The Cambridge History of India, Vol. IV: The Mughul Period v4.c9: Chapter XV
The Cambridge History of India, Vol. IV: The Mughul Period v4.c9
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Chapter XV
v4.c9.1
AHMAD SHĀH, ‘ĀLAMGĪR II AND SHĀH ‘ĀLAM
v4.c9.2
By Lt.-Colonel Sir Wolseley Haig.
v4.c9.3
Ahmad Shāh succeeds to the throne . . . . . . . . 428 Offices of state divided by the nobles . . . . . . . 428 Safdar Jang instigates the Bangash Pathāns to attack the Rohillas . . 429 The Bangash defeat Safdar Jang and raid in Oudh . . . . 430 Safdar Jang crushes the Bangash with Marāthā help . . . . 431 Zu-’l-Fiqār Jang in Rājputāna . . . . . . . . 432 Disputed succession to Nizām-ul-Mulk . . . . . . . 433 Third invasion by Ahmad Shāh Abdālī . . . . . . . 433 The Punjab and Multān ceded to Afghānistān . . . . . 434 Disputes between the emperor and Safdar Jang . . . . . 434 Civil war at Delhi . . . . . . . . . . 435 Intizām-ud-Daula becomes minister . . . . . . . 436 Ghāzī-ud-din replaces Intizām-ud-Daula and deposes Ahmad Shāh . 436 ‘Ālamgīr II succeeds Ahmad Shāh . . . . . . . 437 Unsuccessful attempt to recover the Punjab . . . . . . 437 Ahmad Shāh Abdālī sacks Delhi . . . . . . . . 438 Massacre at Muttra . . . . . . . . . . 439 ‘Alī Gauhar escapes from Delhi . . . . . . . . 440 The Marāthās in Bengal . . . . . . . . . 441 ‘Alī Vardī Khān expels the Marāthās . . . . . . . 442 The Marāthās retain Orissa . . . . . . . . 443 ‘Ālamgīr II assassinated. Shāh Jahān III succeeds . . . . 444 The Marāthās occupy the Punjab . . . . . . . 445 Ahmad Shāh Abdālī returns to India . . . . . . . 446 A large Marāthā army reaches Delhi . . . . . . . 447 Battle of Pānīpat . . . . . . . . . . 448 Succession of Shāh ‘Ālam . . . . . . . . 448
v4.c9.4
CHAPTER XVI
v4.c9.5
THE REVENUE SYSTEM OF THE MUGHUL EMPIRE
v4.c9.6
By W. H. Moreland, C.S.I., C.I.E.
v4.c9.7
Local revenues . . . . . . . . . . . 449 Sources of central revenue . . . . . . . . . 450 Preponderance of land revenue . . . . . . . . 450 Description of the agrarian system . . . . . . . 451 The position of the peasant . . . . . . . . 452 The state’s share of produce . . . . . . . . 453 Methods of assessment . . . . . . . . . 453 Arrangements for collection . . . . . . . . 454 The revenue system under the Lodī dynasty . . . . . 456 Sher Shāh’s reorganisation . . . . . . . . 457
v4.c9.8
| | PAGE |
| Assessment under Akbar . . . . . . . . . | 458–60 |
| Assignments under Akbar . . . . . . . . . | 461 |
| Experiments in direct collection . . . . . . . . | 462 |
| Akbar's regulation system . . . . . . . . . | 462–3 |
| Arrangements in the outlying provinces . . . . . . . | 464 |
| Grants of land under Akbar . . . . . . . . | 465 |
| The reign of Jahāngīr . . . . . . . . . | 466 |
| The reign of Shāh Jahān . . . . . . . . . | 467 |
| The assessment of the Deccan . . . . . . . . | 467 |
| Aurangzīb's revenue system . . . . . . . . | 468–70 |
| The decline of agriculture . . . . . . . . | 471 |
| The disappearance of assignments . . . . . . . . | 472 |
| The extension of farming . . . . . . . . . | 473 |
| The formation of dependencies . . . . . . . . | 474 |
v4.c9.9
CHAPTER XVII
v4.c9.10
BURMA (1531–1782) By G. E. Harvey, Indian Civil Service (*retired*).
v4.c9.11
| Arakan and its capitals . . . . . . . . . | 476 |
| Muslim Buddhist kings . . . . . . . . . | 477 |
| Chittagong and Portuguese pirates . . . . . . . | 478 |
| Coronation sacrifices . . . . . . . . . | 479 |
| The Dutch in Arakan. Shāh Shujāʻ . . . . . . . | 480 |
| Mughuls take Chittagong . . . . . . . . | 481 |
| The Toungoo dynasty . . . . . . . . . | 482 |
| Burman Talaing union . . . . . . . . . | 483 |
| Burmese invade Siam . . . . . . . . . | 484 |
| Death of Tabinshwehti . . . . . . . . . | 485 |
| Failure of Smim Htaw's rebellion . . . . . . . | 486 |
| Bayinnaung suppresses funeral sacrifices . . . . . . | 487 |
| Capture of Ayuthia . . . . . . . . . | 488 |
| The Ceylon Tooth . . . . . . . . . | 489 |
| Bayinnaung's administration . . . . . . . . | 490 |
| Contact with outer world . . . . . . . . | 491 |
| Nandabayin's cruelty . . . . . . . . . | 492 |
| Sack of Pegū . . . . . . . . . . | 493 |
| De Brito independent at Syriam . . . . . . . | 494 |
| Defeat and crucifixion of De Brito . . . . . . . | 495 |
| Minredeippa's brief reign . . . . . . . . | 496 |
| Compilation of law books . . . . . . . . | 497 |
| Devastation by Chinese marauders . . . . . . . | 498 |
| Yung-li, last of the Ming emperors . . . . . . . | 499 |
| Foreign rivals in Mergui . . . . . . . . | 500 |
| Traders in Syriam . . . . . . . . . | 501 |
| Raids from Manipur . . . . . . . . . | 502 |
| Ava taken by the Talaings . . . . . . . . | 503 |
| The Alaungpaya dynasty . . . . . . . . | 504 |
| Alaungpaya captures Rangoon . . . . . . . | 505 |
| French ships taken at Syriam . . . . . . . | 506 |
| Talaings annihilated . . . . . . . . . | 507 |
| Pegū stormed . . . . . . . . . . | 508 |
| Massacre at Negrais . . . . . . . . . | 509 |
| Invasion of Siam . . . . . . . . . | 510 |
| Death of Alaungpaya . . . . . . . . . | 511 |
v4.c9.12
| | | PAGE |
| Manipur raided | . . . . . . . . | 512 |
| Āva reoccupied | . . . . . . . . | 513 |
| Invasion of Siam | . . . . . . . . | 514 |
| Sixth siege of Ayuthia | . . . . . . . . | 515 |
| Chinese invasion of Burma | . . . . . . . . | 516 |
| Chinese repulsed and peace made | . . . . . . . . | 517 |
| Manipur occupied | . . . . . . . . | 518 |
| Burmese triumphs | . . . . . . . . | 519 |
| Siamese expel Burmese from Siam | . . . . . . . . | 520 |
| Singu murdered | . . . . . . . . | 521 |
| Bodawpaya succeeds | . . . . . . . . | 522 |