[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [General history and culture](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general) › [Twilight of the Sultanate](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.lal-1963) › c5 # Twilight of the Sultanate c5: Contents Twilight of the Sultanate c5 - **Language:** English ### Contents ### [c5.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.lal-1963.c5.1) Death of Fīrōz Shāh Tughlaq 1; Muhammad Shāh 5; Mahmūd Shāh 8 ### [c5.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.lal-1963.c5.2) 2 VISITATION OF A SCOURGE 14 March into Hindustan 16; Through the Punjab 17; To-Delhi 23; Battle of Delhi 27; Sack of Delhi 30; Meerut and Hardwar 31; The Return Journey 35; Visitation in Retrospect 41 ### [c5.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.lal-1963.c5.3) 3 BID FOR THE THRONE 44 Iqbāl Khan 44; Mahmūd Shāh Once More 54; Khizr Khan 57; The Sultanate \*vis-a-vis\* Other States 60 ### [c5.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.lal-1963.c5.4) 4 REVENUE THROUGH BAYONET 70 Khizr Khan's Early Career 70; Struggle for Establishment of Sovereignty 73; Pseudo-Sārang and Tughān Raīs 79; A Resumé of Khizr Khan's Work 82 ### [c5.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.lal-1963.c5.5) 5 THE PUNJAB IN TURMOIL 84 Jasrat Khokhar 84; Faulād Turkbachchā and Shaikh 'Alī 90; Anarchical Situation 95 ### [c5.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.lal-1963.c5.6) 6 THE PROBLEM TRACT 101 Katehar-Bayana-Mewat-Doab 101; Jaunpur 106; Murder of Mubārak Shāh 110 ### [c5.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.lal-1963.c5.7) 7 AZ DEHLI TĀ PĀLAM 114 Muhammad Shāh 114; 'Ālam Shāh 123; The Saiyyad Dynasty 128 ### [c5.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.lal-1963.c5.8) 8 PRIMUS INTER PARES 131 Early Career of Bahlūl Lodī 131; War with the Sharqīs 134; Extinction of the Sharqī Kingdom 144; Other Exploits of Bahlūl 153; Bahlūl Lodī—An Estimate 157 ### [c5.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.lal-1963.c5.9) Suppression of Rivals 163; The Bachgotīs 167; The Baghelas of Rewa 169; The Tomars of Gwalior 173; Relations with Malwa 180; An Estimate of Sikandar Lodī 185; Why Is Sikandar Lodī Known as a Bigot? 190 ### [c5.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.lal-1963.c5.10) THE SULTANATE UNDER IBRĀHĪM LODĪ 195 Civil War 198; Conquest of Gwalior 205; Ibrāhīm and Rana Sāngā 209; Nobles in Revolt 211; Bābur's Invasion of Hindustan 216; Battle of Panipat 222 ### [c5.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.lal-1963.c5.11) CULTURAL ACTIVITY IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY 227 Architecture 227; Music and Painting 241; Promotion of Learning 244; Persian Literature 246; Arabic Works 249; Sanskrit Literature 250; Development of Regional Languages 252; General Remarks 256 ### [c5.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.lal-1963.c5.12) SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC LIFE 257 Rural Life 257; Urban Life 260; The Elite 261; The Commoners 265; Position of Women 268; Dress 270; Food and Drink 272; Industry, Trade and Commerce 277; Bābur's Impressions of City Life 284; Towards One Nation 286 ### [c5.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.lal-1963.c5.13) AN AGE OF SOCIO-RELIGIOUS REFORMERS 291 Rāmānanda 293; Sant Kabīr 294; Other Disciples of Rāmānanda 299; Gurū Nānak 300; Vallabhacharya 305; Chaitanya 307; Conclusion 311 ### [c5.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.lal-1963.c5.14) APPENDIXES \*A\* Tīmūr's Massacre of the Indian Prisoners 319; \*B\* Jasrat Khokhar's Stronghold 321; \*C\* Origin of the Lodīs 323; \*D\* Garha Katanga 331 ### [c5.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.lal-1963.c5.15) BIBLIOGRAPHY 333 --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.lal-1963.c5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.lal-1963.c5) · Pramāṇa