[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [General history and culture](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general) › [The Dynastic History of Northern India (Early Mediaeval Period)](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.ray-1931) › v1.c11.8 # The Dynastic History of Northern India (Early Mediaeval Period) v1.c11.8 The Dynastic History of Northern India (Early Mediaeval Period) v1.c11.8 - **Language:** English ### [v1.c11.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.ray-1931.v1.c11.8) It was probably limited on this side by the Thar or the Indian Desert; on the south it was bounded by the sea, while on the south-west it included a considerable portion of Baluchistan and the Mukrān coast. Balādhuri,¹ describes the route of Muḥammad ibn Qāsim from Shiraz (the capital of Fars) \*via\* Mukrān to the cities of Qannazbur (Fannazbūr; mod. Panj-gūr²), Armā’il (Armabil), Qanīl (Qanbalī) and Daibul, all of which apparently belonged to \*as-Sind\*. It is also possible that the province known as Mukrān to the Arabs originally belonged to \*as-Sind\*. In the accounts of the earlier raids of the Arabs towards this portion of India, we find officers appointed ‘over the frontier of al-Hind.’ It was only after a series of raids and conquests on this frontier that Mukrān is mentioned as one of the conquests of Sinan ibn Salāmah about the year 48 A.H.³ It was after Ibn al-Harī al-Bāhilī had finally conquered the country ‘after a fierce and successful campaign’ (\*circa\* 61 A.H.) that Sa‘īd was for the first time appointed by Ḥajjāj over Mukrān (\*circa\* 79 A.H.).⁴ It is therefore very likely that this province was carved out of the territory which was politically and geographically known to them as \*as-Sind\*. Thus it appears that the Arabs understood by \*as-Sind\*, the whole of the lower Indus valley from Multan down to the sea, including nearly the whole of modern Baluchistan.⁵ - [Previous: v1.c11.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.ray-1931.v1.c11.7) - [Next: v1.c11.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.ray-1931.v1.c11.9) - [Up: v1.c11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.ray-1931.v1.c11) --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.ray-1931.v1.c11.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.ray-1931.v1.c11.8) · Pramāṇa