History of the Qaraunah Turks in India c16: Index

History of the Qaraunah Turks in India c16

Language: English

Index

Abdullah Harvi (Amīr), 145 Abu Bakr, 5 Abu Sai'd, 118, his misunderstanding with Chauban, 120, 121, his difficulties, 122, his foreign policy, 123 Abwābs (cesses), 70, 72 Afghanpur, 38 & n. 39, 40, 63 Ahmad Ayaz (Royal architect), 39, 40, 56, made Khwājah Jahān, 63; 224, 228, 247, 248, 252, 267, 324 (Also see under Khwājah Jahān) Ahmad Khan (governor of Tirhut), 36 Ahmad Lāchīn, 218 Ahsan Shah (Jalal-al-Din) (governor of Ma'bar), 95, assumed independence, 141; date of his rebellion, 142; 143, 144, 145, 149, 151, 157, 163, 193, 194, 251, 276, 279 Aiba, see Bahram Aiba Aibak Khan, 6 'Ain-al-Mulk Multani, 10, 15, 152, 157, 158, 159, 160, 163, 164, his early life, 165; his character and attainments, 166 & n., causes of revolt, 167, 168; his revolt, 169; his capture, 170, 265 & n., 268, 274, 280, 290, 316, 320, 329 Akhbār-Nawīs, 262, 274 Ākhur Beg, 11 Ala-al-Din Bahman Shah (see Hasan Kangū) Ala-al-Din Khilji, 5, 6, 12, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 25, 26, 27, 49, 50, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 69; his measures of revenue and taxation in the Doab discussed, 70, 71, 72; 88, 105, 119, 165, 177, 184, 210, 228, 255, 257, 258, 266, 278, 285, 287, 291, 295, 304, 316 Ala-al-Din Udaiji (of Mábar), 143, 193 and n. Ala-al-Mulk, 273 Ali Khatatti, 76 Alim-al-Din (Maulana), 312 Ali Mubarak, 153; assumed the title of Ala-al-Din, 154, 155 Ali Sarjāmdār, 218 and n: Ali Shāh (nephew of Zafar Khan Alai), 152, 154, 161, 162 Ali Sher (Malik), 21 Altun Bahadur, 249 Amar, 20, 21 Āmil, 263, 278 Amīr Chaubān (guardian of Abu Sáid), 120, 121 Amir Daud Khan of Transoxiana, 6 Amir Ghadā-bin-Muhanna, 169 Amīr Hājī, 194 Amir-i-Hajib, 270 Amīr Hasan Dihlvi, 305 Amir Kohi, 261 & n., 281, 283 Amir Mahān, 247 Amir Majlis, 303 Amir Nukbah, 276, 288 Amir Qabtah, 247 Amiran-i-Sadah, 140, 161; their rebellion, 208 & n., 209, 210, 211; Dhar Bartholomew, 212; their defeat 215, 216; rising at Devagiri, 217; called to Dehli 218; their attack, 219; 227, 244, 251, 252, 253 Amir-i-Shikar, 262 Amīri-Tarb (Tax on music and dancing), 285 Ariz-i-Lashkar, 65 Ariz-i-Mamālik, 262, 291 Arrādās, 29 & n., 291 Asād-al-Din Arslan, 27, 58 Asad-al-Din Kai Khusrau, 198 & n. Aslūb (an agricultural plan), 283 Auliya (Shaikh Nizam-al-Din), the alleged conspiracy, 41; his relations with Ghazi Malik, 42 & n., 43, 44, 45; its criticism, 46; 62, 63, 235, 236 Azd-al-D n (Sayyid), 118 Azd-al-Dowlah (Sayyid), 62 Aziz Khummār (the vintner), 206 & n., appointed governor of Malwa and Dhar, 210; his imprudent conduct, 212 & n., 213, 251, 267 n., 273; as Wāli-i-Khiraj at Amroha, 278; 321

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Badri-chāch, 125, 305 Baghdad Khātūn, 120, 121, 122 Baghrā Shāh (Shihab-al-Din), 24 & n. Baha-al-Din Multani, 268 Baha-al-Din Zakaria, see Zakāria Bahadur Shāh (of Bengal), 35, 62 & n., 67, 76, 150, 151 Baha-al-Din Gashtasp, 64 and n., 65, 66, 67, 75, 76, 82, 85, 87, 149, 187, 189 & n. Baha-al-Din Multāni, 286 Baha-al-Dīn (‘Azam-al-Mulk), 10 Bahrām Aiba (Kishlū Khan), 12, 13, 68, 75, 76, 77, 78, 85, 87, 259 Bahrām Ghaznīn (Malik), 62 Bahram Khan (brother of Muhammad), 56 Bakhshi-i-Fauj, 262 Balāhār, 70 Balban, 1, 5, 7, 19, 23, 61, 210, 253 Ballāla III, see Vir Ballala III Ballāla IV, see Vitūpāksha Ballala Banvir, 27, 59 Bārbak, 262, 263 Bashmaqdār, 265 Bedar Khilji (Malik), 33, given the title of Qadr Khan, 63, 153 Bet-al-Māl, 43, 287 Bughra Khan, 23 Bukkā, 80, 187, 190, 204

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Chāghtāi, 2, 86, 87, 95, 99, 121 Chankri (Chungi ghalah), 286 Charāhi, 71, 72, 286 Chashnīgir, 264 Chowdhri, 196, 210, 263, 278

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Dabīr (Secretary), 165, his functions, 261, 270, 299, 300 Dādbak, 263 Damishq Khwajah, 120 Dang (Dirpan), 51 Dāru-s-Shafā (hospital), 307 Daulatabad, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 91, 92 and n., 93 and n., 94, 95, 102, 109, 117, 145, 240, 242, 245 Devagiri, (see Daulatabad above) Dhāwah, 296 & n. Dīwān-i-Arz, 119 Dīwān-i-Ashrāf, 262, his duty 276 Dīwān-i-Bandgān, 262 Dīwān-Khānah, 262 n., 270, 274 Dīwān-i-Mustakhrij, 263 and n. Dīwān-ai-Nazar, 276 Dīwān-i-Risālah, 262 Dīwān-i-Siyāsat, 272 Dīwān-i-Talab-Ahkāmtauqia, 277 & n. Dīwān-i-Wizarat, 276, 277 Doab, Taxation, 67; its date, 68; the motive, 69, 70, 71; percentage of taxation raised, 72; its effects, 73, 74, 82, 84, 85, 87, 89, 100, 141 Dohai, 275 Duniyā Khātūn, 120 Durbar-i-Ām, 298, 299 Durbar-i-Khās, 298, 299 Durbār-i-Insāf, 299

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Fakhr-al-Din (Malik) Mubarak, popularly known as Fakhra, 150, 151, 152; his revolt, 153, 154, 155, 156 Fakhr-al-Din (Malik-al-Umra) Kotwal of Dehli, 17 & n., 273 Faizullah, 166 Faujdar, His functions, 263 Firuz Tughluq, 7, 29 n., 31, 35, appointed as Naib Bārbak, 63; his land tax, 70, 91, 95; his silver coins, 116, 131, 155, 164, 166, 169, 240, 250 & n., 251, 258 n.; his army, 289; his slaves, 302; 303, 329, 330, 333

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Gai Khātū (king of Persia), 103, 104, 108 Gakkars, 20 n., 147 Gangu Pandit, Hasan Kangu's patron, 237, the Dehli astrologer, 239; 240, 241

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Ganpati Deva, 29 Gashtasp, see Baha-al-Din Gashtasp Ghari (House Tax), 71, 72, 286 Ghiyas-al-Din Bahadur Shah, 24 and n., 150 Ghiyas-al-Din Damghānī, the Ruler of M'abar, 143; early life, 194; became independent, 193; besieged by Ballala, 197; slew Ballala, 198; his death, 199 Ghiyās-al-Dīn (Khalifah I of Baghdad), Reception by Muhammad, 178, 180 & n. Ghiyās-al-Dīn (Khudā Wand Zadah), 62 Ghiyās-al-Dīn Tughluq, 1, 4, 5, 6 & n., his life sketch, 7, 8, 10, 11; his confederacy, 12, 13 & n., 14, 15, 16, 17; elected to the throne, 18; his difficulties, 19, 20, 21, 27; expedition against Telingana, 28; Juna's conspiracy in the south, 30, 33, 34 & n., started for Bengal, 35, 36, 37; his death, 38—48, his administration, 49; rate of assessment, 50; institutions, 51; his personality, 53, 55; 57, 58, 70, 76, 165, 177, 236, 295 Gyan Chand (Ruler of Kumaon), 131

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Haibat Ullah Qāsūrī, 35 Hāji Ilyās, 155, assumed the title of Shams-al-Din, 156 Haji Khwajah, 33 Hājib (Lord Chamberlain), 262, 263, 276, 299, 300, 301, 303 Hājib-al-Irsāl, 265 & n. Hājib-al-Hujjāb, 263 Hammīr (Rana), 26 & n., 27, 59, 60 Hari Hara I, 187; made king, 188, 190, 191, 192, 199, 200, 203 & n., 204 Hari Hara (and Bukka), 80 & n., 187, 188, 204 Hara Pala Deva, 27 Hari Singh Deva (Raja of Tirhut), 35; his defeat, 36, 37 & n. Hātim Khan, 25 Hasan Kangū, 141, 142, 224, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244 & n.; assumed royal title, 245, 246, 247

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Hauz Khas, 14 & n. Hauz Alai, 15 Hawālis, 110 & n. Hazārah, 278, 308 Hazār Sitūn (thousand columned place), 272 Hisām-al-Din, 10, 22 Hisām-al-Din Abū Rājā, 31, 153 Hoornasab, wife of Ibn Bātutah, 142

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Ibrāhīm Khan, 62, n. Ibrāhīm Kharitādar, 273 Ibrāhīm (Sayyid), 150 & n., governor of Sirsuti and Hansi, 150 Ibrahīm Tātāri (surnamed Bhangi), 170 Ihtasābi (fees for inspector of the markets), 286 Ikhtiyar-al-Din Sambal, 10 Imād-al-Din (Malik-al-Mulk), 62 Imād-al-Din (Shaikh), 78 Imād-al-Mulk Sartez (governor of Multan), 202, 222; in pursuit of rebels in the South, 224, 241; Slain by Hasan, 242; 243, 244, 292, 303, 306 Isfandiyār (king of Persia), 233, 236 Ismail Makh Afghān, sent to Daultabad, 218; chosen king, 219 & n.; 221; retired to fort of Devagiri, 22 & n.: 223, 224 n. Isfahsālārs, 260 Īz-al-Din Yahya (governor of Satgaon) 151

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Jāhariyā, 11 Jaisā (son of Maldeva), 27 Jalāl-al-Din Ahsan Shāh, see Ahsan Shah Jarārī (Tax on Butchers), 285 Jeziyah, 138, its full significance, 255 & n., 256, 258, 285 Jund, 260, 290

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Kāfirs, their duty in the army, 272 Kafur (Malik), 26; his Deccan conquests, 60, 253; under Tughluq Shah, 30

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Kai Kaus, 23 & n. Kamāl-al-Dīn (Qazi), 273 Kamāl-al-Dīn Bijnori, 268 Kamāl-al-Dīn Garg (governor of Daulatabad), 148 Kamāl-al-Dīn Kūfi, 10 Kampa I (son of Sangama I), 204 Kampil (in Madras), 65 & n.; the cause of invasion, 66 & n., 79, 145, 189 & n. Kānhar deva, 26 Kanyā Nāyak, see Krishna Nāyak Karauli, 81 & n. Karhi, see Ghari Kārkuns, their allowance, 51, 70, 224 Khalifah (of Egypt), 163 Khalifah (office), The Sanctity of the institution, 174; its rise and fall, 175, 176, position in India, 177; Sultan's submission, 178; his motive, 179, 180 & n., 181, 182, 183, 206, 329, 330 Khalil, 259 Khams (a legal tax), 258, 285 Khangar (in Saurashtra), 22, 248 & n Khāngāh, 78, 91, 296, 309 Khargū, 131 Kharitādār, 141, 149; his duty, 264, 276 Khās Hājib, 270, 300 Khatib, 265, 303 Khatib al-Khutbah, His functions, 265 Khat-i-Khurd, 275, 276 Khirāj, Under Ala-al-Dīn, 50; its Kinds, 70; fixed in the Doab, 71, 269 n., 285 Khirāj-i-Muqāsimah, 70 Khirāj Mutharaf, 285 Khirāj-i-Wazifah, 70 Khizr Bahrām, 65 Khizr Khan, Had to evacuate Chitor, 26 Khokhars, Full discussion, 20 & n., 147, 171 Khudāwand Zādah, 249 Khusrau, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 & n., 19, 21, 22, 23 n., 27, 28, 43, 49, 52, 55, 57, 165, 266 Khūts, 70; forged token coins, 110, 263, 277 Khwajah Hāji, 33 Khwajah Jahān, 63, 65, 144, 145, 146, 147, 145, 169

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Khwajah Khātir, 21 Kirtipala (son of Maldeva), 27 Kishlū Khan, offered the crown, 17 n.; 101 Kishlū Khan, see under Bahram Aiba Kitābi, 286 & n. Kondhana, 74 & n., 75 Kotwal, 17 n., his office 266; his duty, 273 Kotwāli (Fee for Kotwāls), 286 Krishna Nāyak, 187, 189, 191, 192, 199, 200, 201, 202 & n., 203, 251 Kul Chand Khokhar, His revolt, 146, 147 & n. Kumbhā, 59

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Ladar Deo, see Pratap Rudra Deva Lūlū, 76, 77

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Maghalati, 13 Maghrabīs, 291 Mahmūd (son of Tughluq Shah), 40, 41 n., 56 Mahmud of Ghazni, 124, 125 Mahmūd Shah Bīghada, 248 Makhdūm Jahan, 84, 172, 310 Majīr-al-Dīn Ābu Rajā (Malik), 98, 259, 295 n. Makhdūm Zādah, 249 Maldeva, 26, 27, 59 Malik Bahrām Ghaznīn, 247 Malik Bedar, 33, 63 Malik Bughrā (Also Yusuf Bughrā), 170, 299, 230 Malik Daulat Shah, 145 Malik Ghazi, 63 Malik Halājūn, 146, 147, 148 Malik Hisām-al-Dīn, 153 Malik Hushang, 148, 149 Malik-al-Iktijār, 272 Malik Jauhar (Jahir-al-Jayūsh), 227 Malik Kabir, 213, 224, 228, 248 & n., 250 n., 324 Malik Mal Afghan, 219 & n., 221 & n., 222

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Malik Maqbūl, 63, 145, 189, 200, 211, 213, 214 & n., 215, 217, 248, 302 Malik Muzaffar, 225 Malik Nukbah, 133 & n., 251, 288 Malik Qirān Safdar, 148 Malik Lakhi, 13 Malik Muhammad Silahadar, 197 Malik-al-Mujāhid, 226 Malik Shādī, 16 Malik-al-Tujjār, 63, 307 Malik Tātār, 146, 147 Malik Timūr, 148 Malik Wahīd-al-Din Quraishi, 22 Man Deo (of Baglānā), 215 & n. Manhīs, 266, 273 Manjniqs, 29 & n., 291 Marappā (son of Sangama I), 190, 204 Māsūd Khan (brother of Muhammad Tughluq), 56, 57 & n., 273 Marsūmat Dādbaki (fee for Dadbak), 286 Maulana Nāsir-al-Dīn, 63 Mīr Arz, 262 Mīr Dād, 266, 269 Mīr Imārat, 40, 262 Mīr-Majlis, 265 & n. Mir Muhammad Badakhshānī, 245 Mīr-Munshī, 299 & n. Muhammad Shāh, 13 Mubarak Khan (brother of Muhammad Tughluq), 56, 57, 269 Mubarak Shāh (Sayyid), 112, 116 Mudappā (son of Sangama I), 190, 204 Muftīs, 258, 270, 317, 326, 327 Muftī Dīwān-i-Siyāsat, 266 Mughīs-al-Din (Qazi), 255 Muhammad-al-Manshūr, 150 Muhammad Bīn Bakhtiyār Khilji, 136 Muhammad Bin Nājib, 148 Muhammad Shah (Amir of Siwistan), 13 Muhammad Sartabā, 12 Muhammad Tughluq II, 116 Muhardār, 264 Muhassal, 263 Muhatsib, 266 & n., 273 Mu'iz-al-Din, 225, 227 Mukhlis, 153, 154 & n. Muqaddam, 50, 70, 110, 173, 225, 231, 247, 263 Muqtab, 291 royal title, 24

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Mustaufi Mamālik, 153 Mutsaddīs, 264, 276 Mutsarrifs, 51, 277 Mutwalli, 307, 309

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Naib Bārbak, 58, 63 Naib-i-Fauj, 291 Naib Sultan, 261, 294 Naib Wazir, 260 Naqbiah (Malik), 133 Naqibs, 301, 303 Naqib-al-Nuqbah, 265, 303 Nāsir Kafi, 62 Nāsir-al-Din, 8, 11, 24 & n. Nāsir-al-Din Tughlaji, 218 Nāsir-al-Din (Ibrahīm Shah), 25, 34, 35 Nasīr Tawil, 62 Nasrullah, 166, 170 Nawāks, 291 Nizam M'ain, 152, 159 Nizam-al-Din Intishār, 312 Nusrat Hājib (Malik), 144 Nusrat Khan, (Muhammad's brother), 20, 56, 57; his rebellion, 160

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Pratap Rudra Deva II, 57, 77, 188, 199 Pardadār, 262 & n.

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Qadr Khan, 63, 153 Qalandars, 315, 326, 327 Qammār Khānā (tax on gambling), 286 Qarbat Hāsan, 240 Qarājal, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 138, 288 Qaran fal (The Executioner), 259 Qazalbāsh Hājib, 218 Qāzi, 57, 176, 255, 256, 257, 258, 262, 266, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272 & n., 282, 300, 303, 307 Qāzi-al-Quzāt (Lord Chief Justice), 261 & n., 265, 269 Qiwam-al-Din, 62, 227

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Qiwām-al-Mulk (Maqbūl), 79 Qunan Safdar, 148 Qublā Khan (Mongol Emperor of China), 102, 105, 135 Qiyam-al-Din (Sultan's tutor), Received the title of Qutlugh Khan, 63; placed in charge of Devagiri, 146, 149, 161; suppressed the revolt of Ali Shah, 162, 167, 206, 207, 208, 210, 212, 213, 276, 310 Qutub-al-Din (Mubarak Shah), 57, 103 & n., 143, 165, 266

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Rahimdād, 170 Rai of Kampil, 66, 67, 149 Rana Kumbhā, 59 Rasūldār, His duties, 265 & n Rishmīn Farosh (tax on sale of silk), 286 Roghan Kari (tax on ghee), 286 Rukn-al-Din, 40, 47, 75, 78, 259, 304 & n. Rukn Thanesari, 219

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Sabun Kari (tax on Soap making), 286 & n. S'ad (the logician), 312 Sadhāran Kāngū, 241 Sadi, 278 Sadqah, 265 Sadr-i-Jahan, 271, 299 Sadr-al-Din, 78 Saif-al-Din, 297, 243 Salahiah (coin), 138 Samgama II, 190, 203 Saragdwān, 152, 157, 158, 159, 162, 163, 164, 166, 169, 170, 171, 179, 280, 282 Sardawatdār, 263, 251, 259 Sarjāmdār, 263 Satshoi (an allowance), 301 Sati, 304 Sayyid Hasan Kaithali, 141 Sayyid-al-Hujjāb, 270, 300 Sayyid Nāsir-al-Din, 169 Shahnāh-i-Bāngah, 264

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Shahna-i-Bāzār, 265 Shahrullah, 166 & n., 170 Shāhū Afghān, 171, 172, 174 Shaidā (a sufi), 154, 156 Shaikh-al-Islam, His Duties, 262 Shaikh Bilgrāmī, 227 Shaikh Mohammad Sirāj Junaidi, 237 Shaikh Mubarak, 260 Shaikh Rukn-al-Din Multani, see Rukn-al-Din Shaikh Sadr-al-Din, 79 Shaikh Zādah Bustāmī, 159 & n. Shaikh Zādah Jāmī, 271 Shaikh Zādah Nahāwandī, 259 Shams-al-Din Firuz (King of Bengal), 23 & n., 24 & n., 25 Shams-al-Din Turk, 256, 317 Sharb (irrigation cess), 70 Sharbdār (keeper of drinks), 139, 148, 264, 303 Sharaf-al-Hujjāb, 270, 300 Sharaf-al-Mulk, 262 Sharaf Qai, 70 Shihāb-al-Din, 24 & n., 269, 270 Shihāb-al-Din (Malik), 63 Shihāb Sultani (Nusrat Khan), 57, 145, 279 Shiqdārs, 263, 278 & n. Shunti, 283 & n. Silahdar (armour-bearer), 151, 197 Sirāj-al-Mulk Khwajah Hajji, 52 Sondhār, 280, 283 Sūfi Khān, 10 Sundara Pandya I, 197 & n.

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Taghī, His early life, 225, 226; causes of his revolt, 227, 228; defeated, 229; his fight, 230, 231, 241, his pursuit, 246, 250, 251, 280, 302 Tavin (Malik), 30, 31 Tāj-al-Din (Amir of Multan), 21 Talbaghā (Malik), 36 Tamār (Malik), 31 Taqi Khan, 28 Tarmāshrin Khan, 67, 68, 84, 87, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 & n., 100, 105, 118, 120, 123, 124 Tatar Khan, 151 Tatar Malik Bahādur-Sānī, 225, 227

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Timur (Amir), 90, 91. Timur (Malik), 148 Timur-Tāsh, 121 Tughril Beg, 23

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‘Ubaid (the poet), 296, 312 & n. ‘Ulama, 13, 86, 249, 254, 256, 257, 258, 267, 269, 271, 285, 287, 311, 315, 316, 318, 319, 321, 325, 326, 327, 328, 330, 331, 332 Ulugh Khan, 44, 165, 253 Umar, 330 Unnamalāī, 80 ‘Ushr, 285 & n., 287 ‘Usman, 330

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Vidyāranya, 188, 189, 190, 191 Vijayanagar, 186; its foundation, 187, 188, 189, 190, 193, 199, 202, 203 Vakil-al-Dar, 262, 300 Vir Ballāla III, 66, 67, 71, 80, 81, 88, 191, 192, 193, 195, 199, 201 & n. Virūpāksha Ballāla IV, 199, 200 Virūpākshapattana, 79

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Warangal, 133, 145, 160, 186, 200, 203, 291 Walis, 277, 295 Wali-i-Khiraj, 278 Waqanawis, 274

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Yāsūr, 123 Yemen, 122 Yunān, 135 Yūsuf Bughrā, 259

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Zafar Khan, 125, 223, 243 Zafrabad, 158, 163, 165, 167, 282 Zahir-al-Din Zinjani, 138 Zahir-al-Jayūsh, see Malik Jauhar Zakat, 258, 285, 287 Zamindars, 277 & n. Zainbandah Mukhlis-al-Mulk, 259 Zarāyab, 285 Zarībā tambol (tax on betels), 286 Ziā-al-Mulk bin Shams-al-Mulk, 150 Zimmīs, 254 & n.

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The *fraternities* of the Middle Ages, which were so numerous and so varied in their objects, were not all of the same origin. Some were religious, some social, some charitable, and some industrial. The religious guilds, or *gilds*, as they were often called, were associations of laymen for the purpose of performing religious duties, such as the maintenance of a chaplain, the celebration of masses, or the support of a hospital. The social guilds were formed for the purpose of mutual aid and good fellowship, and often included in their objects the relief of the poor, the sick, and the aged. The charitable guilds were established for the purpose of supporting hospitals, almshouses, and other institutions of mercy. The industrial guilds, or *craft guilds*, were associations of men engaged in the same trade or industry, and were formed for the purpose of regulating the trade, protecting the interests of the members, and maintaining the quality of their work.

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The craft guilds, which became so powerful in the later Middle Ages, were the successors of the earlier *collegia* of the Roman Empire. The *collegia* were associations of artisans and tradesmen, which were recognized by the state and had a legal existence. When the Roman Empire fell, these associations were largely destroyed, but the idea of association for mutual protection and the regulation of trade survived. In the early Middle Ages, the *gilds* began to reappear, and by the twelfth century they were firmly established in many of the cities of Europe.

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The craft guilds were organized on a democratic basis, and every member had a voice in the management of the guild's affairs. The officers were elected by the members, and the rules and regulations were made by the guild as a whole. The guilds had the power to fix prices, to regulate the hours of labor, and to determine the conditions of apprenticeship. They also had the power to punish members who violated the rules, and to expel those who were guilty of serious offenses. The guilds were thus a powerful force in the economic life of the Middle Ages, and they played an important part in the development of the modern industrial system.

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The decline of the craft guilds began in the sixteenth century, when the rise of the factory system and the growth of international trade made it difficult for the small, local guilds to compete with the larger and more efficient industrial organizations. The guilds were also weakened by the growth of the power of the state, which began to regulate trade and industry directly, and by the rise of the capitalist class, which sought to break the power of the guilds and to establish a system of free competition. By the end of the eighteenth century, the craft guilds had largely disappeared, but their influence lived on in the trade unions and other labor organizations of the modern world.