The Cambridge History of India, Vol. I: Ancient India v1.c8: Chapter XIV
The Cambridge History of India, Vol. I: Ancient India v1.c8
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Chapter XIV
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THE PERSIAN DOMINIONS IN NORTHERN INDIA DOWN TO THE TIME OF ALEXANDER'S INVASION
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By A. V. Williams Jackson, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor of Indo-Irānian Languages in Columbia University
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| Prehistoric connexions between Persia and India | 319 |
| Common Indo-Irānian domains | 321 |
| Evidence of the Veda and the Avesta | 322 |
| Avestan, Old Persian, Greek, and modern designations of Persian provinces south of the Hindu Kush | 326 |
| Early commerce between India and Babylon | 329 |
| The eastern campaigns of Cyrus | 329 |
| Cambyses | 333 |
| Darius | 334 |
| Xerxes | 340 |
| Decadence of the Achaemenian empire | 340 |
| The conquest of Persia by Alexander | 341 |
| Extent of Persian influence in India | 341 |
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Note to Chapter XIV
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Ancient Persian Coins in India
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By Dr George Macdonald
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| The rarity of Persian gold coins in India explained by the low ratio of gold to silver | 342 |
| The attribution of punch-marked Persian silver coins to India doubtful | 343 |
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CHAPTER XV
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ALEXANDER THE GREAT
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By E. R. Bevan, M.A., Hon. Fellow of New College, Oxford
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| The Kābul valley and the Punjab in the fourth century B.C. | 345 |
| Alexander's conquest of the Persian empire; settlements in Seistān, Kandahār, and the upper Kābul valley; invasion of Bactria | 347–8 |
| The rāja of Takshaçilā and the Paurava king (Porus) | 349 |
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Invasion of India from the upper Kābul valley . . . . . 350 Hill tribes beyond the N.W. frontier . . . . . 352 Occupation of the lower Kābul valley . . . . . 354 Siege and capture of Aornus . . . . . 356 The crossing of the Indus . . . . . 357 Reception at Takshaçilā . . . . . 358 The Paurava king . . . . . 359, 368, 383 The battle of the Hydaspes . . . . . 360 Foundation of Nicaea and Bucephala. . . . . 368 Flight of the second Paurava king, and occupation of his kingdom . 370 Capture of Sangala . . . . . 371 Saubhūti (Sophytes) . . . . . 371 The Hyphasis, the eastern limit of Alexander's conquests . . 372 Return to the Hydaspes; expedition to the Indus delta . . 373 Defeat of the Mālavas . . . . . 375 Musicanus . . . . . 377 Return of Craterus through Kandahār and Seistān . . . 379 Pattala . . . . . 379 Return of Alexander through Gedrosia . . . . . 380 Return of Nearchus by sea . . . . . 381 Alexander's Indian satrapies . . . . . 383 Consequences of the invasion . . . . . 384
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NOTE TO CHAPTER XV
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ANCIENT GREEK COINS IN INDIA
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By Dr GEORGE MACDONALD
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Athenian and Macedonian types . . . . . 386 Sophytes . . . . . 388 Coins attributed to Alexander . . . . . 388 Double darics . . . . . 390
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CHAPTER XVI
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INDIA IN EARLY GREEK AND LATIN LITERATURE
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By E. R. BEVAN, M.A.
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The early sources of information . . . . . 391 Scylax of Caryanda; Hecataeus of Miletus; Herodotus; Ctesias of Cnidus. . . . . 393 Nearchus; Onesicritus; Clitarchus . . . . . 398–9 Megasthenes; Daïmachus; Patrocles . . . . . 399–400 Geography and physical phenomena . . . . . 400 The mineral, vegetable, and animal world . . . . . 403 Ethnology and mythology . . . . . 407 Social divisions according to Megasthenes . . . . . 409 His description of Pāṭaliputra . . . . . 411 Manners and customs; laws . . . . . 412 Marriage; suttee; disposal of the dead; slavery . . . . 414 The king; royal festivals; government officials . . . . 416 Industries . . . . . 418 Brāhmans; ascetics; philosophers . . . . . 419
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Deities . . . . . . . . . 422 Fabulous creatures . . . . . . . . 422 Pearls; Southern India and Ceylon . . . . . . 423 Later sources of information—Apollodorus of Artemita; Eratosthenes; Alexander Polyhistor; Strabo; Pliny; Arrian; Aelian . . 425 Greek merchantmen . . . . . . . . 425