History of Aurangzib, Based on Original Sources v3.c55: Chronology of Aurangzib's Reign :--First half.

History of Aurangzib, Based on Original Sources v3.c55

Language: English

Chronology of Aurangzib's Reign :--First half.

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All the dates in this book are in the Old Style or unreformed calendar. To convert them to the New Style add 11 days.

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The figures within brackets at the end of each entry refer to volume and page of this History,—the 2nd ed. of Vols. I & II in one, and the 3rd ed. of Vol. III.

1658 5 Feb. Aurangzib starts from Aurangabad to contest the throne ; reaches Burhanpur 18 Feb. ; leaves Burhanpur 20 Mar. (i. 344.) 14 ,, Shuja defeated at Bahadurpur by Sulaiman Shukoh. (i. 469.) 15 April. Aur. defeats Jaswant at Dharmat. (i. 359.) 23 May. First year of his reign officially begins. 29 ,, Aur. defeats Dara at Samugarh. (i. 390.) 8 June. Shah Jahan made prisoner in Agra fort. (i. 425.) 25 ,, Aur. imprisons Murad. (i. 433.) 21 July. Aurangzib's first Coronation. (i. 446.) 30 Sep. Aur. turns back from the pursuit of Dara, from near Multan, in order to fight Shuja. (i. 454.)

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1659 5 Jan. Aur. defeats Shuja at Khajwa. (i. 488.) 9 ,, Dara enters Ahmadabad, which he leaves 14 Feb. (i. 499.) 13 Mar. Aur. defeats Dara at Deorai. (i. 512.) 12 May. Aur. enters Delhi in procession. (i. 615.) 13 May. Second year of reign begins.

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5 June. Grand Coronation of Aur. Coronation festivities extend 2½ months, 5 June—19 Aug. (i. 614.) 8 June. Muhammad Sultan deserts to Shuja. (i. 588.) 9 ,, Dara and Sipihr Shukoh captured. (i. 539.) June. Islamic ordinances issued. Censor appointed. (iii. 81.)

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21 July. New wall round Agra fort begun. 30 Aug. Dara executed. (i. 548.) Nov. Presents sent to Mecca (iii. 103.) 13 ,, Aur. marches from Delhi ; reaches Garh Mukteshwar 24 Nov. ; hunts and hawks in the neighbourhood, 1 Dec. 5 Jan. (iii. 6, 15.) 10 Dec. Foundation laid of marble mosque in Delhi fort.

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7 Jan. Aur. leaves Garh Mukteshwar for Allahabad, but returns to Delhi on 13 Feb. (iii. 6.) 28 ,, Shaista Khan starts from Aurangabad against Shivaji ; captures Chakan fort, 15 Aug.

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8 Feb. Muhammad Sultan returns to imperial army ; reaches Salimgarh as prisoner, 26 Apr. (i. 600.) 1 May. Third year of reign begins. 6 ,, Flight of Shuja from Dacca, which Mir Jumla enters on 9th. (i. 606.) 10 Aug. Amir Kh. sent to subdue Rao Karan of Bikanir. (iii. 26.) 20 Nov. Parenda fort surrendered to Mughals by Bijapur general. 27 Dec. Sulaiman Shukoh brought to Delhi as prisoner. (i. 563.)

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16 Feb. Balkh envoy is presented. (iii. 114.)

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23 March. Daud Khan starts for conquest of Palamau ; reaches fort Kunda and cantons for the rains, 23 May—15 Oct. (iii. 34.) March. Famine at Delhi and Lahor. 20 April. Fourth year of reign begins. 22 May. Persian envoy Budaq Beg is presented : dismissed 27 July. (iii. 107.) c. 15 Oct. Champat Bundela dies. (iii. 30.) 1 Nov. Mir Jumla starts from Dacca on invasion of Kuch Bihar and Assam. (iii. 157.) 19 ,, Envoy of Bukhara has audience : is dismissed 10 Feb. 1662. (iii. 114.) 4 Dec. Murad Bakhsh beheaded. (i. 438.) 19 ,, Kuch Bihar city captured by Mir Jumla. (iii. 158.) 13 ,, Daud Kh. captures Palamau fort (iii. 39.)

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17 March. Mir Jumla enters Garhgaon the capital of Assam. (iii. 161.) 10 April. Fifth year of reign begins. May. Sulaiman Shukoh poisoned to death. (i. 565.) 12 ,, Aurangzib falls ill ; illness takes a turn for the better 17 June : complete recovery 24 June. (iii. 10.) Nov. Imperial treasures removed from Agra to Delhi. (iii. 7.) 16 ,, Mir Jumla resumes the offensive after rains. (iii. 175.) 8 Dec. Aurangzib starts for Kashmir. (iii. 14.)

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c. 1 Jan. Assam king makes treaty with Mir Jumla ; the Mughal army begins its retreat, 10 Jan. (iii. 177.)

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8 Feb. Aur. reaches Lahor ; leaves it, 1 May. (iii. 14.) 30 March. Sixth year of reign begins. 31 ,, Death of Mir Jumla. (iii. 179.) April. Shivaji's night attack on Shaista Khan. 14 May. Aur. enters Kashmir through Pir Panjal Pass ; arrives at Srinagar, 28 May, leaves Kashmir, 16 August. (iii. 14.) 2 June. Rajah Raghunath, *naib diwan*, dies. (iii. 64.) 7 ,, Fazil Kh. created *wazir* and *diwan* ; dies 23 June. (iii. 65.) 29 Sept. Aur. reaches Lahor ; leaves it 9 Nov. (iii. 14.) 30 Dec. Jafar Khan invested as *wazir*. (iii. 65.)

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1664 5 Jan. Shivaji loots Surat for the first time. 18 ,, Aur. enters Delhi on return from Kashmir. (iii. 14.) 7 Mar. Shaista Kh. arrives at Rajmahal as governor of Bengal ; reaches Dacca 13th Dec. (iii. 203.) 18 March. Seventh year of reign begins. 2 July. Costly embassies sent to Central Asia. (iii. 114.)

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1665 3 March. Jai Singh reaches Puna ; opens campaign against Shivaji, 14 March ; captures Rudramal, 11 June ; is interviewed by Shiva, 11 June. 8 March. Eighth year of reign begins. 10 April. Custom duty on Hindus doubled. (iii. 275.) 13 June. Shivaji makes Treaty of Purandar with Jai Singh. 9 Nov. Shaista Kh. sends out expedition against Sondip island. (iii. 205.) 20 ,, Jai Singh opens campaign against Bijapur ; captures forts Faltan, Mangalbida &c. Dec. ; turns back from 10 miles to Bijapur city, 5 Jan. 1666.

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6 Dec. Tribute from Rajah of Kuch Bihar received by Aurangzib. (iii. 192.)

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9 ,, News received that ruler of Great Tibet acknowledges Aur.'s suzerainty. (iii. 18.)

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22 Jan. Shah Jahan dies. (iii. 139.)

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26 ,, Shaista Khan captures Chatgaon. (iii. 210.)

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15 Feb. Aurangzib reaches Agra. (iii. 143.)

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25 February. Ninth year of reign begins.

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9 May. Imperial treasure removed from Delhi to Agra fort. (iii. 7.)

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12 ,, Shivaji is presented to Aurangzib at Agra.

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13 Aug. Shivaji escapes from Agra.

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22 ,, Death of Shah Abbas II. Aurangzib learns of it on 12 Dec. (iii. 113.)

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25 ,, Army sent to the Panjab to meet threat of Persian invasion. (iii. 112.)

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Sep. Tarbiyat Kh., Mughal envoy, returns from Persia. (iii. 112.)

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9 Oct. Aur. leaves Agra ; reaches Delhi 25 Oct. (iii. 7.)

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26 Nov. Jai Singh reaches Aurangabad on return from Bijapur war with failure.

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8 Feb. Chanda invaded by Dilir Khan ; Rajah submits.

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15 February. Tenth year of reign begins.

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24 Feb. Md. Kam Bakhsh born to Udaipuri Begam.

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23 Mar. Jai Singh recalled from the Deccan ; dies at Burhanpur about 1 July.

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March. Yusufzai rising in Peshawar district. (iii. 224.)

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May. Dilir Kh. invades Deogarh ; Rajah submits.

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9 ,, Custom duty on Muslims abolished. (iii. 275.)

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c. 2 Nov. Assamese capture Gauhati. (iii. 186.)

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27 Dec. Rajah Ram Singh posted to Assam. (iii. 187.)

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4 February. Eleventh year of reign begins.

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Feb. Music forbidden. (iii. 84.)

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15 March. Abdullah Khan, ex-king of Kashghar, is presented at Delhi. (iii. 116.) Dies there 20 Oct. 1675.

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3 May. Ahom princess married to Muhammad Azam.

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3 Jan. Azam married to Jahanzeb Banu, daughter of Dara. (iii. 49.)

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23 January. Twelfth year of reign begins.

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9 April. Temple destruction ordered throughout Mughal empire. (iii. 265.)

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c. 10 May. Abdun Nabi, faujdar of Mathura, slain by Gokla, the Jat rebel. (iii. 294.)

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August. Temple of Vishwanath at Benares demolished. (iii. 282.)

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Nov.-Dec. Peasant risings in Agra district. (iii. 294.)

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28 Nov. Aur. leaves Delhi for Agra ; enters Agra fort, 1 Jan. 1670. (iii. 7.)

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13 January. Thirteenth year of reign begins.

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Jan. Keshav Rai temple of Mathura demolished. (iii. 267, 282.)

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Gokla Jat captured and executed. (iii. 295.)

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6 May. Jafar Khan, wazir, dies. (iii. 67.)

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18 July. Danishmand Kh. dies.

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4 Aug. Bidar Bakht born to Md. Azam.

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2 Oct. Shivaji loots Surat a second time.

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2 January. Fourteenth year of reign begins. Hindus excluded from revenue dept. (iii. 277.) 11 Sep. Raushanara Begam dies. (iii. 59.) 2 Nov. Aur. leaves Agra for Delhi ; reaches Delhi 26 Nov. (iii. 7.) 22 December. Fifteenth year of reign begins.

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1672 Afridi rising under Acmal. (iii. 228.) March. Satnami rising. (iii. 298.) 22 April. Afghans destroy Md. Amin Kh.'s army in the Khaibar Pass. (iii. 229.) 11 December. Sixteenth year of reign begins. 16 Dec. Favour shown to captive Md. Sultan and Sipihr Shukoh. (iii. 44.)

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1673 3 Oct. Son of Rajah of Kumaun interviews Emperor. (iii. 42.) ?—Khan-i-Jahan defeats Shivaji. 30 November. Seventeenth year of reign begins.

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1674 21 Feb. Shujaet Khan slain in Karapa Pass. (iii. 235.) 7 April Aur. leaves Delhi for Hasan Abdal ; arrives there 26 June. (iii. 237.) 19 November. Eighteenth year of reign begins. 22 Dec. Mahabat Kh. dies.

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1675 June.. Disaster to Mukarram Kh. at Khapush in Bajaur country. (iii. 241.) 9 November. Nineteenth year of reign begins. 26 Nov. Qazi Abdul Wahhab dies. (iii. 75.) Dec. Guru Tegh Bahadur beheaded. (iii. 313.)

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23 Dec. Aur. starts on return from Hasan Abdal. (iii. 242.)

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21 Jan. Aurangzib reaches Lahor ; leaves it 24 Feb. ; reaches Delhi 27 Mar. (iii. 242.) 13 June. Islam Khan, subahdar of Malwa, slain. 8 Oct. Asad Kh. created wazir. (iii. 68.) 15 ,, Muazzam given the title of Shah-i-Alam. (iii. 46, 243.) 28 October. Twentieth year of reign begins. 3 Dec. Muhammad Sultan dies. (iii. 44.)

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1677 19 March. Amir Khan appointed governor of Afghanistan. (iii. 243.) Aug. Khan-i-Jahan recalled from the Deccan, leaving Dilir Kh. in charge. 18 October. Twenty-first year of reign begins. 18 Nov. Puritanical simplicity introduced into Court. (iii. 87.)

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1678 18 Sep. Shah Alam appointed subahdar of Deccan. Expedition sent against Chhatra Sal Bundela. Famine in the Panjab and Central Asia. 7 October. Twenty-second year of reign begins. 10 Dec. Jaswant Singh dies at Jamrud. (iii. 325.)

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1679 9 Jan. Aur. leaves Delhi ; reaches Ajmir 19 Feb. (iii. 326.) 7 Feb. Khan-i-Jahan invades Marwar. (iii. 327.) Feb. Gauhati recovered by the Mughals. (iii. 190.) 10 March. Aurangzib leaves Ajmir ; reaches Delhi 2 Apr. (iii. 328.)

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2 April. Jaziya reimposed on the Hindus. (iii. 271.) 26 May. Indra Singh made Rajah of Jodhpur. (iii. 328.) 15 July. Aur. orders Jaswant's son Ajit to be imprisoned at Delhi. (iii. 332.) 23 ,, Ajit conveyed to Jodhpur by Durgadas. (iii. 334.) 3 Sep. Aur. leaves Delhi; reaches Ajmir 25 Sep. (iii. 335.) 26 September. Twenty-third year of reign begins. October. Marwar annexed to Mughal empire. (iii. 336.) 30 Nov. Aurangzib leaves Ajmir for Udaipur. (iii. 339.) 16 Dec. Md. Azam interviews Aurangzib after forced march from Bengal.

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1680 4 Jan. Aurangzib reaches Deobari Pass. (iii. 339.) 23 ,, Aurangzib visits Udaipur. (iii. 339.) 22 Feb. Aurangzib visits Chitor. (iii. 341.) 6 Mar. Aurangzib leaves Udaipur; reaches Ajmir 22 Mar. (iii. 341.) 5 April. Death of Shivaji. .. June. Temples of Amber (Jaipur) destroyed. (iii. 257.) 26 June. Akbar relieved by Azam from command of Chitor district. (iii. 346.) 15 September. Twenty-fourth year of reign begins. 22 Oct. Maharana Raj Singh dies. (iii. 355.) 22 Nov. Akbar forces Jhilwara Pass. (iii. 350.)

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1681 1 Jan. Akbar crowns himself and starts against Aur. (iii. 357.) 16 ,, Akbar flees from his camp. (iii. 365.) ?- Ahoms reconquer Gauhati. (iii. 191.) 14 June. Maharana Jai Singh makes Treaty of Rajsamudra with Mughal Government. (iii. 370.)

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26 July. Azam married to Bijapuri princess. 31 July. Azam created Shah-i-Alijah and sent to the Deccan. 4 September. Twenty-fifth year of reign begins. 6 ,, Jahanara dies. (iii. 58.) 8 ,, Aurangzib starts from Ajmir for the Deccan ; reaches Burhanpur 13 Nov. (iv. 252.)

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1682 28 Feb. Aurangzib leaves Burhanpur for Aurangabad, where he arrives, 22 March. 24 August. Twenty-sixth year of reign begins.

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Publishers: M. C. SARKAR & SONS, Calcutta.

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Works of JADUNATH SARKAR, C.I.E., Honorary Member, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain.

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Complete in five volumes, sold separately.

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Professor Sarkar's *History of Aurangzib* is based mainly on original contemporary Persian Marathi and European sources, viz., the Mughal State-papers, daily bulletins of the Mughal Court, the records of impartial non-official writers (such as two Persian memoirs by contemporary Hindu writers), the letters of Aurangzib, his father, brothers, sons, grandsons, officers and vassal kings, and other makers of Indian history, revenue returns &c.

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Of the letters of *Aurangzib* and his contemporaries, more than 5,000 are in the author's possession. He has also used the Marathi *bakhars* and historical papers, the Assamese chronicles (*Buranjis*), the French and Portuguese archives, and the English Factory records.

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Vols. I & II (in one) Reign of Shah Jahan and War of Succession (2nd ed.) Revised and cheap issue, Rs. 5. Vol. III. Northern India during 1658-1681 (3rd ed.) Rs. 3-8. Vol. IV. Southern India, 1644-1689, Rs. 3-8 (including Shivaji and Shambhuji) Vol. V. The Last Phase, 1689-1707, Rs. 4 (including Rajaram and Tarabai and the history of several provinces.)

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Shivaji's character and achievements and the Maratha institutions and system of government are discussed in two long chapters (45 pages), and the lessons taught by the rise and fall of the Marathas are clearly unfolded. Critical bibliography (15 pages).

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Daily Life of Shah Jahan. Wealth of Ind, 1650. Companion of an Empress. Who built the Taj? Life of Aurangzib. Aurangzib's Daily Life. Education of a Mughal Prince. Zeb-an-nisa. Aurangzib's Revenue Regulations. Orissa in the 17th Century. Shaista Khan in Bengal. Feringi Pirates of Chatgaon.

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Conquest of Chatgaon. A Muslim Heroine. Nemesis of Aurangzib. A Hindu Historian of Aurangzib. An Indian Memoir-writer of 17th Century. Khuda Bakhsh. William Irvine. Education in Mughal India. Art in Mughal India. Oriental Monarchies.

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Mughal Administration

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In its present form the book supplies a complete treatise on the administrative system and constitution of the Mughal Empire, its theory and practice, its principles and aims, its effect on the people, the position, rights and condition of the different classes in the State, and takes a philosophical survey of the achievements of the Mughal Empire, the causes of its downfall, and its influence upon the country.

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(PERSIAN TEXT)

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LATER MUGHALS

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1707—1739 By W. IRVINE, I.C.S. (retd.) Edited and continued by JADUNATH SARKAR, I.E.S. Thick royal octavo . 2 Vols. Rs. 8 each

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PIONEER. —"Prof. Sarkar has done good service to the cause of scholarship in bringing Mr. Irvine's book up to date. Indeed, it is only fitting that the historian of Aurangzib, whose KNOWLEDGE OF INDIA during the earlier years of the 18th century IS PROBABLY UNEQUALLED among living scholars, should have undertaken the logical completion of the work by which he has gained an honourable place in the fane of History...... Prof. Sarkar writes a clear, natural, and easy English...... His account of the invasion of Nadir Shah is a THOROUGHLY GOOD little piece of original work." (8 Oct. 1922).

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The first of these, the *Gospel of the Hebrews*, was used by the Jewish Christians of Palestine, and was probably a version of the Gospel of Matthew, though it contained some traditions not found in our canonical books. The *Gospel of the Egyptians* was used by the ascetic sects of Egypt, and was marked by a strong tendency towards mysticism and asceticism. The *Gospel of Peter* was used by the Docetists, and taught that Christ did not really suffer, but only appeared to do so.

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These gospels, and others like them, were not accepted by the Church as a whole, and were gradually lost or suppressed. The Church, however, felt the need for a standard collection of writings that would serve as a guide for faith and practice. This led to the formation of the New Testament canon, a process that took several centuries to complete.

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The first step in this process was the collection of the letters of Paul, which were widely circulated among the churches. Then came the four Gospels, which were accepted as the authoritative accounts of the life and teachings of Jesus. The Acts of the Apostles and the other epistles were gradually added, and finally the Book of Revelation.

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By the end of the second century, the core of the New Testament was generally accepted by the Church. The process of canonization was not a formal act of a council, but rather a gradual recognition by the churches of the writings that were most valuable for their life and worship. It was only in the fourth century that the canon was formally closed by the councils of the Church.

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The formation of the New Testament canon was a crucial event in the history of the Church. It provided a standard of faith and practice that helped to unify the Church and to protect it from the influence of heretical sects. It also ensured that the teachings of Jesus and the apostles would be preserved for future generations.

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लाल बहादुर शास्त्री राष्ट्रीय प्रशासन अकादमी, पुस्तकालय Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration Library मसूरी MUSSOORIE यह पुस्तक निम्नांकित तारीख तक वापस करनी है। This book is to be returned on the date last stamped

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