Pramāṇa · Search · About · API

Shivaji and His Times c20: Bibliography of Authorities for the History of Shivaji

Shivaji and His Times c20

Language
English

Contents

Bibliography of Authorities for the History of Shivaji

Character of Shivaji records

c20.s1.1

The royal period (1660-1700) of Maratha history differs fundamentally from the Peshwa period (18th century) not only in the extent but also in the nature of its historical records. Not only is there a striking contrast between the wealth of contemporary documents in Persian and English that illuminate the history of the Peshwas and the comparative poverty of the same for Shivaji's reign and those of his two sons. But even when we come to Marathi sources, we find that not a single State-paper or official despatch of Shivaji's time in this language has been unearthed after a devoted search for half a century. But thousands of private legal documents, deeds of grant, decisions of lawsuits, orders on petitions and similar papers have been collected, and for the sufficient reason that they did not belong to the State archives (which perished long ago with their contents), but were the property of private families by whom they have been carefully preserved as title-deeds.

c20.s1.2

The Marathas in the 17th century were a poor and rude people, dispersed through many States, and with no literature of their own except folk-songs and religious poetry. Shivaji for the first time gave them peace wealth and an independent national Court, without which it is not possible to produce literature or store official records. But this happy state of things lasted barely 18 years, from his last rupture with the Mughals in 1670 to the death of Shambhuji in 1689. Thereafter every Maratha fort and city was occupied by the Mughals and the Maratha State records were burnt or dispersed. Even during these 18 years of their power and prosperity, the Marathas were more busy with the sword than with the pen; no literature proper, no long history or biography was produced then.

c20.s1.3

Hence, the Maratha kingdom before the Peshwa period utterly lacks the State-papers, detailed official histories, personal memoirs, and letter-books of which Mughal history is so full.

Early Marathi accounts

c20.s2.1

The only contemporary records of Shivaji's and even Shambhuji's times that now survive are in English and Persian and none at all in Marathi. The earliest Marathi history of his reign,—if we may apply this dignified title to Sabhasad's brief and confused recollections,—was written in 1694, and the skeleton *Jedhe Shakavali* later still. Laudatory poems by bards hankering for rewards from patrons who are flattered to the top of their bent, cannot claim to be histories. On the other hand, the Persian and English sources were absolutely contemporary, promptly set down in writing, often detailed and dated, and carefully preserved since then. Their writers belonged to a higher intellectual type than the Marathi chroniclers, as is clearly seen from a comparative study of the materials in the three languages.

c20.s2.2

Even the *Sabhasad Bakhar*, though written by a contemporary of Shivaji, is not based on State-papers and written notes, because it was composed while Rajaram was closely besieged in Jinji fort, to which he had escaped from Maharashtra by the skin of his teeth, leaving everything behind him, and after roving hither and thither in constant risk of capture. Such a master and his servants, running with their lives in their hands, before relentless pursuers, could not have burdened themselves with papers during their perilous flight across the entire Deccan peninsula. Sabhasad's work, therefore, is entirely derived from his memory—the half-obliterated memory of an old man who had passed through many privations and hardships. But he was a contemporary and servant of Shivaji, while Malhar Ram Rao Chitnis wrote 130 years after that king's death, and had no State-papers of Shivaji's or Shambhuji's times, because he does not cite a single document, and all his true facts are derived from Sabhasad, thereby proving that he had no independent source of information. Therefore, I have totally rejected Chitnis.

The Dattaji-Malkare type of bakhars

c20.s3.1

Next after Sabhasad's work (1694) both in point of time and reliability, is a group of shorter histories, all derived from the same original and all forming one type. In Marathi they are known as the *91 qalmi* (or *96 qalmi*) Bakhar (printed in the *Prabhat* by Rajwade and in the *Bharatvarsha* by Parasnis), and to readers of Grant Duff as the *Raigarh life*, Frissell's English version of which has been printed by Forrest. The *Tarikh-i-Shivaji* represents an amplified Persian translation of the same work, evidently made from an earlier and longer Marathi original than the *91 qalmi* Bakhar. Warren Hastings presented a MS. of it to the India Office, London, and some other copies exist in the British Museum and elsewhere.

c20.s3.2

The I. O. L. MS. ends with the death of Shivaji, but contains at the end a supplement in the form of a bare list of Shivaji's descendants at Satara down to Ramraja, the adopted son and (then reigning) successor of Shahu. This translation fixes the lower limit of the date of the Marathi original as 1770. The earliest limit might well go up to 1720, the time of the restoration of Shivaji's kingdom in a settled form under Shahu on the final abandonment of the Mughal claims to it.

c20.s3.3

The nucleus of this group or type of works was some very short sketch of Shivaji's history in the possession of Dattaji (Shivaji's *Waqnis* or chronicler), from which Anaji Ranganath Malkare's son Khandoji took a copy. [The colophon calls the original a detailed history, *tafsil-war*, which I consider very unlikely.] Khandoji, though he nowhere says so, padded out the original by interpolating in it every movement and posting of his father in Shivaji's reign, as Dattaji could not have cared for such small fry as Anaji Ranganath Malkare and considered him worthy of mention almost as often as the Prime Minister himself. I have designated it as the Malkare Bakhar and not Dattaji's work, because the latter has not come down to us.

c20.s3.4

This recension has been printed, but the Marathi text, in both the editions, is full of copyists' errors or wrong readings, and the English translation (in Forrest) is horribly incorrect in the proper names and dates. (But their correction would be very easy for one who knows all the sources for Shivaji). The Persian version clearly goes back to Malkare's source but also derived a portion of its information from some other work than Dattaji's. After the necessary corrections of names and dates have been made and the loose traditions weeded out, the substratum that remains is of high historical value and is in several points corroborated by unimpeachable records of Shivaji's time. When judiciously used it is a very helpful supplement to Sabhasad.

The Marathi Shakavalis criticized

c20.s4.1

The Jedhe Shakavali or skeleton chronology in its surviving fragment runs from 1618 to 1697, without any formal preface or conclusion. Its correctness depends upon three conditions, viz., (a) the Jedhes' personal knowledge of what they wrote down, (b) their promptness in recording every event after its happening, instead of trusting to a dim and distant memory, and (c) the accuracy of the transcriber of the only manuscript of it (copied in the middle of the 18th century) that has come down to us. This family did not record the successive occurrences in a bound volume (or in a big family Bible as in old English houses), but on loose sheets of paper, which were afterwards compiled together, we know not with what accuracy nor with what gaps between. For the period before 1660,—in which year Shivaji first clearly demonstrated his power of standing on his own legs and former vassals of Bijapur like the Jedhe chieftains found that it was safer to join him than to keep aloof or play a double game (which is Bhave's charge against Kanhoji Jedhe),—the dates in the Jodhe Chronology are often demonstrably wrong (e.g., the death of Ibrahim Adil Shah, the fall of Daulatabad, etc.) Even for later times, some months and years have been wrongly given or at least copied (e.g., the fall of Vellore.) Several of the entries, particularly those relating to the Muslim States, were merely borrowed by Jedhe's clerks from other sources, because we know that short Persian manuals of historical dates were in circulation in polished society in the 18th and early 19th centuries. Hence, it is not always safe to rely on Jedhe's testimony for any doubtful date when not supported by some other authority.

c20.s4.2

On the other hand, a hereditary writer-servant of Shivaji's family like Dattaji or Malhar Ram Rao, is a better authority for the date of Shivaji's birth, as the tithi (lunar day) of his birth was annually celebrated at his Court and was entered in the memorandum kept by the secretariat officers.

c20.s4.3

Such skeleton chronologies (Shakavalis) were in use among various noble families in Maharashtra in the 18th century, and have been recovered in parts only. There was a short kernel of the leading events common to them all; but each family added entries about what happened to its own ancestors or about events in its neighbourhood, and therefore they cannot serve as independent checks on one another. Many mistakes were also made in reading the old Modi script of the original MSS.

c20.s4.4

For a detailed discussion of the sources the reader is referred to my paper on "the Sources of the History of Shivaji critically examined" published in the *Journal* of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society, March, 1924.

c20.s4.5

Four new sources of error produced in the 19th century.

c20.s4.6

While our knowledge of Shivaji's history has grown during the last hundred years by the discovery and publication of contemporary Persian, French, Portuguese, and Marathi records unknown to Grant Duff, certain new sources of error have also come into the field, and tend to deceive the unsuspecting historian by their cross-lights and false lights. They are:—

c20.s4.7

(i) The extinction of the Peshwa's rule in 1817,—and even earlier, his virtual deposition from sovereignty in 1803,—naturally led to a revolution in the mental attitude of the Marathas. The fallen house of usurping Brahman ministers was felt to be a wrong horse to back and the old dynasty of Bhonslé kings came into vogue in public estimation and was exalted by the paramount British Power. One may even say that patriotism could now find a free vent and Shivaji could be professed as a national idol without any fear of exciting the jealous suspicion of the Chitpavan dynasty on the throne of Puna. It became a social and political disadvantage for a noble family in Maharashtra to describe its founder as a creation of the Peshwa period, rather than as a follower of Shivaji. Then began a mad struggle among them to rewrite their family history and represent their first famous ancestors as patriotic supporters of that great king in weal and woe. Witness the longing of every Greek State to get its name enrolled in the second Book of the Iliad. While some of these claims are true, all cannot be so.

c20.s4.8

Forgery of grants and royal letters.

c20.s4.9

(ii) The evil was aggravated by the formation of the Inam Commission (1824) which called upon every holder of land or State-pension to prove his rights by producing old documents and giving his family history. The result was a vast crop of reports submitted to the English Government and designated variously as *Kaifiyat*, *Yadi*, *Haqiqat* and *Karina*. Composed between 1820 and 1830, they profess to give the family history (often with copies of alleged charters) from Shahji's time, (c. 1637) and in the cases of the prouder families from an even earlier date, such as the first Muslim invasion of the Deccan (1294.) Their only foundation was family tradition, dim with distance of time, or the daring imagination of the hereditary family priest and astrologer.

c20.s4.10

The holder of even the smallest plot of land or right to village-office now produced title-deeds in the form of grants and confirmations by the Hindu and Muslim kings before the British conquest. Some of these professed to be original, others copies of long-decayed originals certified by former *qazis* or kings as true. Of this class thousands of documents in the Marathi language have been printed. But their value is exceedingly small. Ninety-eight per cent. of these papers is of no historical significance at all, as they relate to the petty local rights of petty private individuals. Several are palpable forgeries. It is not possible to give detailed examples in this book.

c20.s4.11

The forger in each case had some genuine documents of the post-Shiva period before him and has transferred their exact language to his own fabrication which professes to belong to an earlier age! It is, therefore, very unsafe to rely for any date or event, on the sole testimony of these papers unless their authenticity has been placed beyond doubt by other and more unimpeachable sources; but such corroboration is mostly impossible.

c20.s4.12

The forgery of documents for establishing rights to property is a very ancient practice, from which the priestly and ruling classes have been no more free than others. (Cf. Harsha's copper-plate grant.)

Worthless laudatory poems

c20.s5.1

(iii) Some Sanskrit poems of Shivaji's time have survived and have been recently printed. Bardic flattery and exaggeration have been found in all countries to be the greatest perverters of historical truth. In India the art of literary beggary was carried to nauseating lengths by the Brahman Court flatterers of the Hindu kings and even of some of the Mughal Emperors. The very training, mode of life, and literary models of these Brahman poets made them unfit to be sober recorders of fact. Even for the events that they personally witnessed, one has to largely discount their narrative, while for the events of earlier times or elsewhere, they are absolutely untrustworthy. It is not the business of priests and poets to keep public records or copies of State-papers; at best they reproduce the traditions current among their class.

c20.s5.2

The absurd flights of exaggeration which a venal poet can take in flattering his patron may be exemplified from the poem of Lal Kavi who alleges that during the invasion of Deogarh (1669) the entire Mughal army was defeated and put to flight, but the defeat was turned into a victory by the boy Chhatra Sal charging the enemy host single-handed and routing it without anybody's aid! A parallel to this is afforded by Paramanand's allegation that Malik Ambar's crushing defeat of the Mughal and Adil-Shahi armies at Bhatvadi (1624) was mainly due to Shahji and his Bhonsle contingent. (Shiva Bharat, canto 4.)

c20.s5.3

(iv) Maratha history has been muddled also by the silly but very bitter quarrel between the Brahman and Prabhu castes, which began (with growing wealth and public safety) under Shivaji, burst into a flame in Shambhuji's reign (at the outcasting of Balaji Avji), and has been revived and widely extended in modern times by the help of a cheap printing-press, the multiplication of newspapers as sectional organs, and the easy means of distributing writings. Each caste interprets the past history of the country and "discovers" old documents so as to heighten its own glory and depress its rival caste. A historical statement or argument is valued differently according as it comes from a Chitpavan or a Karharé, a Brahman or a Prabhu!

Materials rejected

c20.s6.1

I have not found it safe to make any but a very cautious and sparing use of these three classes of materials in my book. Tested in those points where genuine contemporary evidence of other kinds is available, the whole class of Kaifiyat literature and the Tanjore inscription (carved in 1803) are often proved to have recorded opium-eaters' tales as history. Many of their dates are ludicrously incorrect and persons are made to tread the earth and figure in action before their birth or after their death as known beyond doubt I

c20.s6.2

No higher credence can be claimed by the bakhar literature of the 19th or very late 18th century. They do not make the least pretence of being based upon old written records, but contain loose traditions (often palpably false) in their latest and most perverted form, a maximum of legends, supernatural marvels and bazar gossip, with a minimum of facts and dates. Nearly all of them are of unknown date and authorship. They are no more history than the Sanskrit Puranas, and they bear the signs of being the production of some ignorant credulous dull-brained persons and not the work of any intelligent minister of State or scholarly author.

Value of European Factory Records

c20.s7.1

The records of the English factories on the Bombay coast and inland are of the highest value for dates and facts. Sometimes the factors frankly confess that the reports they have heard and are writing down immediately after are so contradictory that they know not what to believe. But, on the other hand, the English at Rajapur and Karwar employed paid spies who travelled in Shivaji's dominions and brought back news of his doings and plans; the information from the different factories helped to check and correct one another; and a false rumour is usually followed by its contradiction. Above all, these factory records have the supreme merit of having been preserved in the original manuscript without any later garbling or interpolation.

c20.s7.2

The value of the Memoire of Francois Martin (of Pondicherry) is the highest imaginable for Shivaji's Karnatak expedition. His agents were frequently in attendance in the camp of Shivaji and the reports they brought back were immediately entered in his diary. The English of Madras also sent a clever Brahman to Shivaji on two or three occasions. The reports of such witnesses entirely displace the later gossip about the Karnatak expedition given in the Marathi books. The Jesuit letter for 1677 is mostly wrong and based on distant rumour; it cannot stand against Martin's testimony for this episode in Shivaji's life.

Sources

A. Marathi

c20.s8.t1.1

101. Shiva-chhatrapati-chen Charitra by Krishnaji Anant Sabhasad, written in 1694 at Jinji, by order of Rajaram; ed. by K. N. Sane,- 3rd ed. 1912. A small book of barely 100 pages, composed from memory without the help of written memoranda or documents. The events are not arranged in the order of time. Some of the statements are incorrect. Weak in topography, no dates. Language very condensed and sometimes obscure.

c20.s8.t1.2

But the most valuable Marathi account of Shivaji and our main source of information from the Maratha side. Later biographies in the same language have mostly copied this Sabhasad Bakhar and padded out their source (Sabhasad) by means of Sanskrit quotations, miracles, rhetorical flourishes, emotional gush, and commonplace remarks and details added from the probabilities of the case or from pure imagination. [In Sane's 4th ed. the text has been very unwisely mixed up.]

c20.s8.t1.3

Translated into English by J. L. Manker as *Life and Exploits of Shivaji* (Bombay, 1st. ed. 1884, 2nd ed. 1886.)

c20.s8.t1.4

102. *Chitra-gupta Bakhar*, composed about 1760; contains merely Sabhasad's facts (and even language), interspersed with copious extracts from the Sanskrit Scriptures. Useless.

c20.s8.t1.5

103. *Shiva-chhatrapati-chen Sapta-prakaran-atmak Charitra*, written by Malhar Ram Rao Chitnis in 1810, and ed. by N. J. Kirtane, 2nd ed. 1894. Incorrect, rambling or pure guess-work in many places. No State-paper used, no idea of correct chronology. Muhammadan names grossly incorrect and anachronistic. Moro Pant is perpetually conquering and having to conquer again "twenty-seven forts in Baglana &c." (pp. 41, 71, 124 and 176)! Worthless modern fabrication.

c20.s8.t1.6

104. *Shivadigvijay*, ed. or published by P. R. Nandurbarkar and L. K. Dandekar, (Baroda, 1895). Falsely described as written by Khando Ballal (the son of Shivaji's secretary Balaji Avji) in 1718. Fabricated by a writer familiar with the style of modern vernacular novels written by imitators of Bankim Chandra Chatterji. Too much gush (esp. pp. 453, 208, 444), rhetorical padding and digression. The author speaks of an English general being present at Shivaji's coronation (p. 435) and of goods from Calcutta being used in decorating his hall in 1674 (p. 417) !!! Shiva bows to his mother two years after her death (p. 296) ! Tanaji Malusare visits Haidarabad seven years after his death ! (p. 301.)

c20.s8.t1.7

105. *Shivapratap* (Baroda), an utterly worthless modern fabrication; does not even claim to be old.

c20.s8.t1.8

106. *Shrimant Maharaj Bhonsle-yanchi Bakhar* [of Shedgaon], pub. by V. L. Bhave (Thana, 1917.) Utterly worthless expansion of Sabhasad with forged letters and imaginary details.

c20.s8.t1.9

107-8. Two alleged old *bakhars* (called *More-yanchi Chooti Bakhar* and *Mahabaleshwar-chi Juni Mahiti*) pub. in Parasnis's *Itihas Sangraha*, *Sfuta lekh*, i. 21-29 and ii. 9-12. Full of palpable historical errors and deliberate fabrication (probably of the same factory and date as No. 106.)

c20.s8.t1.10

109. *Jedhe-yanchi Shakavali*, ed. by B. G. Tilak in *Chaturtha Sammelan Britta* (Puna.) A bare record of events with dates, kept by the Jedhe family of Bhor (Puna district.)

c20.s8.t1.11

The Shivapur deshpandes have preserved two *Shakavalis*, one in their *Yadi* (very short) and the other in their *Bahi*. I have secured a transcript of the very large Shivapur Deshpande *Shakavali* preserved in the library of the Bombay Royal Asiatic Society (Forbes collection.) The above three *Shakavalis* as well as three others are printed in the *Shiva-Charitra Pradip* (a very useful book) which also gives the *Jedhe Karina* (an amplification of the *Shakavali* from the purely family point of view). An uncorrected English translation of the Jedhe Shakavali and Karina is given in the *Shivaji Souvenir*.

c20.s8.t1.12

¹¹⁰ *Sanads and Letters*, ed. by P. V. Mawjee and D. B. Parasnis (1913) and

c20.s8.t1.13

111. Marathyan-chya-Itihasachin-Sadhanen, ed. by V. K. Rajwade and others; Vols. viii and xv-xxiv contain a few political letters and a vast mass of private legal documents and charters of Shivaji and his times. Some of them are clearly forgeries made to deceive the Inam Commission and other judicial bodies. Some others seem to have been faked to support "popular" history or family prestige.

c20.s8.t1.14

Many documents of this class have been also printed in the Annual Proceedings (Varshik Itibritta), Conference Reports (Sammelan Britta) and Quarterly (Traimasik) of the Bharat Itihas Samshodhak Mandal of Puna, in the Shiva-Charitra-Pradip, (1925), Shiva-Charitra-Sahitya (ed. by K. V. Purandare, 1926), Itihas Ani Aitihasik, Vol. 5 (ed. by Rajwade), Marathi Daftar, Vol, 3 (ed. by V. L. Bhave, 1928), Shiva Samsmriti and Shivaji Souvenir (English tr.), ed by G. S. Sardesai (1927.)

c20.s8.t1.15

112. Powadas, or Marathi ballads, collected by H. A. Acworth and S. T. Shaligram, 2nd (really 3rd) ed., 1911. All legendary and of a much later date than Shivaji's lifetime. The Afzal Khan ballad is the oldest, and probably belonged to Shambhuji's reign. Only two of the ballads deal with Shivaji, but are unhistorical. A new and critical edition by Y. N. Kelkar (1927.)

c20.s8.t1.16

English tr. of ten of the ballads (with an excellent introduction), by Acworth (Longmans, 1894.)

c20.s8.t1.17

113. Savant-vadi-Samsthancha Itihas, by V. P. Pingulkar (1911.) Useful; but the dates of some of the Persian farmans have been wrongly transcribed, and the seal has been incorrectly ascribed to the Emperor (whose name stands on the top of it) instead of to the owner of the seal (whose name is modestly put below that of the Emperor.)

c20.s8.t1.18

114. Ajna-patra of Ramchandra Amatya, 2nd. ed. 1923. A book of "good counsels," but not a genuine document by a contemporary of Shivaji. Throws no real light.

c20.s8.t1.19

115. V. L. Bhave published a number of pamphlets on incidents of Shivaji's life, which, in spite of their minute and lawyer-like argument, are vitiated by the fact that he lumped together all the dates and incidents given by every known work, without critically sifting their evidence.

c20.s8.t1.20

116. Tanjavarcha Shilalekh, a prodigiously long (2652 lines in print) inscription in Marathi carved in December, 1803, on stone in the Vrihadishwar temple of Tanjore. Printed by Rajwade in the Prabhat and included in his Sadhanen, vol. ix (1906); another ed. by T. Sambamurti Row in Tanjore (1907.) Utterly worthless modern concoction of the history of Shahji and Shivaji, evidently for exalting the junior Bhonsle branch, (the House of Tanjore.)

c20.s8.t1.21

¹¹⁷ 91 qalmi Bakhar, also called 96 qalmi Bakhar, containing that number of paragraphs (mostly very short.) The manuscript from which Rajwade printed his text (in vol. ix. of his Sadhanen) is described in the colophon as in the handwriting of Khando Anaji Malkare, the son of Anaji Ranganath Malkare, who was appointed accountant (majmuadar) of the army of Hambir Rao by Shivaji. An incorrect text (with many variants) is printed in Parasnis's Bharat-varsha. It is the same work as the "Raigarh Life of Shivaji," (Eng. trans. in Forrest's Selections from the Letters &c., in the Bombay Secretariat, Maratha Series, vol. i, pp. 1-22, 1885). The

c20.s8.t1.22

expanded Persian translation is known as the *Tarikh-i-Shivaji*. (For its nature and value, see the introductory discussion to this Bibliography.)

B. Sanskrit

c20.s8.t2.1

118. *Radha-madhava-vilasa-Champuh*, by Jayaram Pindyé, ed. by Rajwade (1922.) Fulsome adulation of Shahji and the boy Shivaji by a Court-poet. Gives no useful information.

c20.s8.t2.2

119. *Shiva Bharat*, by Paramanand, ed. with a Marathi trans. copious notes and portentously long disquisitions (*à la* Rajwade) in a sumptuous edition by S. M. Divekar (1927.) An epic poem on Maloji, Shahji and Shivaji (ending abruptly with Shiva's conquest of the Ratnagiri district in April 1661, canto 32, v. 9.) Narrated in the form of a dialogue between the poet and the Brahmans of Benares, where Paramanand had come on a pilgrimage (between 1664 and 1673.) A Hindu priest-pilgrim to far off Benares could not, in those days of difficulty of transport and unsafe travelling, have burdened himself with history books, and yet our poet, writing about 1670, professes to give minute details and long lists of generals (sometimes on three sides) for battles that were fought in 1624 and even earlier! This holy Brahman must have had a prodigious memory for non-Scriptural matters! His nauseating flattery of his patron and absurd exaggerations have been already noted in my preliminary paragraphs. Such a work cannot be taken literally as history.

c20.s8.t2.3

120. *Parnal-parvat-grahan-akhyanam*, by Jayaram, ed. by S. M. Divekar (1923.) Matter-of-fact straightforward narrative, singularly free from the usual hyperbole and verbosity. The five cantos cover only a small portion of Shivaji's career (1673.) Very reliable and useful.

c20.s8.t2.4

121. *Shiva-raj-Rajyavishek-Kalpataru*, a short poem in 234 verses, describing Shivaji's coronation (1674) in the form of a dialogue between Govinda and Nishchala, two Brahmans on a pilgrimage to the holy places in South Konkan, (Asiatic Society of Bengal, MS. 3088.) Merely descriptive.

C. Hindi

c20.s8.t3.1

122. *Bhushan's Granthavali*, ed. by Shyam Bihari Mishra and Shukdev Bihari Mishra (Nagri Pracharini Sabha, Benares, 1907.)

c20.s8.t3.2

Fulsome adulation of Shiva, by means of an infinite variety of similes and parallels from Hindu Scriptures and epics! No history, no date. But shows us the atmosphere and the Hindu mind of the time. Its authenticity has been denied and its composition ascribed to the Court of Chhatra Sal (about 1725), by a critic in the *Nagri Pracharini Patrika*.

c20.s8.t3.3

123. *Chhatra-prakash* by Lal Kavi (Nagri Pracharini Sabha, Benares.) Canto xi deals with Chhatra Sal's visit to Shiva. English trans., in Pogson's *History of the Boondelas*, (Calcutta, (1826.)

D. Persian

c20.s8.t4.1

Most of the Persian sources have been described and discussed in my *History of Aurangzib*, Bibliographies at the end of Vols. ii. and iii. (1st.

c20.s8.t4.2

ed.), and for convenience of reference I here give them the numbers which they bear in that work.

c20.s8.t4.3

2. Padishahnamah, by Abdul Hamid Lahori.
4. Amal-i-Salih by Kambu.
5. Alamgir-namah by Mirza Md. Kazim.
6. Masir-i-Alamgiri by Saqi Mustaid Khan.
9. Muntakhab-ul-Lubab, by Khafi Khan.
10. Nuskha-i-Dilkasha by Bhimsen Burhanpuri.
11. Fatuhat-i-Alamgiri by Ishwardas Nagar.
29. Akhbarat-i-Darbar-i-muala.
116. Muhammad-namah (or History of Muhammad Adil Shah) by Md. Zahur, the son of Zahuri, (my own copy made from the Kapurthala MS.)
27. Tarikh-i-Ali Adil Shah II. (only the 1st ten years of his reign), by Sayyid Nurullah, (copy made for me from the India Office MS.)
25. Basatin-i-Salatin, by Md. Ibrahim Al Zubairi. The lithographed ed. (Haidarabad) cited in this 3rd ed. (while a MS. was cited in the first two editions of my Shivaji.)
19. Tarikh-i-Shivaji, India Office Persian MS. 1957, (Ethe No. 485). same as Rieu i. p. 327. Trans. by me in Modern Review, 1907 and Jan. 1910.
16. Adab-i-Alamgiri by Qabil Khan.
44. Haft Anjuman by Udiraj Tala-yar, Paris MS. and Benares MS.
45. Faiyyaz-ul-qawanin.
39. Khatut-i-Shivaji, R. A. S. MS.
21. Ahkam-i-Alamgiri by Hamid-ud-din Khan, tr. by me as Anecdotes of Aurangzib.
33. Ruqat-i-Alamgiri, lithographed bazar ed.
117. Parasnis MS.—A volume in which some Persian letters from the Mughal Government to Shivaji and his descendants have been copied (evidently for the use of Grant Duff) by order of the Rajah of Satara. Some of the dates are wrong. There is a MS. English translation in another volume.

E. English

c20.s8.t5.1

[When I began my study of Shivaji's history, Foster's English Factories in India had not reached the period of his activities. I had, therefore, to get transcripts of the old records in the India Office, London, at great cost and some risk of error in the copying. (Two serious ones were discovered too late for the second edition.) Now that Foster's series has been continued to 1670, I have retained my references to the documents themselves as more convenient to inquirers than citations of the pages of Foster's book.]

c20.s8.t5.2

124. Original Correspondence (O. C.), India Office MS. records. This series includes letters from Surat and Bombay to the E. I. Co., (London) and letters between Surat and Bombay and the subordinate factories. There is a catalogue of these, giving writer, place and date, but very little indication of the contents. In most cases there is a volume for every year. O. C. volumes deal indiscriminately with all parts of India where the Company had factories. From 1682 to 1689 they contain little beyond duplicates of what is given in the *F. R.*

c20.s8.t5.3

125. *Factory Records* (*F. R.*), India Office MS. records. There is a distinct series for each principal factory, such as Rajapur, Surat, Bombay, Fort St. George, &c. They include (*a*) Consultations at these factories and (*b*) copies of letters received and dispatched by them (some being repeated in *O. C.*) There are several gaps in the period 1660-1689 and the existing volumes are unindexed.

c20.s8.t5.4

*Surat Consultations*—none extant for 1636-'60, 64, 67, 68, 71, 73, 75, 76, 78, 80, 81, and 84-96, but the gaps are partially filled by the *Letters received and dispatched* and the *O. C.* Only four volumes have survived for 1660-1683.

c20.s8.t5.5

*Surat Letters*—about 20 volumes for the period in question.

c20.s8.t5.6

*Records of Fort St. George*: *Diary and Consultation Book*, for 1672-78 and 1678-79, printed at Madras. (1910 and 1911.) A few other papers are given in Love's *Vestiges of Old Madras*, 3 vols.

c20.s8.t5.7

*Orme MSS.* in the India Office Library (catalogued by S. C. Hill) contain copies of several factory records the originals of which have perished.

c20.s8.t5.8

After 1683 the English factory records are very scanty.

c20.s8.t5.9

*Diary of W. Hedges*, ed. by Yule, (Hakluyt Soc.) Vol. II. p. ccxxvi gives *Surat to Co.*, 20 Nov. 1670.

c20.s8.t5.10

126. *Dutch Factory Records* preserved in the India Office, London. Vols. 23-29, covering 1659-'70, are in English translations, while Vols. 30-42, covering 1670-89, are in Dutch. They are very disappointing to the historian of Shivaji and contain very few references to the Marathas. The volumes from 1671 onwards contain scarcely any remarks on the affairs of Western India. "Up to 1664 or so, the compiler copied the letters from India into the *Dagh Register*, verbatim or almost so. From about 1665 to the end of the series, the Indian letters were copied into a different Register, viz., ‘Incoming letters’; the *Dagh Register* refers to this for details, and gives at most an occasional scrap of news. It is conceivable, but I fear very improbable that the Registers of Incoming Letters, or some of them, may be in existence at Batavia." (Moreland.)

c20.s8.t5.11

127. *Storia do Mogor* or travels of Manucci, tr. by W. Irvine, 4 vols.
128. *Bernier's Travels*, ed. by Constable.
129. *Tavernier's Travels*, ed. by Ball, 2 vols.
130. *J. Fryer's New Account of East India*, ed. by W. Crooke, 2 vols. (1909.)
131. *Orme's Historical Fragments of the Mogul Empire &c.*, London (1805.)
132. *J. Grant Duff's History of the Mahrattas*, (1826.)

c20.s8.t5.12

The *Madras District Manuals* are the old ed., while the *Gazetteers* are the new, ed.

c20.s8.t5.13

English translations are mentioned under their Marathi Persian or Hindi originals.

F. Portuguese

c20.s8.t6.1

133. *Vida e accoens do famoso e felicissimo Sevagy* escrita por Cosme de Guarda, natural de Murmugao. (Lisbon, 1730.) Composed in 1695 (p. 40.) Contains 168 pages. Full of gross inaccuracies, mistakes of persons, useless digressions, bazar gossip and things known to us from other sources. It may more properly be styled 'The marvellous romance of Shivaji,' as it contains a minimum of facts dates and proper names and a maximum of words and general descriptions. It tells us nothing new that is historically true. C. da Guarda was not the real author's name.

c20.s8.t6.2

Dr. D. G. Dalgado of the Academy of Sciences, Lisbon, informed me (on 15 Feb. 1919) that he could find no Portuguese State-paper relating to Shivaji in the Lisbon Archives he had consulted.

c20.s8.t6.3

134. *Colleccao de Tratados* by J. F. Biker, tomo iv. (Lisbon, 1884.) Contains treaties and diplomatic correspondence. They were first printed in the Government Bulletin of Goa, which I inspected during my visit to Goa in October 1924.

c20.s8.t6.4

135. *Portugueses e Maratas*, i. Shivaji, by Panduranga Pissurlencar, (reprinted from the Boletim do Instituto Vasco da Gama. The fullest and most scholarly work on the Portuguese relations with Shivaji. Supersedes all other works on the subject.

G. French

c20.s8.t7.1

136. *Voyage des Indes Orientales*, par M. Carre, 2 vols. (Paris, 1699.) Contains an account of Shivaji in 1671-72. Hearsay.

c20.s8.t7.2

137. *La Mission du Maduré*, par J. Bertrand, tome 3. (Paris, 1850.) Contains the annual Jesuit letters from the Madura mission.

c20.s8.t7.3

138. *Memoires of Francois Martin*, 1664-1696. (MS. T. 1169 of the Archives Nationales of Paris.) I secured a transcript of the portion relating to Shivaji and published a condensed English translation of it in the *Modern Review*, Feb. 1924.

c20.s8.t7.4

The Journal of B. Deslandes (from the Paris MS.) has been translated by me into English and published in the Puna Mandal's periodical.

c20.s8.t7.5

139. *La Compagnie Indes Orientales et Francois Martin*, par Paul Kaeppelin (Paris, 1908). Extremely valuable narrative with exact citations of original documents (and even extracts from them.)

c20.s8.t7.6

140. The *Histoire de Sevagi et de son successeur*, par J. D'Orleans, S. J., appended to his *Histoire des Deux conquerans Tartares*, (Paris, 1688), though the earliest life to be printed, is worthless. I have published an English translation of it in the *Modern Review*, May, 1924.

c20.s8.t7.7

The other French and Dutch works that treat of Shivaji—of very little value,—are described in Orme's *Fragments* (ed. of 1805), pp. 171-179.