Twilight of the Sultanate c5: Contents

Twilight of the Sultanate c5

Language: English

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Death of Fīrōz Shāh Tughlaq 1; Muhammad Shāh 5; Mahmūd Shāh 8

2 VISITATION OF A SCOURGE 14 March into Hindustan 16; Through the Punjab 17; To-Delhi 23; Battle of Delhi 27; Sack of Delhi 30; Meerut and Hardwar 31; The Return Journey 35; Visitation in Retrospect 41

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3 BID FOR THE THRONE 44 Iqbāl Khan 44; Mahmūd Shāh Once More 54; Khizr Khan 57; The Sultanate *vis-a-vis* Other States 60

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4 REVENUE THROUGH BAYONET 70 Khizr Khan's Early Career 70; Struggle for Establishment of Sovereignty 73; Pseudo-Sārang and Tughān Raīs 79; A Resumé of Khizr Khan's Work 82

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5 THE PUNJAB IN TURMOIL 84 Jasrat Khokhar 84; Faulād Turkbachchā and Shaikh 'Alī 90; Anarchical Situation 95

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6 THE PROBLEM TRACT 101 Katehar-Bayana-Mewat-Doab 101; Jaunpur 106; Murder of Mubārak Shāh 110

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7 AZ DEHLI TĀ PĀLAM 114 Muhammad Shāh 114; 'Ālam Shāh 123; The Saiyyad Dynasty 128

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8 PRIMUS INTER PARES 131 Early Career of Bahlūl Lodī 131; War with the Sharqīs 134; Extinction of the Sharqī Kingdom 144; Other Exploits of Bahlūl 153; Bahlūl Lodī—An Estimate 157

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Suppression of Rivals 163; The Bachgotīs 167; The Baghelas of Rewa 169; The Tomars of Gwalior 173; Relations with Malwa 180; An Estimate of Sikandar Lodī 185; Why Is Sikandar Lodī Known as a Bigot? 190

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THE SULTANATE UNDER IBRĀHĪM LODĪ 195 Civil War 198; Conquest of Gwalior 205; Ibrāhīm and Rana Sāngā 209; Nobles in Revolt 211; Bābur's Invasion of Hindustan 216; Battle of Panipat 222

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CULTURAL ACTIVITY IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY 227 Architecture 227; Music and Painting 241; Promotion of Learning 244; Persian Literature 246; Arabic Works 249; Sanskrit Literature 250; Development of Regional Languages 252; General Remarks 256

c5.12

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC LIFE 257 Rural Life 257; Urban Life 260; The Elite 261; The Commoners 265; Position of Women 268; Dress 270; Food and Drink 272; Industry, Trade and Commerce 277; Bābur's Impressions of City Life 284; Towards One Nation 286

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AN AGE OF SOCIO-RELIGIOUS REFORMERS 291 Rāmānanda 293; Sant Kabīr 294; Other Disciples of Rāmānanda 299; Gurū Nānak 300; Vallabhacharya 305; Chaitanya 307; Conclusion 311

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APPENDIXES *A* Tīmūr's Massacre of the Indian Prisoners 319; *B* Jasrat Khokhar's Stronghold 321; *C* Origin of the Lodīs 323; *D* Garha Katanga 331

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BIBLIOGRAPHY 333