[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [General history and culture](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general) › [Ancient Indian Historical Tradition](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922) › c31.42 # Ancient Indian Historical Tradition c31.42 Ancient Indian Historical Tradition c31.42 - **Language:** English ### [c31.42](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c31.42) ³ \*Tapas\* was first and \*dharma\* afterwards, MBh xiii, 98, 4692. Brahmans became perfect by \*tapas\*, id. 36, 2177: and so also kṣatriyas and others, Vā 91, 115–18; Bḍ iii, 66, 86–9. \*Tapas\* excelled sacrifice, Vā 57, 121–5; 91, 114: Bḍ ii, 30, 39–43: Mat 143, 37–41. \*Tapas\* modified through Buddhism (?), Vā 11, 9. - [Previous: c31.41](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c31.41) - [Next: c31.43](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c31.43) - [Up: c31](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c31) ## Cites (4) - [Brahmāṇḍapurāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.purana.brahmanda.2.66.86) — Vyāsa, Sanskrit - [Matsyapurāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.purana.matsya.143.37) — Vyāsa, Sanskrit - [Vāyupurāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.purana.vayu.2.29.115) — Vyāsa, Sanskrit - [Mahābhārata](https://indike.org/pramana/in.lit.mahabharata.vyasa) — Vyāsa, Sanskrit --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c31.42](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.pargiter-1922.c31.42) · Pramāṇa