | 230 |
| Social and administrative reforms | 231 |
| Heretics of Islām | 232 |
| Relations with Shāh Jahān | 232 |
| Shāh Jahān’s last days | 233 |
| Invasion of Assam | 234 |
| Mīr Jumla’s successes and death | 235 |
| The Magh pirates of Chittagong | 236 |
| Conquest of Chittagong | 237 |
| Rebellions by Yūsufzāīs and Afrīdīs | 238 |
| Wars with frontier Afghāns | 239 |
| Amīr Khān’s pacification of Afghānistān | 240 |
| Action against Hindus | 240 |
| Destruction of temples | 241 |
| Imposition of poll-tax | 242 |
| Persecution of Hindus | 243 |
| Revolts by Jāts and Satnāmīs | 243 |
| Militarisation of the Sikhs | 244 |
| Growth of Sikh power | 245 |
| Govind Singh’s death | 246 |
| Mārwār seized by Aurangzīb | 247 |
| Pillage of Mārwār | 248 |
| Invasion of Mewār | 249 |
| Rājputs incite prince Akbar to rebel | 250 |
| Rebellion of Akbar | 251 |
| Mewār regains peace | 252 |
| Relations with states in Deccan | 253 |
| Jay Singh attacks Bījāpur | 254 |
| Bahādur Khān defeated by Bījāpur | 255 |
| Dilīr Khān fails to take Bījāpur | 256 |
| Early career of Shivājī | 257 |
| Shivājī visits court at Āgra | 258 |
| Full growth of Shivājī’s power | 259 |
| Shivājī’s death | 259 |