Later Mughals v1.c10.s18: Appendix.—Rafi-ud-daulah.

Later Mughals v1.c10.s18

Language: English

Appendix.—Rafi-ud-daulah.

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*Length of reign.*—Rafi-ud-daulah reigned four months and sixteen days. As the month or year of his birth is nowhere stated in any first-class authority, we do not know his exact age. If he was eighteen months older than his brother, Rafi-ud-darjat, he must have been between twenty and twenty-one years old at the time of death.

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*Title.*—On his accession he received the title of Shah Jahan Sani (the second), but his full style is nowhere given.

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*Coin.*—There are nineteen of this Emperor's coins in the three public collections before referred to; three of gold and sixteen of silver, all circular. Except one, all are dated, bearing the year 1131 H. These nineteen coins come from ten mints in eight out of the twenty-one provinces: coins from Kabul, Kashmir, Multan, Ajmer, Oudh, Allahabad, Malwa, Orissa, and five out of the six Dakhin subahs are absent.

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*Family.*—We do not know if Rafi-ud-daulah was married, or if he was, who his wife was; nor do we hear of his having left any children. On the 13th Zul Qada (21st September, 1719) his bier was sent to Dihli, and he was buried beside his brother near the shrine of Qutb-ud-din.

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Works of JADUNATH SARKAR, M.A.

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History of Aurangzib

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4 vols., Rs. 3-8 as. each.

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Sources.—This work represents the first attempt to write a critical and scientific history of India during Aurangzib's long reign (1658-1707). All previous accounts of Aurangzib in English are based upon the works of the Seventeenth century European travellers, Bernier and Manucci, who had little access to the makers of Indian history, knew Persian (the literary language of the time) but imperfectly, did not use any contemporary written records, and merely repeated the bazar gossip,—or upon Khafi Khan's history written 115 years after the birth of Aurangzib and avowedly compiled from earlier works.

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Professor Sarkar's History of Aurangzib, on the other hand, is based mainly on original contemporary Persian sources, viz., the Mughal State Papers, daily bulletins of the Mughal Court, the records of impartial non-official writers (such as two Persian manuscripts by contemporary Hindu writers), the letters of Aurangzib, his father, brothers, sons, grandsons, officers and vassal kings, and other makers of Indian history, revenue returns &c. Most of these are preserved in Persian MSS., for which the author has exhaustively searched Indian and European libraries, viz.,—the British Museum, India Office Library (London), Bodleian (Oxford), Royal Asiatic Society's Library (London), Cambridge University Library, Bibliotheque Nationale (Paris), Royal Library (Berlin), Khuda Bakhsh Library (Patna), Asiatic Society's Library (Calcutta), Rampur Nawab's Library, &c.—besides making some important "finds" at Benares, Lucknow and Rampur. He has taken exact photographic copies of these. Of the letters of Aurangzib and his contemporaries, more than 5,000 are in the author's possession. The author is also using the Marathi bakhars and letters and the Assamese buranjis, besides contemporary records in English and modern Gazetteers, maps and works on travel. Classified and descriptive bibliographies are given at the end of volumes II and III. To be completed in five volumes.

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Importance of the subject.—The history of Aurangzib is practically the history of India for sixty years. In this reign, the Mughal empire attained to its greatest extent and then began to decline rapidly, and the first glow of a new dawn was distinctly seen in our political sky. Hence Aurangzib's reign is an object of supreme interest to the student of political philosophy no less than to the student of Indian history. For several portions of the reign, the author has been able to secure the very raw materials of history, viz., the letters of the leading historical personages of the time and the daily bulletins of Aurangzib's Court.

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Vol. I. Reign of Shah Jahan

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Lessons of Aurangzib's reign—materials—Aurangzib's boyhood and education—early viceroyalties—marriage and family-war in Central Asia—sieges of Qandahar—second viceroyalty of the Deccan—invasions of Golkonda and Bijapur—Shivaji's early conflict with Aurangzib—illness of Shah Jahan—character and doings of his sons—Aurangzib's preparations for contesting the throne.

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Vol. II. War of Succession

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Defeat of Jaswant Singh—defeat of Dara—pursuit, capture and execution of Dara—capture of Dara's eldest son—struggle with Shuja—war in Bengal—tragic end of Shuja—captivity and execution of Murad—grand coronation of Aurangzib—long and critical bibliography of authorities in Persian.

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Vol. III. Northern India during 1658-1681, (2nd. Ed.)

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Aurangzib's sons, sisters, and chief ministers—relations with the outer Muslim world—strict moral and religious regulations,—"burial of Music"—captivity, sufferings and death of Shah Jahan—conquests of Kuch Bihar, Assam, Chittagong, &c.—rebellions of frontier Afghans—persecution of the Hindus,—temple destruction,—Jaziya tax fully discussed—war with the Rajputs—annexation of Jodhpur—Durgadas and Ajit Singh—peace with Maharana—Hindu reaction—Satnamis—Sikh gurus Tegh Bahadur and Guru Govind Singh—Shivaji's letter on religious toleration—Tod's *Rajasthan* criticised—correct chronology of Aurangzib's reign, 1st half—second Persian bibliography.

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Vol. IV. Southern India, 1644-1689

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Keynote of Deccan History in the 17th Century.—Decline of Bijapur and Golkonda—reign of Ali Adil Shah II.—Jai Singh and Shivaji invade Bijapur—internal anarchy at Bijapur—siege and fall of Bijapur—fall of Golkonda—Shivaji the Maratha—his rise—his war with Jai Singh—his visit to Aurangzib and romantic escape—his struggle with the Mughals—his conquests in the Karnatak—climax of his career—death character and achievements—Shambhuji's reign, wars with the Portuguese and Mughals,—capture and execution—Prince Akbar in the Deccan.

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OPINIONS

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Vincent A. Smith.—"You are doing first class work...I repeat with all sincerity that I have the highest opinion of your learning, impartiality and critical ability. I trust that you may be long spared to continue your good work of giving honest history." (29 Dec. 1919.)

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W. Crooke.—“There is no student of the present day who has done more valuable service than yourself.” (20 May, 1921.)

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G. Ferrand.—“Thrice certainly, among the modern historians of India, Jadunath Sarkar occupies one of the first, if not the first place.” (Journal Asiatique, April-June, 1921.)

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Sir R. C. Temple.—“The first connected authentic account of these two reigns……The footnotes are of special value,……as they provide an exhaustive bibliography which cannot but be of the greatest assistance to the students of his period of Indian history.” (Ind. Antiquary, July, 1913.)

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Sir E. D. Ross.—“The author seems to me to have used all the available Persian materials and to have used them with discrimination and care. His manner of treating the subject might well serve as a model to writers dealing with other periods of Indo-Musalman history.” (29 Oct., 1908.)

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English Historical Review.—“The author has been indefatigable in consulting all accessible authorities, many of which are still in manuscript; while his zeal has led him to visit the sites of the more important of Aurangzib’s battles. He writes graphically in an easy, flowing style.” (April, 1913.)

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W. Foster, C.I.E.—“It is easily the best authority on the period with which it deals.” (J. R. A. S.)

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Pioneer.—“Mr. Sarkar is a most careful writer and takes the greatest pain to secure accuracy. He has a clear style, and the books above noticed will confirm the estimation in which he is held as a scholar.” (19 Dec., 1912.)

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Madras Mail.—“The work, when completed, promises to be a monumental one.” (8 Jan., 1913.)

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Journal, Royal Asiatic Society.—“Gives an excellent account of the great emperor………Written in an easy style………a very readable book.” (October, 1913.)

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W. Irvine, Esq., I.C.S.—“………I like the style—from this first impression—, it being a judicious compromise between the overcrowded stiffness of my Later Mughals and mere popular, journalese writing,—yet without any sacrifice of exactness……I like very much your attention to genealogy and topography and above all your recourse to all modern sources of information—the Indian Atlas and modern travellers.”

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Studies in Mughal India

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320 Pages, Rs. 2. Contains 22 Essays.

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Zebunnissa vindicated. History of Orissa in the 17th century. Revenue Regulations of Aurangzib. Art in Muslim India. Education in Muhammadan India. Daily life of Shah Jahan and Aurangzib. Biography of Aurangzib, 31 pages. Khuda Bakhsh, the Indian Bodley. Who built the Taj? The Companion of an Empress. The Wealth of Ind. 1650. A Muslim Heroine. Feringi Pirates of Chatgaon. The Mughal Conquest of Chatgaon. Education of a Mughal Prince. Shaista Khan in Bengal. Nemesis of Aurangzib. A Hindu Historian of Aurangzib. An Indian Memoir-writer of the 17th century. Oriental Monarchies. William Irvine.

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Asiatic Quarterly Review.—“A series of essays on Aurangzib and his times of the most entertaining description.” (April, 1913.)

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Indian Antiquary.—“All the essays are brightly written and several contain information not hitherto available in English.” (June, 1913.)

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Athenæum.—“This should prove a useful handbook to students of Indian History.” (18 Jan., 1913.)

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V. A. Smith.—“The essays are charming, and with constant practice your style has attained ease and flexibility.”

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Shivaji and His Times

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2nd Ed., revised and enlarged, with a fine portrait, Rs. 4.

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A new and fully detailed critical study of Shivaji's life and character based on an exhaustive use of all the available original materials—Persian, Marathi, Hindi, Dutch and English—most of which were unknown to Grant Duff. It is the most comprehensive and correct narrative of the rise of the Marathas with minute details and exact dates. The complex interaction of Deccan politics has been clearly shown by references to the history of the Muslim Powers there in the 17th Century.

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Shivaji's character and achievements, and the Maratha institutions and system of government are discussed in two long chapters (45 pages), and the lessons taught by the rise and fall of the Marathas are clearly unfolded. Critical bibliography (15 pages).

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V. A. Smith.—"A conscientious presentation of recorded facts......Bold and deliberately provocative book, merits the closest study...... A sound critical historian." (J. R. A. S., Jan., 1920.)

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G. Ferrand.—"All the works [of this author] have received a most flattering welcome; Shivaji and His Times merits the same praises that have been bestowed on the preceding works. It......constitutes a thrice important contribution to the history of India in the 17th century." (Journal Asiatique, 1921.)

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Sir R. C. Temple.—"The book is indeed History treated in the right way and in the right spirit... He has access to the best information and the linguistic knowledge and capacity to use them."

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Anecdotes of Aurangzib

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( Persian text, with an English translation notes and a long life of Aurangzib )

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The anecdotes, 72 in number, have been translated from a Persian work (the *Ahkam-i-Alamgiri*, ascribed to Aurangzib's favourite officer Hamiduddin Khan Nimcha), which no other historian has yet used and whose very existence was hardly known before. Two fragmentary MSS. of it were discovered by Prof. Sarkar; and with the help of these and of two others, he has edited the text, and written an English translation, enriched with full historical and textual notes.

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The work is exceedingly interesting and valuable, as it throws much new light on Aurangzib and exhibits many unknown traits of his character, his pithy sayings, and his principles of government.

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The anecdotes illustrate the following topics among others:

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Section I. Young Aurangzib's combat with an elephant, His love affair with Hira Bai, His coolness in the battle with Shuja, His last will and testament.

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Section II. Advice to his sons on the art of government, His strictness in maintaining the royal prerogatives, His suspicious watching of his sons, His strict justice, Advice to his sons about conduct and manners.

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Sec. III. His treatment of his officers, advice to them, answers to their complaints and petitions, strict observance of official discipline, "Beware of the Sayyids of Barha"! Rise of the Nizam's father, "Ability the only qualification for office", The Emperor's activity and sense of duty; Contrast between the characters of the Indians and the Persians, Financial ruin in his last years, "Don't provoke a satirical poet".

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See IV. His treatment of Shias and Hindus, and orders concerning them.

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Indian Antiquary.—"The Anecdotes is of real value to English students desirous of closer acquaintance with the individuality of the last of the great Mughals......The anecdotes have lost little of their vigour by translation and the editor has elucidated the text by valuable notes."

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Chaitanya's Pilgrimages and Teachings

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With a portrait, 2nd ed. Rs. 3.

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Chaitanya, (1485-1533), the greatest saint of Bengal, caused a complete moral revolution in Eastern India by preaching the creed of bhakti or devotion to God as incarnate in Krishna. His faith conquered Bengal, Orissa and Assam, and also established its stronghold in several other places, notably Brindaban.

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The best of the three contemporary biographies of Chaitanya is the work of Krishnadas Kaviraj, in three parts. The middle part, containing the great saint's itinerary to holy places all over India, his exposition of theology and moral precepts, as well as many of his characteristic deeds and sayings,—has been here translated for the first time, and thus readers of English who know not the Bengali tongue have been presented with the most authoritative and unvarnished account of Chaitanya's wanderings and preachings exactly as known to his comrades and personal disciples, without any modern gloss or interpolations.

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In the second edition, a translation of much of the 3rd part, describing his last years, has been added, with some other new materials.

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C. F. Andrews.—"The translation is lucid, clear and simple, and the book is remarkably well printed. A translation of this most famous work was urgently needed......As historical documents of a religious society of the middle age in Bengal [the original book is] of surpassing value. [The portion here translated] gives the clearest picture of the Saint, and his teaching, and is full of intense human interest from beginning to end... The picture drawn of the Saint is one of extraordinary beauty: a truly human figure comes before us and attracts our own love, even as it attracted the love of his first disciples." (Mod. Review, Oct., 1913).

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Economics of British India

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Fourth ed., revised enlarged and brought up-to-date. Rs. 3.

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This book gives, in one volume of manageable size, a complete account of India’s physical features, economic products and resources, industries, transport facilities, currency, public finance, labour laws, land tenure system and legislation, foreign trade, &c. A vast number of blue-books and other authoritative works have been consulted and the statistics brought up-to-date (1917). The economic transformation caused in India by British rule, the gold standard, high prices, protection and *Swadeshi*, technical education, village industries, land revenue policy, factory legislation, and other current topics have been dealt with in a lucid and accurate manner, and helps to a study of them afforded in the form of the latest statistics, a statement of the present position of these questions, the arguments on both sides, and exact references to sources of information. The modern Indian citizen cannot do without this book, if he wishes to follow the economic discussions in our press and legislature with intelligence and interest. Foreigners, especially tourists, will find in it the handiest and most complete description of India’s economic condition and problems in the English language, and an indispensable guide to a right understanding of the country and its people as they are to-day.

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Sir Theodore Morrison.—“An authoritative work on Indian economics can only be written by an Indian. The author of the present book appears to possess the further essential qualifications of courage and independence. The conscientious investigation of detail which was characteristic of that work [*The India of Aurangzib*] is no less evident in the present economic treatise. Much information which is only accessible in Blue-books and official publications is here presented in a convenient form......Mr. Sarkar’s reflections upon the rise in the standard of comfort (Ch. IV.) are shrewd and convincing, and are fortified by some interesting personal observations.” (*Economic Journal*).

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Mughal Administration

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Rs. 2.

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Contains a detailed study of the administrative system of the Mughal Empire, the aims of the Government, the Departments of the State, the functions and office procedure of the chief officials, the provincial administrative agency and its influence on the peasants, the spy system, the sovereign’s position &c.