History of Aurangzib, Based on Original Sources v4.c57: Preface to the Second Edition (Nov. 1929)
History of Aurangzib, Based on Original Sources v4.c57
- Language
- English
Preface to the Second Edition (Nov. 1929)
v4.c57.1
The first edition of this Fourth Volume was printed in November 1919, but a revision of it became soon necessary through the acquisition of new materials of great value and variety. Within a month of its publication, Senhor P. S. Pissurlencar, with ungrudging labour and liberality, commenced sending me transcripts from the Portuguese records of Goa, among which he has worked with such tireless industry, scholarly accuracy, and eminent success, and I have been thus supplied in advance with manuscript copies of the mass of papers subsequently published by him as *Portugueses e Maratas*, 2 Vols. These have put an altogether new complexion on the history of Akbar's exile and Shambhuji's activities on the western border. I also secured through the kindness of the India Office, London, the loan of six volumes of Orme MSS., *i.e.*, transcripts of Factory records made by the historian Orme the originals of which have in many cases been lost..
v4.c57.2
I also critically examined and corrected (from other sources) the *Jedhe Shakavali*, so as to utilize its dates with confidence. The old Persian records of Jaipur, (especially a mass of *Akhbarat*, beginning with 1681 and being the residue of what Col. James Tod had sent to the R.A.S., London), were also copied for me in 1924. The second part of the Portuguese account of the Luso-Maratha War of 1683, copied from the English translation preserved in the India Office, London, reached me just a month too late for use in the first edition, though I gave it to the public shortly afterwards in the Haidarabad Archæological Society's Journal.
v4.c57.3
As the result of this accumulation of new materials and the recasting of my Shivaji for its third edition (in 1928), a thorough rewriting of the five chapters on Shivaji and Shambhuji,—forming two-thirds of the present volume,—had to be undertaken. The Mughal chapters have stood the shock of time better, and the changes in them are comparatively fewer, consisting of additions and corrections only.
v4.c57.4
All the dates in this edition are given in the Old Style or unreformed calendar, and the dates taken from the Portuguese and Dutch records (which are in the New Style in the original) have been reduced to the Old Style for my book. (This was not done in the first edition, thus leaving some room for confusion.) An unfortunately large number of misprints—often due to slips in the copy prepared for the press,—were present in the first edition; these have been now detected and removed.
v4.c57.5
182 pages of this book are taken bodily from my Shivaji and His Times, 3rd edition, to which the reader is referred for the authorities on the chapters relating to Shivaji (viz., 39, 40, and 43.) A larger type has been used in this edition and the size of the book increased by one-fifth.
v4.c57.6
J. SARKAR
v4.c57.7
Chapter XXXVIII.—The Keynote of Deccan History in the Seventeenth Century ... 1—13
v4.c57.8
Bahmani kingdom extends Muslim dominion in the Deccan, 1—Adil Shah aspires to suzerainty of the Deccan, 2—Mughal ambition, 2—Partition treaty of 1636, 3—decline of Adil Shahi monarchy, 4—Maratha influence on Indian history, 5—Aurangzib's Deccan policy criticized, 5—Bijapur's foreign policy, 7—causes of Shivaji's success, 9—Mughal viceroys of the Deccan, 10—causes of Mughal ill success, 11—Akbar's rebellion changes Deccan history, 12
v4.c57.9
Chapter XXXIX.—Rise of the Maratha Power 14—51
v4.c57.10
Maharashtra its natural features, boundaries, and crops, 14—character of the Maratha people, 16—simplicity and uniformity of their society, 17—their love of independence, 18—Maratha soldier castes, 19—the Bhonslé family, 21—Shahji's career, 21—birth of Shivaji, 23—his early training, 24—religious influence on him, 25—early conquest of Bijapuri forts, 27—Shahji imprisoned at Bijapur, 28—how released, 30—the Morés of Javli, 30—murder of the Morés, 31—Shivaji's earliest dominions, 32—Shiva raids Ahmadnagar and Junnar (1657), 35—submits to Aurangzib, 39—his conquests in N. Konkan, 41—early officers, 43—Afzal Khan sent to crush Shivaji, 44—his message to Shivaji, 45—interview arranged, 47—Afzal slain, 49—his army routed, 50
v4.c57.11
Chapter XL.—Shivaji, 1660—1669 . . 52—117
v4.c57.12
Siddi Jauhar besieges Shivaji in Panhala, 52—escape of Shivaji, 53—Shaista Khan's advance on Puna, 54—capture of Chakan, 56—desultory fighting for two years, 58—Shivaji's night-attack on Shaista Khan, 61—Shaista Khan disgraced and recalled, 66—Surat described, 67—Marathas loot Surat, 69—attempt to murder Shivaji, 72—Jai Singh sent against Shivaji 75—his character, 75—his plan of war, 77—scene of war described, 79—march to Purandar, 81—Purandar forts described, 82—Vajragarh captured, 85—Maratha efforts, 87—towers of Purandar stormed, 89—death of Murar Baji Prabhu, 91—Shivaji interviews Jai Singh, 93—Treaty of Purandar, 94—forts ceded by Shivaji, 97—Shivaji's objections to a visit to Aurangzib, 98—his expectations, 99—his journey to Agra, 100—interview with Aurangzib, 101—is placed under guard, 106—Shivaji's clever escape from Agra, 108—track of his flight, 111—Muazzam replaces Jai Singh as viceroy, 113—his quarrel with Dilir Khan, 113—Shivaji makes peace with the Emperor (1668), 116.
v4.c57.13
Chapter XLI.—Jai Singh's Invasion of Bijapur 118—150
v4.c57.14
How Adil Shah provoked the Emperor, 118—the real aim of the Mughals, 120—Jai Singh corrupts Adil-Shahi officers and feudatories, 122—Mulla Ahmad joins the Mughals, 123—Adil Shah deceived by Jai Singh, 125—campaign opened, 129—first battle, 131—Mughal advance to near Bijapur, 133—siege impossible, 134—Jai Singh begins to retreat, 135—Shivaji fails at Panhala, 137—Netaji's treason, 137—Jai Singh fights many battles, 139—his movements in the Bhima-Manjira duab, 141—his loss and disappointment, 144—Emperor's wrath, 146—death of Jai Singh, 148—Udairaj turns Muslim, 150.
v4.c57.15
Chapter XLII.—Decline of the Adil-Shahis ... 151—197
v4.c57.16
The dominant military chiefs of Bijapur, 151—weakness of this form of government, 153—extent and revenue of Bijapur kingdom, 155—Ali II's reign, 156—succession of Sikandar and rule of wazirs, 157—Khawas Khan's regency, 158—his troubles with the Afghan soldiery and the imperial viceroy, 160—regency of Bahlol Khan, 162—Mughal invasion (1676), Islam Khan slain, 165—Bahadur Khan captures Naldurg and Kulbarga, 167—state of Mughal Deccan in 1677, 168—Dilir and Bahlol invade Golkonda, 170—battles near Malkhed, 170—disastrous Mughal retreat, 172—peace, 173—Siddi Masaud becomes regent, 174—misery of the Government, 174—Dilir invades Bijapur, 176—Marathas as allies of Bijapur, 177—civil war among the Bijapuri nobles, 179—Masaud submits to Mughals, 181—Dilir invades Bijapur again, 182—Shivaji assists Masaud, 184—raids Mughal territory, 185—Dilir's troubles, 185 and 187—he ravages villages round Bijapur, 188 and 192—sack of Athni, 188—his bombardment of Bijapur, 189—is censured by Emperor, 191—invades the Berad country. 193—is repulsed at Shahpur. 194—retires in disgrace, is recalled from the Deccan, 196
v4.c57.17
Chapter XLIII.—Shivaji, 1670—1680 ... 198—269
v4.c57.18
Causes of Shivaji's rupture with the Mughals, 198—storming of Singh garh, 201—recovers other forts, 202—Daud Khan's vigorous campaign, 203—Dilir disobeys Muazzam, 205—Iftikhar Khan's mission fails, 207—Dilir flees, Muazzam pursues, 208—second sack of Surat (1670), 212—loss suffered by the city, 215—Shivaji intercepted near Dindori, defeats Daud Khan, 217—Maratha raid into Berar, sack of Karinja, 219—capture of Salhir, 222—Mahabat and Daud's campaign in Chandor range, 223—Dilir Khan sacks Puna, 225—disastrous defeat of Ikhlas Khan, 225—Mughals retire, 226—Marathas annex Jawhar and Ramnagar, 227—Surat threatened for chauth, 228—raid into Khandesh and Berar (Dec 1672), 231—expulsion of Marathas, 232—Pedgaon (Mughal advanced post), its strategic importance, 233—first attack on Shivner fails, 234—Shivaji's gains in South Maharashtra and Kanara, 235—defeats Dilir Khan on the Ghats, 237—Bahadur's camp at Pedgaon looted, 238—more Maratha successes, 239—Shivaji befools Bahadur Khan with false proposals of peace, 240—raids in 1676, 242—Shivaji's diplomatic preparations for the Karnatak expedition, 244—bribes Bahadur Khan, 245—treaty of Haidarabad, 246—his gains in the Karnatak, 247—conquests on return from Madras, 248—Maratha activity in 1678, 249—Golkonda and Bijapur against Shivaji, 251—Shambhuji joins Dilir Khan, 252—they capture Bhupalgarh, 253—Dilir invades Bijapur (1679), 255—Shivaji assists Bijapur, 256—sacks Jalna, 257—narrowly escapes capture, 258—Shivaji's domestic troubles and death, 260—extent of his kingdom, 261—chauth, 263—policy of plunder, 264—Shivaji's character, 266—his influence on history, 268
v4.c57.19
Chapter XLIV.—Reign of Shambhuji ... 270—361
v4.c57.20
Shambhuji confined in Panhala, 270—Rajaram crowned, 271—desertions to Shambhuji, 273—he enters Raigarh, 276—is crowned, 277—sack of suburbs of Burhanpur, 279—Khan i-Jahan's failure, 280—raid on Aurangabad defeated, 282—other Maratha activities (1681), 283—Prince Akbar flees to Maharashtra, 285—Annaji Datto's plot to murder Shambhuji, 287—punished, 288—Kavi-kalash his favourite minister, 290—Akbar's relations with Shambhuji, 292—Aurangzib's defensive arrangements, Mughal attack developed (1682), 294—siege of Ramsej, fails, 295—Mughal efforts (winter of 1682—83), 298—bravery of Jani Begam, 301—struggle in Kalian, 303—Emperor suspects his sons, capricious changes of his mind, 305—Marathas and English, 308—Shambhuji's naval strength, 310—Siddi atrocities, 311—Shambhuji bombards Janjira (Jan. 1682), 312—assault (July) fails, 313—naval defeat (Oct.) 313—Portuguese provoke war with Shambhuji, 315—he sacks towns in Thana district, 317—besieges Chaul, 318—viceroy of Goa attacks Phonda, 321—forced to make disastrous retreat, 323—Shambhuji occupies Santo Estevao, 325—crushing defeat of viceroy, 326—Marathas overrun Salsette and Bardes, 327—Maratha gains from Portuguese in N. Konkan, 331—peace terms, 332—war renewed, 333—impolicy of this war, 334—Akbar's aims, 335—Akbar's disappointment and disgust with Maratha Court, 336—tries to sail to Persia, 339—dissuaded by Kavi-kalash, 341—desertions and rebellions against Shambhuji, 343—Mughal offensive opened (winter of 1683-84), 346—Shah Alam invades S. Konkan by Ram-ghat pass, 347—his dealings with Goa, 349—burns and sacks Ratnagiri and Savant-vadi towns, 349—famine in his army, 350—disastrous retreat, pestilence, 352—minor operations (1684), 353, 356—Shambhuji's vice and indolence, 355—raid into Khandesh (Feb. 1685), 357—Shambhuji makes treaty with English : terms, 359.
v4.c57.21
Chapter XLV.—Fall of Bijapur ... ... 362—394
v4.c57.22
Aurangzib's policy towards Bijapur from 1680 to 1683, 362—Bijapuris fail to help in crushing Marathas, 364—Mughal expeditions against Bijapur frontier, 365—miserable condition of Adil-Shahi Court, 367—angry correspondence with Aurangzib, 368—defensive measures against Mughal invasion, 369—city of Bijapur described, 372—fortifications and guns, 373—siege of Bijapur begins, 374—slow progress, difficulties of besiegers, 376—famine in Azam's army, 379—reinforced by Firuz Jang, 381—Aurangzib arrives, 383—Shah Alam's secret diplomacy, 384—sufferings of the besieged, 385—vigorous Mughal efforts, 386—Sikandar Adil Shah capitulates, 388—his audience with Aurangzib, 389—Aurangzib's grand entry into Bijapur, 391—the city in ruin, 392—captivity and death of Sikandar, 393.
v4.c57.23
Chapter XLVI — Decline of the Qutb-Shahis 395—422
v4.c57.24
Abdullah's character and government, 395—quarrel among his sons-in law, 396—Abul Hasan married to his third daughter, 397—Sayyid Ahmad defeated, Abul Hasan crowned, 398—Madanna becomes wazir, 399—his alliance with the Marathas for defence against Mughals, 400—Emperor fleeces and insults Qutb Shah, 402—Abul Hasan's sensuality, love of art, 403—offences of Qutb Shah in Aurangzib's eyes, 405—Aurangzib sends Shah Alam to seize Haidarabad (1685) 408—Mughal progress arrested battles near Malkhed, 410—dissensions among Qutb Shahi generals, their resistance suddenly ends, 412—second Mughal capture of Haidarabad, 414—skirmish with a Mughal detachment at Munagal, 416—Madanna murdered, 417 Appendix Madanna The history of his family, 420—his nephew, Gopanna a saint, 421
v4.c57.25
Chapter XLVII — Fall of Golkonda 423—456
v4.c57.26
Aurangzib marches to Golkonda, 423—Haidarabad described, 424—fort of Golkonda described, 424—siege begins, Qalich Khan mortally wounded, 429—Shah Alam's secret intrigue with Qutb Shah, 430—is imprisoned with his sons, 432—Emperor's distrust of Shias, 434—changes in the post of Mir Atish, 435—skirmishes 436—Firuz Jang's night attack fails 437—rain and famine 440—sortie by the garrison (15th June) many Mughal officers captured 441—Abul Hasan offers terms and food, 442—Mughals fire mines (20th June) heavy loss from explosion, sortie by garrison, 444—rain and storm, severe battle, 447—Mughal failure 448—havoc caused by famine, 449—Aurangzib's vigorous efforts, 450—Golkonda betrayed by Sardar Khan, 451—heroic resistance of Abdur Razzaq Lari, 452—Abul Hasan arrested 454—his calmness in danger, 455—the spoils of Golkonda 456
v4.c57.27
Chapter XLVIII — Downfall of the Maratha Kingdom 457—484
v4.c57.28
Mughals conquer Bijapuri provinces, 457—Sagar capitulates, death of Pam Nayak 458—Adoni surrenders, 460—Azam captures Belgaum, 460—Emperor at Bijapur, 460—bubonic plague its mortality, 461—Akbar's plans and movements, 463—his effort to break through fails, 465—embarks for Persia, 466—Shambhuji's loss of good officers, 468—Maratha activity 1685—1687, 470—risings against Shambhuji, 471—economic decay of Maratha dominion, 472—Shambhuji captured, 475—paraded through camp, 478—executed, 480—Rajaram crowned, 481—escapes, 481—Raigarh surrenders, 483. Appendix : Ishwardas Nagar's narrative of events 1685-1689, 485—Shambhuji's navy, 488.