[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [General history and culture](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general) › [Ancient Indian Historical Tradition](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922) › c19 # Ancient Indian Historical Tradition c19: Chapter XIV. Minor Synchronisms Established Ancient Indian Historical Tradition c19 - **Language:** English ### Chapter XIV. Minor Synchronisms Established ### [c19.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.2) NEXT may be considered a number of minor synchronisms, which connect only a few persons or relate to a brief space of time. ### [c19.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.3) The earliest of these is that Yayāti’s eldest brother Yati married Go, daughter of Kakutstha³ or (better) Kākutstha.⁴ He thus married Kakutstha’s daughter or granddaughter, and Kakutstha can be none other than the early king of Ayodhyā, after whom various descendants were styled Kākutstha. Yayāti therefore should be placed one, or preferably two generations below Kakutstha. ### [c19.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.4) There is a synchronism connecting the Ayodhyā and Druhyu dynasties. The Druhyus occupied the Panjab, and Māndhātṛ of Ayodhyā had a long war with the Druhyu king Aruddha⁵ or Aṅgāra⁶ and killed him.⁷ The latter’s successor was Gāndhāra, who gave his name to the Gāndhāra country.⁸ ### [c19.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.5) Next are some synchronisms connected with Lopāmudrā. She was daughter of a king of Vidarbha,¹ and married Agastya.² The king is called Vaidarbha, ‘son (or descendant) of Vidarbha’; and is named Nimi twice.³ No king of this name occurs in the Vidarbha genealogy (chapter XII, Table), but he was obviously a son or near descendant of Vidarbha, and Nimi is probably a misreading of Bhīma,⁴ another name of Vidarbha’s son Kratha, or perhaps the name of another son. By Lopāmudrā’s favour Alarka, king of Kāśi, grandson of Pratardana, had, it is said, a very long and prosperous reign.⁵ Agastya and she were thus contemporary with Alarka, and were two or three generations below Vidarbha and Pratardana. These synchronisms harmonize with those deduced about those kings in chapter XIII. ### [c19.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.6) ¹ MBh iii, 96, 8561-3, prefaced by a brahmanical fable. ### [c19.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.7) ² MBh iii, 97, 8570-6: iv, 21, 654-5: v, 116, 3971, where she is called Vaidarbhī. Rigv i, 179. Rām v, 24, 11. ### [c19.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.8) ³ MBh xiii, 137, 6255: xii, 234, 8600, where Vaidarbha is corrupted to Vaideha. ### [c19.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.9) ⁴ Helped no doubt by the above corruption, Nimi being the first king of Videha. Vidarbha and Videha were liable to be confused; so Pad iv, 112, 50. ### [c19.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.10) ⁵ Vā 92, 67. Bḍ iii, 67, 71. Br 11, 53; 13, 74. Hv 29, 1590; 32, 1748. ### [c19.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.11) The story about Lopāmudrā and Agastya goes on to make three kings, Śrutarvan, Bradhnaśva and Trasadasyu Paurukutsa their contemporaries,⁶ but it gives no particulars about the first two and wrongly says Trasadasyu was of the Ikṣvāku race, for Trasadasyu the Aikṣvāku was far earlier than Sagara, who was a younger contemporary of Vidarbha as shown above. The synchronisms (infra) show that the later Trasadasyu Paurukutsa (p. 133), who was a Bhārata, was a contemporary of Ṛkṣa and a younger contemporary of Divodāsa’s father Vadhryaśva. A king Śrutarvan Ārkṣa, ‘son of Ṛkṣa,’ is mentioned,⁷ and the two Ṛkṣas are probably the same.⁸ Hence the Bhārata Trasadasyu, Vadhryaśva and Śrutarvan were practically contemporaries, and Böhtlingk and Roth’s conjecture that Bradhnaśva is an error for Vadhryaśva seems right. A synchronism then inferred from the Rigveda has been wrongly attached to Agastya and Lopāmudrā,¹ who were considerably earlier as shown, and the two Trasadasyus have been confused. This is a spurious synchronism, a brahmanical addition to glorify Agastya, and reveals the lack of the historical sense. ### [c19.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.12) ⁶ MBh iii, 98, 8595-8608. ### [c19.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.13) ⁷ Rigv viii, 74, 4, 13. Śrutarvan alone, x, 49, 5. ### [c19.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.14) ⁸ Śrutarvan would then be a Paurava king in the blank between Ṛkṣa and Saṃvaraṇa; chap. XII, Table. ### [c19.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.15) ¹ There was of course an Agastya living then. ### [c19.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.16) Sagara was a younger contemporary of Vidarbha as shown above. It is stated in the story of Nala that Bhīma, king of Vidarbha, and Vīrabāhu, king of Cedi, were contemporaries,² and the latter’s son Subāhu and Ṛtuparṇa, king of Ayodhyā, were contemporaries.³ This agrees entirely with the genealogies, for they make Bhīmaratha (of which Bhīma there is the shortened form) tenth successor of Vidarbha and Ṛtuparṇa tenth successor of Sagara, the latter being a younger contemporary of the former. ### [c19.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.17) ² MBh iii, 53, 2076; 69, 2706–8. ### [c19.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.18) ³ MBh iii, 64, 2531; 65, 2576; 66, 2627–8: 70, 2766. See Vā 88, 174; Bḍ iii, 63, 173; Br 8, 80; Hv 15, 815. ### [c19.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.19) Another group of synchronisms may be collected from the Rigveda, though falling mostly outside the purview of the genealogies. Divodāsa Atithigva was king of North Pañcāla.⁴ His son Indrota, Ṛkṣa’s son, and Aśvamedha’s son Pūtakratu were contemporaries.⁵ Pūtakratu’s son was Dasyave-Vṛka,⁶ a prince who was also a rishi.⁷ Aśvamedha was contemporary with Trasadasyu Paurukutsya, who was apparently a Pūru king,⁸ so Trasadasyu was son of Purukutsa;⁹ and Purukutsa was son of Girikṣit and grandson of Durgaha.¹⁰ Trasadasyu had a son Tṛkṣi.¹¹ Sobhari Kāṇva was contemporary with Trasadasyu.¹² Contemporary with Divodāsa was Prastoka,¹³ who was a Sārñjaya,¹⁴ that is, a descendant (not son) of Sṛñjaya, the brother of Mudgala, who were Bhāratas; contemporary with Prastoka was Abhyāvartin Cāyamāna;¹⁵ and Aśvamedha was a descendant of Bharata.¹⁶ These two princes also probably belonged to the petty kingdoms descended from Mudgala’s brothers. The Ṛkṣa mentioned above was probably the king of Hastināpura, who is called in the genealogies son of Ajamīḍha and father of Saṃvaraṇa, but the table of genealogies shows that there were many generations, and that son means descendant and father means ancestor. From these data we get these synchronisms:— ### [c19.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.20) ⁴ See the dynasty in chap. IX. ### [c19.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.21) ⁵ Rigv viii, 68, 15, 16, 18. ### [c19.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.22) ⁶ Id. viii, 56, 2. ### [c19.23](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.23) ⁷ Id. viii, 51, 2. Vedic Index i, 346. ### [c19.24](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.24) ⁸ Rigv v, 27, 3, 4. Vedic Index i, 327. ### [c19.25](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.25) ⁹ Rigv iv, 42, 9; viii, 19, 36. ### [c19.26](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.26) ¹⁰ Id. iv, 42, 8. Vedic Index i, 327. Or vice versa. ### [c19.27](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.27) ¹¹ Rigv viii, 22, 7. ### [c19.28](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.28) ¹² Id. viii, 19, 2, 32, 36. ### [c19.29](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.29) ¹³ Id. vi, 47, 22, 25. ### [c19.30](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.30) ¹⁴ Anukramaṇī and Vedārth. Bṛhadd v, 124. ### [c19.31](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.31) ¹⁵ Vedārth on Rigv vi, 75. Bṛhadd v, 124. ### [c19.32](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.32) ¹⁶ So Anukramaṇī on Rigv v, 27; and also Vedārth, which wrongly renders Bhārata as ‘son of Bharata’. ### [c19.33](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.33) | Pauravas | N. Pañcāla | Kāṇvas | | \*Bhāratas\* | \*Mudgalas\* | \*Sṛñjayas\* | | | Durgaha | | | | Girikṣit | | | | Purukutsa | Vadhryaśva | | | Ṛkṣa | Aśvamedha | Trasadasyu | Divodāsa | Prastoka | Sobhari | | | Pūtakratu | Tṛkṣi | Indrota | | | | | Dasyave- | | | | | | | Vṛka | | | | | ### [c19.34](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.34) There is a story that connects the Yādavas and Rāma of Ayodhyā. It is prefaced by a spurious genealogy noticed in chapter X, but the material passage¹ appears to contain genuine tradition because it is corroborated elsewhere and explains the name of the country Śūrasena. It gives these descendants of the great Yādava king Madhu,² namely, Mādhava, his son Satvata, his son Bhīma and his son Andhaka, and these tally with the genealogical version Satvant, Sātvata, and Andhaka. It says Bhīma Sātvata was contemporary with Rāma; Rāma’s brother Śatrughna killed the Yādava Lavaṇa, cut down the forest Madhuvana and built the city Mathurā there; when Rāma and his brothers died, Bhīma recovered the city; and Andhaka reigned there contemporary with Rāma’s son Kuśa at Ayodhyā. The genealogies say that Śatrughna killed the Mādhava Lavaṇa, went to Madhuvana, built Mathurā and reigned there with his two sons Subāhu and Śūrasena.³ Here then we have Satvant and Bhīma contemporary with Rāma, and Andhaka with Kuśa. ### [c19.35](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.35) ¹ Hv 95, 5242–8. ### [c19.36](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.36) ² In all the stories cited here Madhu is wrongly called a Dānava and a Daitya, see p. 66; and so also Lavaṇa. Cf. Br 213, 137. ### [c19.37](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.37) ³ Vā 88, 185–6. Bḍ iii, 63, 186–7. Rām vii, 62, 6 and Viṣ iv, 4, 46, wrongly calling Lavaṇa a Rākṣasa; and so also Bhāg ix, 11, 14. Śatrughna’s killing Lavaṇa also in Ag 11, 6–7; Raghuv xv, 2–30; Pad vi, 271, 9; Var 178, 1. ### [c19.38](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.38) Another version⁴ amplifies what the genealogies say with some mistaken embellishments, as that Lavaṇa was son, instead of descendant, of Madhu, and that Madhuvana was in Ayodhyā territory, whereas South Pañcāla separated them. The Rāmāyaṇa gives a third version, similar but largely amplified and brahmanized with various mistakes.¹ Mathurā was the capital of the Śūrasena country; the country appears to have obtained its name from Śatrughna's son Śūrasena,² and Andhaka's descendants reigned there down to Ugrasena and Kaṃsa; so the second version says. ### [c19.39](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.39) ⁴ Hv 55, 3060–96. ### [c19.40](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.40) ¹ Rām vii, 64 to 70, calling Lavaṇa a Rākṣasa and wrongly connecting him with Rāma's early ancestor Māndhātṛ. ### [c19.41](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.41) ² So also Rām vii, 70, 6-9 may imply. Lg i, 68, 19 suggests a different explanation, that it was named after an earlier Śūrasena, a son of the Haihaya Arjuna Kārtavīrya; but no other authority supports that, and the Haihaya territory appears to have lain farther south, as mentioned ante. ### [c19.42](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.42) Andhaka's brother Bhajamāna married two daughters of Sṛñjaya.³ Nothing is said to identify this Sṛñjaya, but the reference suggests he was well known, and the best known Sṛñjaya was the king of N. Pañcāla. The genealogical table framed according to the synchronisms established shows that Sṛñjaya of N. Pañcāla must have reigned about this time, and as Andhaka's and Bhajamāna's father Bhīma Sātvata reigned at Mathurā as just shown, a marriage alliance between the two neighbouring dynasties would be quite natural. There can be little doubt then in identifying these two Sṛñjayas. Combining then all these particulars we have these synchronisms:— ### [c19.43](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.43) ³ Vā 96, 3. Bḍ iii, 71, 3. Br 15, 32. Hv 38, 2001, Mat 44, 49. Pad v, 13, 33. ### [c19.44](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.44) | N. Pañcāla | Yādavas | Ayodhyā | | | Satvant | Rāma | Śatrughna | | Sṛñjaya | Bhīma Sātvata | | Śūrasena | | | Bhajamāna, Andhaka | Kuśa⁴ | ### [c19.45](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.45) ⁴ Kuśa and his brother Lava were born late in Rāma's life. ### [c19.46](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.46) This is corroborated by another allusion. In two lists of royal munificence to brahmans it is said king Śatadyumna gave a splendid furnished house to the brahman Maudgalya,⁵ descendant of king Mudgala, of N. Pañcāla (chapter IX). King Mudgala therefore was earlier than Śatadyumna. The only Śatadyumna mentioned was a king of Videha, Sīradhvaja's second successor. Sīradhvaja was Rāma's father-in-law (ante), so Śatadyumna would have been Rāma's younger contemporary and therefore (according to the synchronisms just set out) a contemporary of Sṛñjaya of N. Pañcāla. Sṛñjaya was Mudgala’s fourth or fifth successor, and the Maudgalya brahmans would have been established three or four generations in Śatadyumna’s time—thus entirely harmonizing with the above allusion. ### [c19.47](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.47) ⁵ MBh xiii, 137, 6265 (Maudgalya): xii, 234, 8606 (Mudgala; using the single name for the patronymic). ### [c19.48](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.48) There is a synchronism between Divodāsa’s and Ṛkṣa’s descendants. Divodāsa’s fifth successor Sudās (Sudāsa, chapter IX) defeated his foes on the Jumna and again defeated Pūru and others in battle on the river Paruṣṇī (modern Ravi);¹ hence he must have driven Pūru out of the Paurava kingdom of Hastināpura first to the Jumna and then as far west as the Ravi. Tradition says that the Paurava Saṃvaraṇa was driven out of Hastināpura by a Pañcāla king and took refuge many years near the river Sindhu, but afterwards with a Vasiṣṭha’s aid recovered his kingdom and established a lordship over all kṣatriya princes,² which means he subdued Pañcāla. The genealogies say Sudāsa’s kingdom declined after his death,³ and the Rigveda shows that Somaka was less opulent than Sudās.⁴ Moreover a Vasiṣṭha was Sudās’s priest,⁵ but there are no hymns by any Vasiṣṭha in honour of his successors. There was also a long gap between Jantu and Pṛṣata, during which N. Pañcāla was dominated by Hastināpura. It is clear then that Sudās drove Saṃvaraṇa out, and that Saṃvaraṇa and his son Kuru conquered Sahadeva or more probably Somaka.⁶ Hence Saṃvaraṇa was a younger contemporary of Sudās and Kuru of Somaka. ### [c19.49](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.49) ¹ Rigv vii, 18 and 33; and 19. Vedic Index ii, 186; i, 499. ### [c19.50](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.50) ² MBh i, 94, 3725–39. ### [c19.51](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.51) ³ Vā 99, 209. Mat 50, 15. Hv 32, 1792. Br 13, 100. ### [c19.52](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.52) ⁴ Rigv iv, 15, 7, 8 compared with vii, 18, 22, 23. ### [c19.53](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.53) ⁵ Rigv vii, 18 and 33. Aitar Brāhm vii, 5, 34; viii, 4, 21. ### [c19.54](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.54) ⁶ Because it is said Somaka sacrificed on the Jumna, MBh iii, 125, 10420–2; and that could only have been before Saṃvaraṇa’s reconquest. All this is fully discussed in JRAS, 1918, pp. 233–8, 246–8. ### [c19.55](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.55) Kavaṣa lived in Sudās’s reign and was drowned apparently at Sudās’s battle with the ten kings; he was old (vṛddha) then and famous (śruta).⁷ He was no doubt Kavaṣa Ailūṣa,⁸ the reputed author of hymn x, 33, because that is in praise of king Kuruśravaṇa Trāsadasyava, and that king, as a near descendant of Trasadasyu who was a contemporary of Divodāsa (ante), would have lived about the time of Divodāsa’s fourth and fifth successors Cyavana and Sudās. The two Kavaṣas thus lived at the same time and were no doubt the same rishi. He was thus contemporary with Saṃvaraṇa. Further, Tura Kāvaṣeya consecrated Janamejaya Pārikṣita and was his purohita.¹ Tura was by his patronymic a descendant of Kavaṣa, and Janamejaya was Janamejaya II, son of Parikṣit I who was Saṃvaraṇa's grandson. They would thus have been contemporary. Kavaṣa appears to have been on Saṃvaraṇa's side, and his near descendant Tura consecrated Saṃvaraṇa's great grandson Janamejaya. ### [c19.56](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.56) ⁷ Rigv vii, 18, 12. Vedic Index i, p. 143. ### [c19.57](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.57) ⁸ A śūdra rishi, son of Ilūṣa and a slave-girl, Aitar Brāhm ii, 3, 19. ### [c19.58](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.58) ¹ Aitar Brāhm vii, 5, 34; viii, 4, 21, Vedic Index i, p. 314. Bhāg ix, 22, 35-7 confuses this Janamejaya with the later Janamejaya III Pārikṣita (chap. IX) and misplaces Kāvaṣeya with the latter. ### [c19.59](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.59) King Kṛta or Kṛti of the Dvimīḍha line was, as all the passages which mention him say,² the disciple of Hiraṇyanābha or Hiraṇyanābhi Kausalya, and made twenty-four saṃhitās of sāmans; they were the ‘eastern sāmans’, and the chanters of them were called Kārtas or Kārtis after him. Hiraṇyanābha was a king of Kosala,³ but his position is confused in three passages, which place him five generations after Vyāsa⁴; and that is wrong, because it would make him one of the ‘future’ kings after the Bhārata battle (chapter III), but he was not one of them⁵ and the genealogies fix his position clearly as No. 83 in the Ayodhyā dynasty;⁶ and because it is incredible that, after the brahmans had established the Vedic schools, two kings could have been such authorities on the sāmans. Kṛta was one step below Hiraṇyanābha. ### [c19.60](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.60) ² Genealogies, Mat 49, 75-6: Hv 20, 1080-2: Vā 99, 189-91 (which reads Kauthuma wrongly): Viṣ iv, 19, 13: Bhāg ix, 21, 28-9 (6 saṃhitās). Also Vā 61, 44-8 and Bḍ ii, 35, 49-55 (which name his twenty-four disciples and misread Kārta as Krānta); Viṣ iii, 6, 7. ### [c19.61](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.61) ³ Chapter XII, Table. Vedic Index ii, 506. ### [c19.62](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.62) ⁴ Vā 61, 27-8, 33. Bḍ ii, 35, 31-2, 39-40. Viṣ iii, 6, 1-4. Discussed in chap. XXVII. ### [c19.63](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.63) ⁵ My Dynasties of the Kali Age, pp. 9, 10. ### [c19.64](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.64) ⁶ A descendant was probably Para Āṭnāra Hairanyanābha, Śatapatha Brāhm xiii, 5, 4, 4: Vedic Index, i, 491; ii, 506. ### [c19.65](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.65) Hiraṇyanābha as Kṛta's teacher was learned in the sāmans, and they constructed the ‘eastern sāmans’. They lived before Vyāsa, but when Sukarman Jaimini taught Pauṣyañji the Sāmaveda, Pauṣyañji taught his disciples 500 (sic) saṃhitās of sāmans, and they were known as the ‘northern sāman chanters’. Then notice had to be taken of the older ‘eastern sāman chanters’, and they had to be brought into the Vedic schools, so Hiraṇyanābha was assigned as a second disciple to Sukarman,¹ and is said to have constructed 500 saṃhitās also.² This erroneous harmonizing was added to the Ayodhyā genealogy, and it is there stated³ that Hiraṇyanābha was the disciple of Jaimini’s grandson (Brahmāṇḍa says, Pauṣyañji) in the eastern sāmans, learnt 500 saṃhitās from him and also taught a Yājñavalkya yoga. ### [c19.66](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.66) ¹ Not difficult with the lack of the historical sense. The misplacement is similar to that of Brahmadatta, p. 65. ### [c19.67](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.67) ² See fourth note above. ### [c19.68](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.68) ³ Vā 88, 207-8. Bḍ iii, 63, 207-8. Viṣ iv, 4, 48 and Bhāg ix, 12, 3-4 somewhat similarly. ### [c19.69](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.69) Next may be noticed various data which do not yield synchronisms proper, yet help to indicate the position of kings and rishis. They consist generally of brief allusions. Not every such allusion is worthy of consideration, but where the same fact is referred to in various passages, the consensus becomes important. Some of them are marital notices and the Paurava genealogy in the Mahābhārata (i, 95, 3764 ff.) goes so far as to name the wife of every king in it, but it is not wholly trustworthy, as shown in chapter IX, and it is highly improbable that every queen’s name could be remembered. Caution must also be shown in dealing with personal names, especially of rishis, and patronymics, as pointed out above. Thus Duṣyanta the Paurava married Śakuntalā, daughter of Viśvāmitra, as abundant passages declare;⁴ but the position of the first and great Viśvāmitra has been defined above by copious tradition as earlier than Duṣyanta’s period; hence she was not his daughter, but the daughter of a Viśvāmitra who was one of his near descendants. The genealogies of Ayodhyā say Satyavrata Triśaṅku married a Kaikeya princess,⁵ and this statement may be accepted because his story has been handed down in a kṣatriya ballad (p. 59). Hence the Kaikeya dynasty had come into existence before his time; and therefore according to the genealogies all the other Panjab kingdoms also, the Śivis, Madras, Sauvīras, &c. (chapter IX). Hence it is possible that his son Hariścandra’s queen was a Śaivya princess, as the Mārkaṇḍeya says (7, 35; &c.), though its story is a fable. Jyāmagha the Yādava, who was later, married a Śaivya princess.⁶ ### [c19.70](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.70) ⁴ e. g. MBh i, 72, 2941 to 73, 2972. Bhāg ix, 20, 8-22. ### [c19.71](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.71) ⁵ Vā 88, 117. Bḍ iii, 63, 115. Br 8, 24. Hv 13, 754. Śiv vii, 61, 20. Lg i, 66, 10. ### [c19.72](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19.72) ⁶ Vā 95, 32. Bḍ iii, 70, 33. Br 15, 16. Hv 37, 1984. Lg i, 68, 37. Mat 44, 32 reads Caitrā. ## Linked texts (21) - [Bhāgavatapurāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.purana.bhagavata.9.11.14) — Vyāsa, Sanskrit - [Brahmapurāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.purana.brahma.8.80) — Vyāsa, Sanskrit - [Ṛgvedasaṃhitā](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.samhita.rg.1.179) — Sanskrit - [Matsyapurāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.purana.matsya.44.49) — Vyāsa, Sanskrit - [Mahābhārata](https://indike.org/pramana/in.lit.mahabharata.vyasa.3.53) — Vyāsa, Sanskrit - [Viṣṇupurāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.purana.visnu.4.4.46) — Vyāsa, Sanskrit - [Liṅgapurāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.purana.linga.1.68.19) — Vyāsa, Sanskrit - [Aitareyabrāhmaṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.brahmana.aitreya.7.5) — Mahidāsa Aitareya, Sanskrit - [Vālmīkirāmāyaṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.lit.ramayana.valmiki.7.62.6) — Vālmīki, Sanskrit - [Padmapurāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.purana.padma.5.13.33) — Vyāsa, Sanskrit - [Agnipurāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.purana.agni.11.6) — Vyāsa, Sanskrit - [Brahmāṇḍapurāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.purana.brahmanda.2.35.31) — Vyāsa, Sanskrit - [Mārkaṇḍeyapurāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.purana.markandeya.7.35) — Vyāsa, Sanskrit - [Bṛhaddevatā](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vedanga.misc.anukramani.brhaddevata.5.124) — Śaunaka, Sanskrit - [Raghuvaṃśa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.lit.kavya.mahakavya.rama.raghuvamsa.15.2) — Kālidāsa, Sanskrit - [Śatapathabrāhmaṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.brahmana.satapatha.13.5.4.4) — Yājñavalkya & Śāṇḍilya (Vedic teacher), Sanskrit - [Varāhapurāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.purana.varaha) — Vyāsa, Sanskrit - [Vāyupurāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.purana.vayu) — Vyāsa, Sanskrit - [Śivapurāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.purana.siva) — Vyāsa, Sanskrit - [Harivaṃśa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.lit.mahabharata.harivamsa) — Vyāsa, Sanskrit - [Ṛgvedānukramaṇī (Mādhava)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vedanga.misc.anukramani.madhava) — Veṅkaṭamādhava, Sanskrit --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c19) · Pramāṇa