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Intercourse between India and the Western World from the Earliest Times to the Fall of Rome c9.s1: Indo-Greek and Indian Coins

Intercourse between India and the Western World from the Earliest Times to the Fall of Rome c9.s1

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Indo-Greek and Indian Coins

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1. Gold double daric, struck in the Panjāb in the time of the Persian occupation. Probably belongs to Darius Codomannus, 337 B.C. (Rapson, *Indian Coins*, I. 5.)

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2. Athenian *owl*, probably struck in India in imitation of Athenian coinage. (*Ibid.* I. 6.)

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3. Coin of Sophytes (*Saubhūti*), king of the Salt Range at the time of Alexander’s invasion. (*Ibid.* I. 8.)

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4. Coin of Eukratides, king of Baktria, Kābul, and the Panjāb (*c.* 175 B.C.). (Gardner, *B.M. Cat.* v. 8.)

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5. Coin of Demetrius, king of Baktria, Kābul, and the Panjāb (*c.* 190 B.C.). (*Ibid.* II. 9.)

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6. Coin of Menander, Greek king of the Panjāb (Sākala) (*c.* 165 B.C.). (*Ibid.* XI. 7.)

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7. Coin of Maues, Śaka ruler in the Panjāb, who conquered the territories of Demetrius (?*c.* 21 A.D.). (*Ibid.* XXI. 1.)

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8. Coin of Nahapāna, Kshaharāta chieftain who ruled in the northern Deccan and Gujarat (*c.* 100 A.D.). (Rapson, *op. cit.* III. 1.)

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9. Coin of Kanishka, the greatest of the Kushan kings, who ruled at Peshāwar. His date is disputed, perhaps *c.* 120 A.D. (Gardner, *op. cit.* XXVI. 1.)

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10. Coin of Samudragupta, Gupta Emperor of Northern India, 326 A.D. (Allen, *B.M. Cat.* v. 1.)

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11. Coin of Puḷumavi, Āndhra king of the Deccan, 1st century A.D. (Rapson, *Āndhra Cat.* v. 89.)

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12. Coin of Kanishka, with standing figure of Buddha and Greek inscription ΒΟΔΔΟ. (Gardner, *op. cit.* XXVI. 8.)

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To face coin plate Indo-Greek and Indian Coins caves of Kārla and Nāsik, but they bear Indian titles, and were doubtless Greek in little more than name. Perhaps the latest reference to them occurs in the inscription of the Āndhra queen Bālaśrī, 144 A.D., who boasts that she rooted the “Sakas, Yavanas and Pahlavas,” out of the Deccan for ever¹.

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¹ Kārla Inscr. No. 17 (*Archaeological Survey of Western India*, ed. Bühler, IV. 109.) Her son Gautamīputra actually carried this out.

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1

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A/

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2

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AR

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AR

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AR

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GREEK AND SEMI-GREEK RULERS IN BAKTRIA AND THE PANJĀB

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(This list is entirely conjectural. Semi-Greek includes all kings minting coins which have Greek inscriptions. The various theories on this vexed subject may be found in Gardner’s *Catalogue of Greek and Indo-Scythian Coins in the B.M.*, V. A. Smith’s *Early History of India*, Ch. VIII.–IX., Duff’s *Chronology of India*, Barnett’s *Chronology in Antiquities of India*, pp. 36–94, and articles in the *J.R.A.S.* and other Oriental Journals.)

I. Greek Kings of Baktria

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Diodotus I, 250 B.C. Diodotus II, 245 B.C. Euthydemus I, 230 B.C.

II. Greek Kings of Baktria and Sāgala

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Demetrius, 200 B.C. Eukratides, 165 B.C. Heliokles, 156 B.C.

III. Greek Kings of Sāgala and Other Principalities in N.W. India

(a) Family of Euthydemus

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Antimachus Agathocles Philoxenus Menander Apollodotus II

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Pantaleon Euthydemus II Strato I and II and Agathokleia Antialkidas Menander

(b) Family of Eukratides

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Plato (contemporary) Lysias Hippostratus Pantaleon Diomedes

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Zoilus Antimachus Philoxenus Archebius Hermaeus (last Greek ruler, deposed about 25 B.C.)

(c) Uncertain

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Apollophanes Epander Amyntas Artemidorus Nikias

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Hippostratus Epander Telephus Peukelaus Zoilus

IV. Śaka and Indo-Parthian

(a) Śaka Princes (House of Maues)

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Maues c. 93 B.C.¹

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¹ This is quite uncertain. Fleet says 21 A.D.

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Azes I and II Azilises (b) *Indo-Parthian Princes (House of Vonones)*

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Vonones Spalirises (brother of Vonones) Gondophares (1st cent. A.D., unites Śakas and Parthians) Orthagnes Arsakes Pakores Sandbares

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(c) *Satraps subordinate to Maues*

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(1) Liaka } Satraps of Taxila Pātika }
(2) Rājavula } Satraps of Mathurā Sodāsa }

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(d) *Kshahārāta satraps*

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Bhumaka Nahapāna

V. Kushān Kings

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Kujūla Kadphises, c. 25 B.C. Wima Kadphises Kanishka 78 A.D.¹ Huvishka Vāsudeva

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¹ This would be Kanishka’s date if he is regarded as the founder of the Śaka era. Fleet, Barnett and others, apparently consider Kanishka as the *first* of the Kushān line, and identify his accession with the commencement of the Vikrāmāditya era, *i.e.* 58 B.C.