Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India, A.D. 1000–1800 c26: Appendix B: Lach Tables
Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India, A.D. 1000–1800 c26
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Appendix B: Lach Tables
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Professor Donald F. Lach of the University of Chicago and a Visiting Professor in the Department of History at the University of Delhi during 1967-68 was kind enough to lend me some demographic Tables of European countries and cities prepared by him for his own use. There are three such Tables.
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The first comprises the population figures in the World and for Europe for the period 1650-1950. The second Table contains population statistics of European countries and provinces for 1550-1750; and is based on the works of J.C. Russell, *Ancient and Medieval Population* (Philadelphia, 1958) and the *New Cambridge Modern History*, volume VII.
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The third Table gives population figures of some important European cities for 1500-1700, based primarily on extracts from R. Mols, *Introduction a la demographic historique des villes d' Europe du XIVe au XVIIIe siecles* (Paris, 1955); vol. II. This last Table in particular has proved to be very useful in making a demographic comparison between European and Indian cities. European visitors often compare Indian cities with those of their own countries. Population figures of many European cities are now available, helping in estimating the population of Indian cities with which the travellers compare their own. Besides, some very useful demographic information is found in Lach's *Asia in the Making of Europe*, vol. I, bk. II, (Chicago, 1965), p. 665 n. 86. But wherever reference to the Tables prepared by Professor Lach is made, it is simply mentioned as Lach Tables."
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TABLE III
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*European Cities. 1500-1700*
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n \* Fuller data on the population of the Italian cities is available than for any other region of Europe.
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n \*\*Around 1606, Naples was evidently after Constantinople the largest city in Europe. Paris was only 200,000.
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| Area | City | Date | Total |
| Italy\* | Naples\*\* | 1500 | 150,000 |
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| Area | City | Date | Total |
| | | 1547 | 212,103 |
| | | 1606 | 280,746 |
| | | 1656 | 300,000 (Great Plague Year in which 130,000 died) |
| | | 1688 | 186,354 |
| | Milan | 1600 | 180,216 |
| | | 1700 | 100,000 |
| | Venice | 1563 | 168,627¹ |
| | | 1700 | 130,000 |
| | Rome | 1526 | 55,035 |
| | | 1600 | 109,729 |
| | | 1699 | 135,000 |
| ∗∗Germany | Cologne | 1500 | 35,000 |
| | | 1600 | 30,000 |
| | Hamburg | 1500 | 20,000 |
| | | 1600 | 45,000 |
| | Augsburg | 1500 | 21,000 |
| | | 1600 | 45,000 |
| | | 1635 | 16,432 |
| | | 1645 | 21,018 |
| | Berlin (old city) | 1600 | 14,000 |
| | | 1650 | 8,000 |
| | Berlin (old city and suburbs) | 1688 | 56,000 |
| | | 1700 | under 100,000 |
| | Vienna | 1550 | 30,000 |
| | | 1700 | over 100,000 |
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¹ Highest figure reached by Venice before 19th century.
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∗∗ Generally speaking, aside from the ravages of the Thirty Years' War, you see a decline in the relative size of the old commercial centres and the growth of the new capital cities of the states.
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| Area | City | Date | Total |
| France | Paris[^ *] | 1600 1700 | 200,000 350,000 |
| | Lyon | 1700 | 50,000 |
| | Marseille | 1700 | 50,000 |
| | Rouen | 1700 | 50,000 |
| | Lille | 1700 | 50,000 |
| | Bordeaux | 1700 | 40,000 |
| Iberia | Seville | 1587 1700 | 120,519 80,000 |
| | Lisbon | 1527 1629 1700 | 58,860 110,800 73,000 |
| | Madrid | 1600 ca. 1650 ca. 1700 | 60,000 75,000 100,000 |
| Low Countries | | | |
| | Antwerp | 1500 1560 1600 1699 | 50,000 100,000 45,000 67,132 |
| | Brussels | 1600 1700 | 50,000 80,000 |
| | Amsterdam | 1514 1557 1622 ca. 1700 | over 10,000 35,000 over 100,000 ca. 180,000 |
| England∗∗ | | | |
| | London (old city) | 1500 1600 | 40,000 70,000 |
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∗∗ London was the only city of consequence in the British Isles. In 1801, London with its 900,000 inhabitants was still the only city in England with more than 100,000.
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[^ *]: Practically no exact information available. Its growth was very rapid under the Bourbons, however, and by 1789 it had an estimated population of 600,000.
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| Area | City | Date | Total |
| | London (old city and suburbs) | 1600 1636 1700 | 170,000 270,000 550,000 |
| Russia | | | |
| | Moscow | 1550 | 95,000 |
| Ottoman Empire | | | |
| | Constantino- ple | 1453 1573 | 36,000* 300,000** |
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¹ *One of the lowest periods in its history and one of the lowest estimates for that date.
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² **Russell, *op. cit.*, p. 130, believes that this figure derived from the report of a Venetian ambassador is highly exaggerated.
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APPENDIX C
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HINDU-MUSLIM PROPORTION IN C. 1800
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We have on many occasions referred to Edward Thornton's *Gazetteer of the Territories Under the Government of the East India Company* in four volumes (1854). It provides information on a variety of subjects usually contained in a *Gazetteer*, but its unique feature is that it gives population statistics of most of the cities and districts of India for the pre-census period of A.D. 1800-1850. Thornton collected his data from a number of sources like the *Indian Legislative Dispatches*, *Parliamentary Return of April, 1851*, Heber's *Narrative of Journal*, *East India Company Manuscript Documents*, Sleeman's *Rambles and Recollections*, Butters's *Topography of Oudh*, Garden's *Tables of Routes*, and most important of all, reports of Madras Census and other censuses locally held. Some of the information provided by Thornton is reproduced here to give an idea of Hindu-Muslim proportion about the year 1800 at which our study closes. The figures are for the period ranging between 1800 and 1851, but these, by and large, can convey a fair idea of the population of important cities and districts and Hindu-Muslim ratio about the year A.D. 1800.
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In 1800 many cities of the Sultanate period had completely disappeared, many of the Mughal period had declined. Many new cities and towns had come into being and had got well-populated. Under the Mughals Delhi, Agra, Ahmedabad, Burhanpur and Banaras, to mention only a few, were very populous. In the eighteenth century their population had declined substantially, while Calcutta, Bombay and Madras had shot into prominence. It would be the best to cite from Thornton himself at some length to appreciate the situation.
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“Numerous as are the towns and cities of India, none are remarkable for the amount of their population. That of Calcutta, independently of its suburbs, has been recently returned at 413, 182. No census has yet been taken of the city of Madras (it is officially assumed at 720,000) ; but Bombay, with its suburbs, and including also the floating population in its harbuor, contains 566,
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199 inhabitants. Throughout the whole extent of the North-West provinces no one city can boast of a (large) population; Delhi has only 137,997, Cawnpore 108,796, Banaras 183,491, Bareilly 92, 208, ...(and) Agra 66,003."¹
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We have already discussed the causes of the decline of Indian population in general and of some cities in particular in the eighteenth century. Decline apart, the shifting of people to new cities by itself did not disturb the Hindu-Muslim ratio as such. The notices of some places given below bring out the picture of Hindu-Muslim ratio clearly. According to Thornton's estimate it stood at 6:¹ in c. 1850; it was probably 7:1 in 1800.
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¹ Notice under 'India', Vol. II, p. 180
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The information collected from Thornton's Gazetter has been classified under three Tables. Table I contains population figures of districts and princely states grouped state or region-wise. It is very interesting to note that for princely states no break-up of Hindu-Muslim population is available. Table II contains population statistics of important cities and towns. Table III, though small and furnished only as a specimen, shows how in some towns and villages there was concentration of one or the other community.
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Table 1
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*Population Statistics of Districts and Princely States*
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| District | Year of Estimate and authority | Total Population | Muslim Population | Percentage of Muslims in the total population | Remarks |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| North Western Provinces (now U.P.) | | 23,199,668 | 3,747,022 | 16.2 | Muslims include other non-Hindus |
| Agra | | 828,220 | 85,557 | 10.3 | ditto |
| Allahabad | Statistics of the N.W. Prov. 1848 Shakespear, p. 168 | 710,263 | 95,740 | 13 4 | ditto |
| Aligarh | 1848 | 739,356 | 87,564 | 11.8 | ditto |
| Avadh (Oude) | | 2,970,000 | | | "The Mussulmans are for the most part Shia." |
| Azamgarh | | 1,313,950 | 156,917 | 11.9 | Weavers all Muslims |
| Banda | Parliamentary Return, 1851 | 552,526 | 16,007 | 2.8 | |
| Bareilly | Mem. on Statistics of N.W. Prov., 1848, p. 169 | 1,143,657 | 113,594 | 9.9 | |
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| Banaras | | 741,426 | 65,376 | 8.8 | Muslims include other non-Hindus |
| Bijnor | Statistics of N.W. Prov., 1848 | 620,546 | 44,343 | 7.1 | ditto |
| Bulandshahr | | 699,393 | 128,542 | 18.4 | Muslims include other non-Hindus |
| Budaon | | 825,712 | 113,645 | 13.8 | Muslims include other non-Hindus |
| Cawnpore (Kanpur) | 1848, Shakespear, Memoir on Statistics of N.W. Provinces | 993,031 | | | |
| Dehradun | Memoir on Statistics of N.W. Provinces 1848, p. 179 | 32,083 | 8,693 | 27.0 | |
| Delhi | Parl. Return, April 1851 | 306,550 | 92,036 | 30.0 | ditto |
| Etawah | 1848 | 481,224 | 25,862 | 5.4 | ditto "Hindoos constitute an overwhelming majority of population" |
| Farukhabad | Ibid., p. 169 | 854,799 | 101,375 | 11.8 | |
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| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Fatehpur | Parl. Return, 1851 | 511,132 | 50,671 | 9.9 | "Hindoos form by far the large proportion". |
| Ghazipore | Shakespear, Memoir, 1848, p. 169 | 1,059,287 | 113,868 | 10.7 | |
| Gorakhpur | Census taken, 1848 | 2,376,533 | 265,608 | 11.2 | Muslims include other non-Hindoos. |
| Hamirpur | 1848, Actual Enumeration | 452,091 | 32,408 | 7.2 | ditto |
| Jaunpur | 1848, Census | 798,503 | 78,672 | 9.8 | ditto |
| Meerut | 1847, Census 'Stated to have been taken very correctly'. | 860,736 | 203,899 | 23.6 | ditto |
| Mirzapore | Parl. Return 1851 | 831,388 | 48,641 | 5.8 | "The population is almost exclusively Hindoo, the Mahomedans being comparatively few." |
| Moradabad | Latest Official Return, 1847 | 997,362 | 336,891 | 33.8 | Muslims include all non-Hindus. |
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| Muzaffarnagar | Recent Census, 1847 | 537,594 | 146,949 | 27.3 | ditto |
| Muttra (Mathura) | Official Return, 1848 | 701,688 | 52,996 | 7.6 | ” |
| Mainpuri | Census made, 1848 | 639,809 | 39,820 | 6.2 | ” |
| Saharanpur | Statistics of N.W. Provinces, p. 169. | 547,353 | | | |
| Shahjahanpur | Official Return, 1848 | 812,588 | 252,002 | 31.0 | ” |
| **Bihar and Bengal** | | | | | |
| Backergunge | C. 1841 | 733,800 | | | Christians in large numbers. Hindu-Muslim 6:1. |
| Behar (Br. Distt. under Bengal) | | 2,500,000 | | | Hindu-Muslim 4:1, “an unusually large proportion” of Muslims. |
| Bhagalpur | | 2,000,000 | | 23.0 | “Muhammadans twenty-three in a hundred”. |
| Bankura (Bogoorah) | Parliamentary Return, April 1851 | 900,000 | | | Large proportion Muslim 'not easy to account'. |
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| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Burdwan | E.I.C Ms. Doc. Statistics of the British possessions | 1,854,152 | 309,025 | 16.6 | Muslims 1/6 of the population. |
| Chittagong | 1845 | 1,000,000 | no information | | |
| Dacca | Parl. Return, April, 1851 | 600,000 | | | Musalmans more numerous than Brahmanists, but Kunch and Rajbansi tribe people in large numbers. |
| Dinajpur | | 1,200,000 | 840,000 | 70.0 | Hindu-Muslim ratio 3:7. |
| Faridpur | Parl. Return, 1851 Jaquemont, VI, p. 342. | 855,000 | | | Musalmans more numerous in Southern part, Hindus in North. |
| Jessore | E.I C. Ms.Doc. Statistics of the British possessions. | 381,744 | | 50.0 | Hindu-Muslim 50-50. |
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| Maldah | Parl. Return, 1851 | 431,000 | | "It is not improbable that the Mussulmans may outnumber the Brahminists." |
| Midnapore | ditto | 533,063 | | Some Mohamedans, considerable number of Hindus, and remainder of various denominations. |
| Monghyr | Bengal and Agra Guide, 1842 | 800,000 | | "The number of Mussulmans is small. the district is divided into forty pergunnahs and contains 3,410 towns, villages and hamlets." |
| Moorshedabad | Bengal and Agra Guide, 1842 Parl. Report, 1851 | 1,045,000 | 66.0 | Mahommedans are two-thirds. 'An estimate made in 1829 by the magistrate of the Zillah, exhibits a decided preponderance of the number of the Hindoos'. |
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| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Mymensingh | Parl. Return, 15 April, 1851 | 1,487,000 | | 50.0 | Hindus and Muslims 50-50 |
| Nuddea | Hamilton Gazetteer, p. 327, 1802 | 764,430 | 286,631 | 37.4 | |
| Palamau | Bengal and Agra Guide, 1841 | 482,900 | no information | | This includes the population of Chhota Nagpur. |
| Patna | Parl. Return 1851 | 1,200,000 | | | |
| Pubna | ditto | 600,000 | | | |
| Purneah | Buchanan, iii, Append. 697 | 1,600,000 | 688,000 | 43.0 | Buchanan estimates double this number and proportion Hindus 57:43 Muslims. |
| Rajmahal | Buchanan, II, p. 79 | 30,000 | 12,900 | 43.0 | "The majority of the population are Hindoos ; the Mussulmans are in considerable numbers, and amongst them the Patans are the most numerous." |
| Rajshahee | Parl. Return 1851 | 671,000 | | | |
| Ramgarh otherwise called Hazaribagh | Hamilton Gazetteer II, p. 452 | 5,000,000 | | | |
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| Rungpoor | *Statistics of Sugar Cultivation*, Calcutta, 1848 | 2,559,000 | | | |
| Sarun | *Bengal and Agra Guide*, 1841, II, Pt. I, p. 257 | 1,700,000 | | | "With the exception of three Christian Villages, and a few European settlers, (the inhabitants) consist exclusively of Hindoos and Mussulmans in the proportion of six of the former to one of the latter". |
| Shahabad | Parl. Return, 1851 Another Official Estimate | 1,600,000 1,602,274 | 94,251 | 5.8 | Hindoo and Muslim proportion 16:1 |
| Tipperah | | 1,406,000 | | | |
| Tirhoot | | 2,400,000 | | | |
| Twenty-four Parganahs | Parl. Return, 1851 | 288,000 | | | Majority Brahminists; Muslims also considerable. |
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| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Assam | Parl. Return, 1851 | 710,000 | | 16.0 | Muslims estimated a sixth of the whole "The Mohamedans of Assam are not remarkable for rigid adherence to the tenets or the practices of their faith, and are held in low esteem. |
| Sylhet Distt. | | 380,000 | | 40.0 | Three-fifths Brahmanists. |
| Orissa | Parl. Return, 1851 | 4,534,183 | | | Population "generally dominated by the Hindoos". |
| Sambalpore (including hill parts) | | 800,000 | | | Great mass of Hindoos is low-caste. Landholders claim to be Rajput. |
| **Punjab and Sind** Bhawalpur | | 600,000 | | | "Great majority..... Mohammadans". |
| Gurgoan | Jacquemont, VI. p. 333 | 460,326 | 178,818 | 38.8 | Muslims include other non-Hindus. |
| Haryana | Mem. Statistics of N.W. Prov. p. 169. | 225,086 | 49,066 | 21.8 | |
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| | | 121,000 | | | "The number being of males only". |
| Five Divisions of the Punjab | | 7,000,000 | | | From Beas to Chenab Hindus predominate with Mohammdans interspersed in majority in the South. From Chenab to Indus, the population chiefly consists of Hindu converts to Mohammadanism. |
| (i) Jhelum | Leech, Report on Commerce of Mooltan, p. 87 | 1,116,035 | | | |
| (ii) Lahore | | 2,470,817 | | | |
| (iii) Leia | Acc. of Caubul, 27 | 1,500,000 | | 66.6 | "Of the whole population two-thirds are Mohammedan (both spurious and genuine) the remaining one-third are chiefly Hindus, and half of these are Sikhs". |
| (iv) Multan | | 500,000 | | 66.6 | |
| (v) Jalandhar | | 569,722 | | 66.6 | |
| Panipat | 1848 | 283,420 | | | |
| Pattiala | Parl. Return, 1851 | 664,752 | 97,226 | 14.6 | Muslims include other non-Hindus. |
| Rohtak | Latest Return 1846-47 | 294,119 | 62,006 | 21.0 | |
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| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Sindh (Province) | | 1,087,762 | | | Area 114,391 sqr. miles. |
| Kashmir | C. 1800 | 800,000 | | | |
| Rajputana | | 11,000,000 | | | |
| Doongarpoor | | 100,000 | | | |
| Jaipur | Estimate | 1,891,124 | | | |
| Jaisalmer | | 74,400 | | | |
| Jodhpur | Estimate | 1,783,600 | | | |
| Kotah | | 433,900 | | | |
| Merta (Jodhpur) | Boileau, Rajwade | 25,950 | | | |
| Tonk | India Pol. Disp. 20 Feb. 1850 | 182,672 | | | |
| Udaipur | Estimate only | 1,161,400 | | | Tod states that in 1818 the number of houses, formaly 50,000, diminished to 3,000. |
| *Gujarat and Central India* | | | | | |
| Khandesh | Census of 1851 | 778,112 | | | Inhabitants principally Marathas |
| Chhatarpur (M.P.) | | 120,000 | | | |
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| Damoh (M.P.) | | 351,495 | 12,089 | 3.4 | "Hindoos greatly predominate". |
| Hoshangabad (M.P.) | Recent census figures by conjectural means | 242,642 | 11,488 | 4.7 | |
| Indore (Raj) | Statistics of Native States | 815,164 | | | A few Mohammedons |
| Jabalpur | | 798,503 | | | |
| Jhansi (Raj) | Estimated 1832 | 286,000 | | | |
| Jhallawar (Distt. in Kathiawar) | Jacob, 74, 75. | 240,325 | | | |
| Kathiawar (Province of Gujarat) | Parliamentary Return, April 1851 | 1,468,900 | | | |
| Kathiawar Distt. | | 189,840 | | | A few Muslims |
| Nagpur (State) | 1825 1851 | 2,470,752 4,650,000 | 58,368 | 2.4 | Gonds 291,603. |
| Nawanagar (Nowanaggur) | | 207,680 | | | |
| Pahlanpore (Petty state, Bombay Pres.) | Statistics relating to India | 130,000 | | 14.2 | One-seventh are Muslims, the rest Hindoos. |
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| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Poona (Collectorate) | Parl. Return 1851 | 666,006 | | | Mostly Marathas, Gujaratis, and 'not a few Mussulmans'. Also some Bohras. |
| Panna (Bundelkhand) | In 1832 DCruz, Political Relations, | 67,000 | | | 1062 Villages, 688 sqr. miles. |
| Rajpeepla (State) | India Statistics, p. 30 | 122,100 | | | Area 1,650 sqr. miles. |
| Rewah (Raj) | Jacquemont | 1,200,000 | | | |
| Ratlam (distt. including Sailana) | Statistics of Native States | 91,728 | | | |
| Rutnagherry (*Collectorate, Bombay Pres.*) | | 665,238 | | | Area 39,643 sqr. miles, density of pop. 170 to a sqr. mile. |
| Sholapur | | 675,115 | | | “It is stated to have materially improved”. |
| South India | Parl. Return, *Madras Presidency 1851* | 22,301,697 | | 4.0 | Muslims about 1/25. Hindus 18 times the number of Muslims. |
| Arcot (Madras Presidency) | 1851 one estimate | 1,006,005 | | | |
| | Another | 1,485,873 | | | |
| Bellary (Madras) | Census of 1851 | 1,229,599 | | | |
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| Cannanore | | | | Muslims and Christians only a residue. |
| Chingleput (Madras) | 1851 | 583,462 | | Muslims and Christians only a residue. |
| Goa | 1844 Bombay Revenue Dispatch, 27 March, 1844 | 313,262 | | Two-thirds Christian |
| Guntoor | Parliamentary Return, April, 1851 | 570,089 | 5.6 | 1/18 Muslims |
| Hyderabad (State) | Not on actual Census | 10,666,080 | | Muslims found about the capital and in government service. |
| Madras (including Dindigul) | Madras Census 1851 | 1,756,791 | | |
| Malabar Distt. | Madras Census 1852 | 1,514,909 | | Population comprised Hindus, Muslims (Moplahs), Christians and Jews. Hindus 'nearly three-fourths of the population of the district. |
| Masulipatam | ditto | 544,672 | 5.0 | Musalmans onetwentieth of the population. |
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| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Mysore (State) | Report on Medieval Topography of Mysore. Estimate 'not altogether free from error'. | 2,002,785 better 3,000,000 | | | 'Hindoos in great majority'. |
| Nellore (distt. under Madras Pres.) | Madras Census, July 1852 | 935,690 | | | Population 'the most part Hindoo' |
| Salem | Madras Census Return, 1852 | 1,195,377 | | | |
| Salsette | Haber II, p. 187 'conjecture of recent date' | 50,000 | | | density 333 per sqr. mile |
| Sattara | | 1,005,771 | | | density 90 per sqr. mile. |
| South Canara | | | | | No Muslims |
| Tanjore | | 1,676,086 | | | 'By far the larger portion are Brahminists'. |
| Tinnevelly | In 1823 Madras Census Return, 1852 | 564,957 1,269,216 | | | Rapidly rising |
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| Travancore (State) | Parl. Report, 1851 | 1,011,824 | | *Brahminists are very numerous; 150,000 Christians. |
| Trichinopoly | Madras Census return July 1852 | 709,196 | 20.0 | Muslims 1/5. |
| Vizagapatam | Madras Census Return, July 1852 | 1,254,272 | | |
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TABLE 11
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Population Figures of Some Important Cities
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| City or Town | Year of Estimate and Authority | Total Population | Muslim Population | Percentage of Muslims to total Population | Remarks |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Achalgunj (Avadh) | Butter, Topogrphy of Oudh, p. 114 | 5,000 | 500 | 10.0 | |
| Agra City | 1846 | 76,570 | | | Muslims include other non-Hindus. |
| Ahmadnagar | | 9,000 | | | |
| Ahmedabad | Friend of India Journal, Sept. 1852, p. 615 | 130,000 | | | Exclusive of Europeans. |
| Ajmer | 1848 | 224,891 | 27,288 | 12.1 | |
| Allahabad City | 1834, J.A.S.B., May 1834. p. 224 | 64,785 | 20,569 | 31.9 | |
| Ambala | Parliamentary Return, April, 1851 | 67,134 | | | Hindus more than two-third. |
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| Amethi (Distt. Pratapgarh) | | 10,000 | | 25.0 |
| Alwar | Statistical Papers, Native States | 280,000 | | |
| Amritsar | Calcutta Revenue Report, II, p. 501 | 80,000 to 90,000 | | |
| Amroha (Distt. Moradabad) | | 72,677 | | |
| Arcot | | 53,474 | | |
| Aurangabad City | 1825 | 60,000 | | |
| Balotra (Jodhpur) | | 6,750 | 525 | 7.8 |
| Betul (M.P.) | | 93,441 | 1,848 | 2.0 Muslims include other non-Hindus. |
| Baroda City | Transc. of Medical and Physical Soc. of Bombay, 1838, I, 17. Gibson Sketch of the province of Guzerat | 140,000 | | |
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| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Behar, British Distt. Under Bengal | | 2,500,000 | | 4.1 | "25%" : "an unusually large proportion of Muslims" |
| Bellary Distt. (Madras Presidency) | Census of 1851 | 1,229,599 | | 18.1 | "Hindoos eighteen times". |
| Benaras City | Calcutta Gleanings in Science, ii. 25. As. Res. XVII. 470, 498. | 183,491 | 36,409 | 19.8 | |
| Bombay City | | 566,119 | 124,155 | 21.9 | |
| Bulandshahr | | 699,393 | 128,542 | 18.4 | Muslims include other non-Hindus. |
| Burdwan City | 1814 | 7,651 (houses) | 2,164 | 28.2 | |
| Calcutta City | 1850 | 413,182 | 110,918 | 26.8 | |
| Caunpore Distt. (Kanpur) | 1848 Statistics of N.W. Province | 993,031 | | | |
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| Champaner | 1812 | 300 | | | It was a great city under the sultans of Gujarat (15-16th cents.). |
| Chittagong Dist. | 1845 | 1,000,000 | no information | | |
| Cochin | 1836 | 288,176 | | | |
| Coimbatore | Time of Hyder Ali | 4,000 houses | | | Muslim number is not great. |
| Dacca town | 1830 | 66,989 | 35,238 | 52.6 | |
| Cossimbazar | 1829 | 4,863 | 1,325 | 27.2 | Town recent. Not mentioned by Abul Fazl or Ferishtah |
| Dalmau, U.P. | Butter, Topo. of Oudh | 10,000 | 250 | 2.5 | |
| Daraganj (Allahabad) | J.A.S.B. May 1834, p. 244 | 9,103 | 1,708 | 18.3 | |
| Delhi City | 1845 Census by A. A. Roberts, Off. Collector. | 137,977 | 66,120 | 47.9 | Christians 327 |
| Datia (Bundelkhand) | Col. Sleeman, I, p. 303 | 40,000 to 50,000 | | | Almost all Hindu |
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| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Ferozpur (Punjab) | | 16,890 | | | |
| Fyzabad City | Butter, Topo. of Oudh, p. 123 | 100,000 | | | |
| Farukkhabad | Statistics of N. W. Provinces, p. 105 | 56,300 | | | |
| Gooty (Madras) | | 4,386 | | 25.0 | One-fourth Muslims. |
| Hyderabad (Nizam) | Not on actual census | 200,000 | | | Large proportion of Muhammadans. |
| Jaloun | Regularly conducted investigation | 176,297 | 11,381 | 6.4 | |
| Jeypoor (town in Orissa) | Satistics of Native States | 391,230 | | | |
| Jalandhar | | 40,000 | | | |
| Karachi | 1813 1815 | 13,000 15,000 | | 50.0 50.0 | Hindu-Muslim=1:1 |
| Kannuj | | 16,000 | | | |
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| Lahore | | 100,000 to 120,000 | | Under the Mughal Emperors the population probably was eight or ten times the present number. |
| Ludhiana | | 20,000 | | |
| Lucknow | Estimate not certain | 300,000 | | "There is a large proportion of Mussulmans among the Hindoos, and not a few Christians." |
| Mangalore | Medical Report on Malabar, Canara, and Madras, 1844 | 11,548 | | |
| Masulipatam | 1837 Census | 27,884 | 3,855 13.8 | |
| Meerut | Statistics of N.W. Provinces, 1848 | 29,014 | | |
| Mirzapore | Parl. Return 1851 | 79,526 | | Few Muslims |
| Monghyr | C. 1810 Buchanan's Survey of Eastern India | 30,000 | | |
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| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Multan (Punjab) | Estimate only | 80,000 | | | |
| Moorshedabad | 1829 Census, *J.A.S.B.* | 146,176 | 56,090 | 38.4 | |
| Moradabad | Statistics of *N.W. Prov.* 79 | 48,880 | | | “The majority of which is Mahomedan”. |
| Muzaffarnagar | 1847 Recent Census, Shakespear | 7,264 | | | |
| Mathura | 1848 Official Return | 50,000 | | | |
| Nagpur | 1825 | 115,228 | | 2.5 | 2½ per cent Muslims and rest Hindoos. |
| Nellore | Madras Census, July 1852 | 20,000 | | | Population “the most part Hindoos.” |
| Patna | Buchanan’s Survey | C 312,000 | | | |
| Peshawar | C 1800 | 100,000 | | | |
| | 1853 | 56,054 | 48,348 | 86.2 | 7,706 Hindoos, rest Muslims. |
| | India Rev. Dispatch, 12 January, 1853 | | | | |
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| Pondichery | Report on Medical Topography and Statistics of Central Div. of Madras Army | 25,000 to 30,000 | | |
| Poona | Return of Law Commission 1919-1938 | 110,000 | | ‘Number but conjectural’. |
| | | 75,170 | | |
| Purneah | Buchanan, ut supra, ii. 51. | 50,000 | | |
| Pratapgarh (U.P.) | Topography of Oudh, 133. | 10,000 | 50.0 | “Of whom half are Mussulmans, and almost all cultivators there being no manufacturers.” |
| Patan (Anhilwara) | | 30,000 | | Large and important town in medival India. |
| Quilon | | 20,000 | | ditto. |
| Rajahmundry | Parl. Return 1851 | 15,000 to 20,000 | | “Of whom the Mussulmans form but a small and indigent class, though numerous Mosques.” |
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| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Rameshwaram | | 4,288 | 620 | 14.4 | Annual pilgrimage estimated at 30,000. |
| Ramgarh (Hazaribagh) | ditto | 372,216 | | | |
| Rewa Town | Jaquemont | 7,000 | | | |
| Rohtak | Statistics of N.W. Provinces | 10,350 | | | |
| Ratlam | Statistics of Native States | 10,000 | | | |
| Saint Thomas Mount (10 miles S. W. of Madras | Official Statement 1837 | 17,720 | 3,500 | 19.8 | |
| Saugor | Conjectured, Spray, II, p. 54 | 50,000 | | | Majority being Marathas |
| Secunderabad | 1. Rep. of Medieval Topography 2. Statistics of Northern Division of Madras Army, p. 115 | 34,357 | | | |
| Seringapatam | Buchanan, I. P. 76 estimated in 1801 (exclusive of garrison) | 150,000 (under Tippoo) | | | "Still less now (C 1850) as the town has been abandond as a military state." |
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| Shahjahanpur | Statistics of N. W. Provinces | 62,785 | | | |
| Shikarpoor (in Sind) | Postans, 19 Burnes, on the Commerce of Shikarpoor, 24 | 30,000 | 10,000 | 33.3 | Both postans and Kennedy estimated 50,000; of these 10,000 Muslims, 1,000 were Patan |
| Shamsabad (Dist. Farukhabad) | Statistics of N.W. Prov. 105 | 6,920 | | | |
| Sikandarabad Distt. Bulandshahr | Statistics of N.W. Prov. 59 | 14,843 | | | |
| Singbhoom | Parl. Return 1851 | 200,000 | | | |
| Sirdhana (Distt. Meerut) | Statistics of N.W. Provinces, p. 55 | 12,841 | | | About 1,200 Christians. |
| Srinagar | C. 1800 Cunningham, Hist. of the Punjab | 40,000 80,000 | | | |
| Somnath (Patan) | Id. 352 | 5,000 | | | "The population of the town is at present chiefly Mussulman, and there are many mosques." |
| Sootee (Dist. Murshidabad) | J.A.S.B. 1833, p. 569 | 34,662 | 28,499 | 82.2 | |
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| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Surat | 1838 | 133,544 | | | |
| Tanjore | Report, ut Supra, 174 | 80,000 | | | |
| Tellicherry (Distt. Malabar) | Estimated | 20,000 | | | Majority Mopilahs |
| Thatta | J.R.A.S. 1834, p. 234 | 18,000 | | | |
| Trichnopoly | | 30,000 | | 20.0 | Mussulmans one-fifth of the population. |
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TABLE III
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*Showing concentration of Hindus or Muslims in some towns and villages*
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| Town | Year of census and authority | Total population | Muslim population | Percentage of Muslims to total population | Remarks |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Akbarpoor (Avadh) | Topography of Oudh, 114. | 1,000 | | 66.6 | Two-third Muslims All weavers. |
| Aldeman (Avadh) | | 400 | 300 | 75.0 | |
| Aliganj (Dist. Sultanpur U.P. | Topography of Oudh, 115. | 100 | | 0 | All Hindus |
| Attanagar (Dist. Salon, Avadh) | Butter's Estimate | 6,000 | | 66.6 | Two-thirds Musalmans All cultivators |
| Balia | Topography of Oudh, 116. | 6.000 | | 0 | All Hindus |
| Bhadinya (Dist. Sultanpur, Avadh) | Butter Topograph of Oudh. | 2,000 | 100 | 5.0 | |
| Bhojpur (Dist. Bainswara, Avadh) | Topography of Oudh, 119. | 9,000 | 150 | 1.6 | |
| Gonda | Butter, Topograpy of Avadh, p. 125 | 2,000 | | | All Hindus except about 50 Muslim weavers. |
| Jambo (Dist. Salon, Avadh) | | 7,000 | | 50.0 | Muslims half. |
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| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Jayes (Dist. Salon, Avadh) | Butter Topography of Oudh, p. 127 | 9,000 | | 75.0 | Three-fourths Muslims |
| Jaunsar (British Hill Dist. connected with Dehra Dun) | Rough Census in 1847 | 24,684 | 24 | 0.1 | |
| Qasur (Punjab) | | | | | All Muslims |
| Mankpur (U.P.) | Butter, p. 129 Tennant, II, p. 35 | 10,000 | | 50.0 | |