Ancient Indian Colonies in the Far East (Vol. I: Champa; Vol. II: Suvarnadvipa) v2.c11.s3: III. Critical Discussion

Ancient Indian Colonies in the Far East (Vol. I: Champā; Vol. II: Suvarṇadvīpa) v2.c11.s3

Language: English

III. Critical Discussion

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8. J. J. L. Duyvendak—Ma Huan re-examined (Verhand. der. Kon. Ak. van Wetensch., Afd. Letterkunde, N. R., d. XXXII, no 3, Amsterdam, 1933.)

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9. P. Pelliot—Les Grands Voyages Maritimes Chinois au Debut du XVe siècle (T'oung Pao, Vol. XXX, 1933, pp. 236-452 ; Vol. XXI, pp. 274 ff.)

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[ This is by way of review of the preceding book. ]

Before leaving this subject we must also mention the works of Ferrand who has collected all the sources of information about Śrī-Vijaya and Malayu-Malakka in two articles in Journal Asiatique (J.A. II, XX ; J.A. II, XI-XII ).

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Of the modern historical works dealing with the subject, those by Raffles, Fruin-Mees, With, and Veth have all been cast into shade by Krom's 'Hindoe-Javaansche Geschiedenis' which is bound to remain the standard work on the political history of Java for many years to come. Krom's other work, Inleiding tot de Hindoe-Javaansche Kunst, is equally valuable for the history of Javanese art. It is with pleasure and gratitude that I recall the fact that these two books formed the foundation of my study of Javanese history, and I have freely utilised them in the following pages. The second edition of the first named work reached my hands after the first draft of this book was composed. Although I have utilised the new edition in the revision of my book, references given are mostly to the first edition.

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For the religious history of Java the works of Goris and Pigeaud (Tantu), and the numerous articles by various scholars, have been of the greatest assistance to me as they are sure to prove to others.

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As regards Literature, the Catalogues of Manuscripts (Cat. I, II, III ), and the works by Berg (specially Hoofdlijnen, Mid. Jav. Trad, and Inleiding), Pandji Roman by Rassers, and several articles, notably the one by Berg in B. K. I., Vol. 71 (pp. 556-578 ), have been most useful to me. Not being acquainted with the Kavi language, I had to derive my knowledge of Javanese literature mainly from these and the few translations of texts that have been published so far.

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Of the secondary sources for the history and civilisation of Malaysia, by far the most important are the learned articles contributed to T. B. G. and B. K. I, the organs of the two famous institutions that have done yeoman's work in rescuing from oblivion the glorious past of Java and the neighbouring islands. These articles touch upon every aspect of the subject and are of inestimable value to anyone who seeks to study the history of Indonesia.

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It will be seen from the above that our data regarding the history of the different regions is very unequal. While we possess, in an abundant degree, evidences, both literary and archaeological, for the history and civilisation of Java, these are very meagre when we come, for example, to Borneo. Between these two extremes we may place, in order of adequacy of historical materials, Bali, Malay Peninsula, and Sumatra.

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It would be wrong, however, to imagine that the degree of importance, which should be attached to the different regions, is in any way proportionate to the extant evidences regarding them. The absence of evidence available to us may be quite accidental. The archaeological evidence is mostly perishable, save in the case of massive monuments such as we find in Java. As to the Chinese evidence, the Chroniclers could only record events when there was any intercourse with one of these states. A state would come in and go out of their history according as it sent any embassy to China (or vice versa) or ceased to do so. The absence of evidence, therefore, should not lead us to infer the political insignificance of a state, far less its non-existence.

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A. B. I. A. = Annual Bibliography of Indian Archaeology (Published by Kern Institute, Leyden).

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Ann. Rep. Arch. Surv. = Annual Report of the Archaeological Survey of India.

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Arch. Ond. = Archaeologisch Onderzock op Java en Madura (By the Commission appointed in 1901), 3 volumes dealing respectively with Tjaṇḍi Djago, Tjaṇḍi Singasāri, and Barabuḍur.

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Arch. Surv. = Archaeological Survey Report (Provincial).

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B. C. A. I. = Bulletin de la commission Archaeologique de l'Indochine.

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Beal = Buddhist Records of the Western World, Translated from the Chinese of Hiuen Tsiang by Samuel Beal (London, 1906).

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B. E. F. E. O. = Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient, (Hanoi).

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Berg-Hoofdlijnen = Hoofdlijnen der Javaansche Litteratuur-Geschiedenis by C. C. Berg (1929)

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Berg-Inleiding = Inleiding tot de studie van het Oud-Javaansch (1928)

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Bib-Jav = Bibliotheca Javanica

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B. K. I. = Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, uitgegeven door het Koninklijk Instituut voor de Taal-, land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch Indië

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Cat. I. = Supplement op den Catalogus van de Javaansche en Madoereesche Handschriften der Leidsche Universiteits-Bibliotheck by Dr. H. H. Juynboll. Leiden, Vol. I (1907), Vol. II (1911), Cat. II. = Supplement op den Catalogus van de Sundaneesche Handschriften en Catalogus van Balineesche en Sasaksche Handschriften der Leidsche Universiteits-Bibliotheek by Dr. H. H. Juynboll (1912).

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Cat. III. = Catalogus van de Maleische en Sundaneesche Handschriften der Leidsche Universiteits-Bibliotheek by Dr. H. H. Juynboll (1899).

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Cat. IV. = Juynboll-Catalogus van 's Rijks Ethnographisch Museum.

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Chau Ju-kua = Chu-fan-chï by Chau Ju-kua. Translated by F. Hirth and W. W. Rockhill. St. Petersburg (1911).

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Coedes-Textes = Textes d'auteurs Grecs et Latins relatifs a l' Extrême-Orient depuis le IVe siècle Av. J. C. jusqu'au XIV siècle. Recueillis et traduits par George Coedès (Paris-Ernest Leroux, 1910).

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Cohn-Ind. = Indische Plastik von William Cohn (Berlin, 1923)

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Congres I = Handelingen van het eerste Congres voor de taal-, land- en volkenkunde van Java, 1919 (Albrecht & Co-Weltevreden).

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Coomaraswamy = Ananda K. Coomaraswamy—History of Indian and Indonesian Art (1927).

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Crawfurd-Dictionary = A Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands and Adjacent Countries by John Crawfurd, London (1856)

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Encycl. Ned. Ind. = Encyclopaedië van Nederlandsch-Indië, Second Edition (1919).

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Ep. Carn. = Epigraphia Carnatica.

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Ep. Ind. = Epigraphia Indica.

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Fa-hien = A record of Buddhistic Kingdoms by Fa-hien. Translated by J. Legge (Oxford, 1886).

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Feestbundel = Feestbundel uitgegeven door Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen bei gelegenheid van zijn 150-jarig Bestaan 1778-1928 (G. Kolff & Co, 1929).

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Ferrand-Textes = Relations de Voyages et Textes Geographiques Arabes, Persans et Turks relatifs a l'Extrême-Orient du VIIIe au XVIIIe siècles by Gabriel Ferrand, 2 Vols (Paris-Ernest Leroux 1913-14).

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Foucher-Etude, I = Étude sur l'Iconographie Bouddhique de l'Inde by A. Foucher (Paris, 1900).

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Foucher-Etude, II = Do-Paris, 1905

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Friederich-Bali = An account of the Island of Bali by Dr. R. Friederich (Miscellaneous Papers relating to Indo-China and the Indian Archipelago, Second Series, Vol. II, London, 1887).

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Fruin-Mees = Geschiedenis van Java by W. Fruin-Mees. Part I (2nd Edition, Weltevreden, 1922).

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Gerini-Researches = Researches on Ptolemy's Geography of Eastern Asia by Colonel G. E. Gerini, London (1909).

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Goris = Bijdrage Tot de kennis der Oud-Javaansche en Balineesche Theologie by R. Goris. Leiden, 1926.

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Groeneveldt-Notes = Notes on the Malay Archipelago and Malacca compiled from Chinese Sources by W. P. Groeneveldt. V. B. G. Vol. XXXIX, Part I. (Batavia, 1877)

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I. A. L. = Indian Art and Letters.

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I. C. = Indian Culture (Calcutta).

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I. H. Q. = Indian Historical Quarterly (Calcutta).

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Ind. Ant. = Indian Antiquary.

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Indian Art = The Influences of Indian Art. Published by the India Society 1925.

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I-tsing-Memoire = Mémoire composé a l'époque de la grande dynastie T'ang sur les Religieux Eminents qui allerent chercher la loi dans les pays d'occident par I-tsing. Translated by E. Chavannes (Paris 1894).

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I-tsing-Record = A Record of the Buddhist religion as practised in India and the Malay Archipelago (A.D. 671-695) by I-tsing. Translated by J. Takakusu (Oxford, 1896).

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J. A. = Journal Asiatique.

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J. A. S. B. = Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (1865-1904).

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J. A. S. B. N. S. = Do, New Series (1905-1934).

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J. A. S. B. L. = Do (Letters, from 1935).

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J. Bo. Br. R. A. S. = Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society.

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J. B. O. R. S. = Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society.

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J. F. M. S. M. = Journal of the Federated Malay States Museum.

v2.c11.s3.58

J. G. I. S. = Journal of the Greater India Society.

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J. I. H. = Journal of Indian History.

v2.c11.s3.60

J. Mal. Br. R. A. S. = Journal of the Malay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society.

v2.c11.s3.61

Jonker—Wetboek = Een Oud-Javaansch Wetboek vergeleken met Indische Rechtsbronnen by J. C. G. Jonker (Leiden, 1885).

v2.c11.s3.62

J. R. A. S. = Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

v2.c11.s3.63

J. Str. Br. R. A. S. = Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society.

v2.c11.s3.64

Kempers = The Bronzes of Nalanda and Hindu Javanese Art by Dr. A. J. Bernet Kempers (Leiden) (Originally published as an article in B. K. I. Vol. 90, pp. 1-88).

v2.c11.s3.65

K. O. = Kawi Oorkonden in Facsimile Met Inleiding en Transcriptie by Dr. A. B. Cohen Stuart (Leiden, 1875).

v2.c11.s3.66

Krom—Geschiedenis = Hindoe-Javaansche Geschiedenis by Dr. N. J. Krom (Martinus Nijhoff, Hague, 1926). The second Edition (1931) is indicated by Krom-Geschiedenis².

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Krom-Kunst=Inleiding tot de Hindoe-Javaansche Kunst by Dr. N. J. Krom (Martinus Nijhoff, Hague, 1923).

v2.c11.s3.68

Lévi-Texts=Sanskrit Texts from Bāli by Sylvain Lévi (Gaekwad Oriental Series).

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Mid. Jav. Trad.=Berg—De Middeljavaansche Historische Traditie (1927).

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Nag. Kr.=Nāgara-Kṛtāgama Edited by H. Kern (V. G. Vols. VII-VIII).

v2.c11.s3.71

N. I. O. N.=Nederlandsch Indië, Oud en Nieuw

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Not. Bat. Gen.=Notulen van de Algemeene en Bestuursvergaderingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen.

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O. B.=Oudheden van Bali by Dr. W. F. Stutterheim (Singradja, 1929).

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O. J. O.=Oud-Javaansche Oorkonden. Nagelaten Transcripties van Wijlen Dr. J. L. A. Brandes. Uitgegeven door Dr. N. J. Krom ; V. B. G. Vol. LX. (Batavia and the Hague, 1913.)

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O. V.=Oudheidkundig Verslag (Rapporten van den Oudheidkundig Dienst in Nederlandsch Indië, Series I, 1912-1919 ; Series II. 1920 etc.)

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Par=Pararaton of Het Boek der Koningen van Tumapel en van Majapahit door Brandes ; Tweede Druk door Dr. N. J. Krom (V. B. G. Deel LXII), 1920.

v2.c11.s3.77

Poerbatjaraka-Agastya=Agastya in den Archipel by Poerbatjaraka (Lesya) (Leiden, 1926).

v2.c11.s3.78

Raffles-Java=The History of Java by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, 2nd Edition (London, 1830).

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Rapporten=Rapporten van de Commissie in Nederlandsch-Indië voor Oudheidkundig Onderzock op Java en Madura, 1901 etc.

v2.c11.s3.80

Rum-Serams=De Rum Serams op Nieuw-Guinea of Het Hinduisme in het Oosten van onzen Archipel door Dr. D. W. Horst (Leiden, 1893).

v2.c11.s3.81

Sarkar-Literature = Indian Influences on the Literature of Java and Bali, Calcutta, 1934.

v2.c11.s3.82

Sastri-Colas = 'The Colas' by Prof. K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, Madras, 1935.

v2.c11.s3.83

S. I. Ep. Rep. = Annual Report on South Indian Epigraphy.

v2.c11.s3.84

S. I. I. = South Indian Inscriptions.

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Tantu = De Tantu Panggelaran by Th. Pigeaud (Hague, 1924).

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T. B. G. = Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen (1853 *etc.*), Batavia.

v2.c11.s3.87

V. B. G. = Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Batavia.

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V. G. = Verspreide Geschriften van Prof. Dr. H. Kern.