Shivaji and His Times c21: Chronology
Shivaji and His Times c21
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Chronology
c21.1
[All the dates in this book are given in the Old Style or unreformed Calendar which continued in England down to 1752, and the New Style dates (usually ten days ahead for Shivaji's lifetime), which occur in the French, Portuguese and Dutch writings, have been reduced by me to the Old Style. In some cases a discrepancy of one day may be noticed, but it is due to the difference between different astronomical works in converting Hindu lunar or Hijera dates into the Christian era. I have followed the conversion-tables in Swami-Kannu Pillai's Indian Ephemeris. Sh. = Shivaji. Kh. = Khan. c. = circa, about.]
c21.2
1626. 14 May. Malik Ambar dies; Fath Khan succeeds as Nizam-Shahi wazir.
c21.3
1627. 10 April. Birth of Shivaji. 12 Sep. Ibrahim Adil Shah dies, Muhamad Adil Shah succeeds. 29 Oct. Jahangir dies.
c21.4
1628. 4 Feb. Shah Jahan crowned Emperor. c. Feb. Shahji raids Mughal Khandesh, is expelled.
c21.5
1630. c. Dec. Shahji comes over to the Mughals, deserts them about June 1632.
c21.6
1633. 17 June. Mughals capture Daulatabad (with Husain Nizam Shah in it.) August. Shahji crowns a puppet Nizam Shah.
c21.7
1635. Jan.-Feb. Khan-i-Dauran pursues Shahji. c. Oct. Khawas Kh. murdered at Bijapur.
c21.8
1636. July-Oct. Khan-i-Zaman, with Bijapuri aid, pursues Shahji to Mahuli and utterly defeats him. Shahji gives up puppet Nizam Shah and enters Bijapur service.
c21.9
1637. Shivaji and his mother are brought to Puna from Shivner.
c21.10
1639. Shivaji visits his father at Bangalore, but is soon sent back to Puna.
c21.11
1646. Muhammad Adil Shah falls seriously ill and continues helpless till his death (1656). ? Shivaji secures Torna fort.
c21.12
1647. May or June. Dadaji Kond-dev dies. ? Shivaji gains Kondana.
c21.13
1648. 25 July. Shahji arrested by the Adil-Shahi c.-in-c. before Jinji. 15 July. Murad Bakhsh appointed viceroy of Mughal Deccan.
c21.14
1649. Sep. Shaista Khan appointed viceroy of Mughal Deccan vice Murad (who reaches Delhi on return in December.) c. Dec. Shahji released. [Jedhe gives 16 May.]
c21.15
1656. 15 Jan. Shivaji captures Javli. 6 April. Sh. comes to Raigarh and takes it. 28 Aug. Baji Chandra Rao More escapes from Shivaji's hands. 24 Sep. Sh. arrests Mohite and gains Supa. 4 Nov. Muhammad Adil Shah dies, Ali II. succeeds.
c21.16
1657. 28 Feb. Aurangzib arrives near Bidar, begins siege of it on 2 March, takes it on 29 March. 27 April. Aurangzib starts for Kaliani, which surrenders on 1 Aug. c. 27-29 April. Sh.'s attempt to loot Ahmadnagar fails. 30 April. Sh. loots Junnar. 14 May. Birth of Shambhuji. 4 June. Nasiri Kh. defeats Sh. near Ahmadnagar. 24 Oct. Sh. takes Kalian-Bhivandi. 11 Nov. Kh. Muhammad, wazir, murdered at Bijapur.
c21.17
1658. 8 Jan. Sh. takes Mahuli. 14 Jan. Sh. goes to Rajgarh. 25 Jan. Aurangzib starts from Aurangabad to contest the throne, leaves Burhanpur on 20 March. 21 July. First enthronement of Aurangzib. 30 Aug. Sh. sends Sonaji to Delhi.
c21.18
1659. 10 March. Sh. goes from Rajgarh to Shivapatan. c. April. Adil Shah orders Maval deshmukhs to join Afzal Kh. 11 July. Sh. goes to Javli. 5 Sep. Sai Bai (w. of Sh.) dies. 11 Nov. Afzal Kh. killed, his army defeated. 28 Nov. Sh. gains Panhala, which he enters on 2 Dec. ? Sh. takes Danda town. 28 Dec. Sh. defeats Rustam and Fazl Kh. near Kolhapur.
c21.19
1660. c. 5 Jan. Sh. raids Dabhol. c. 10 Jan. Sh. raids Rajapur (first time). 14 Jan. Sh. raids Bijapuri territory (towards Gadag.) 25 Feb. Shaista Kh. marches out of Ahmadnagar. 2 March. Sh. enters Panhala, is besieged by Jauhar. 9 May. Shaista Kh. enters Puna. 6 June. Sh. takes Wasota. 21 June. Shaista Kh. arrives before Chakan, lays siege, and takes it on 15 Aug. 13 July. Sh. escapes from Panhala. c. 26 Aug. Shaista returns from Chakan to Puna. 22 Sep. Panhala yielded to Jauhar. 20 Nov. Parenda sold to Mughals by Bijapuri qiladar Ghalib.
c21.20
1661. 3 Feb. Shiva defeats Kar Talb Kh. at Umbarkhind. Feb. Sh. loots Nizampur, captures Dabhol-Prabhavali. c. 3 March. Sh. seizes Rajapur and takes English factors prisoner. They are released c. 5 Feb. 1663. 29 April. Sh. enters Shringarpur. c. May. Mughals take Kalian from Shiva. c. 3 June. Sh. at Mahad for two days. Sh. passes the summer in Wardhangarh. 21 Aug. Kavji Kodhalkar raises the siege of Deiri by Bulaki.
c21.21
1662. Jan.-Mar. ? Sh. defeats Namdar Kh. at Miryan Dongar and raids Pen.
c21.22
1663. March. Long chase of Netaji by Mughals. 30 Mar. Sh. in Raigarh (more probably Rajgarh.)
c21.23
5 April. Sh. surprises Shaista Kh. in Puna. May. Sh. goes by way of Kudal to Vingurla (c. 18 May), returns soon. Nov. Jaswant lays siege to Kondana.
c21.24
1664. 6-10 Jan. Shivaji's first loot of Surat. c. 15 Jan. Shaista Kh. leaves Aurangabad, Muazzam succeeds as viceroy. 23 Jan. Death of Shahji. 5 Feb. Sh. returns to Rajgarh. c. Feb. Bhadrappa, Rajah of Bednur, murdered. 28 May. Jaswant raises siege of Kondana, Sh. visits it on 30th. July. Sh. raids Ahmadnagar. Oct. Sh. massacres Ghorpares of Mudhol. c. 25 Oct. Khawas defeats Sh., who retrieves his position soon afterwards. Nov. Sh. conquers Savant-vadi. c. 5 Dec. Sh. plunders Vingurla. c. 10 Dec. Marathas loot Hubli (1st.)
c21.25
1665. 8 Feb. Shiva sails from Malvan, plunders Basrur, and on return bathes at Gokarna, reaches Karwar (22 Feb.) and leaves for Bingur (23 Feb.) 14 Mar. Sh. at Bingur, 25 m. n. of Karwar. 3 Mar. Jai Singh reaches Puna. 30 Mar. Dilir Kh. alights near Purandar and begins siege. 14 April. Rudramal capitulates. 11 June. Sh. meets Jai Singh before Purandar, visits Dilir (12th.) 12-13 June. Treaty of Purandar. 14 June. Sh. leaves Jai Singh's camp for Rajgarh. 18 June. Shambhuji reaches Jai Singh. June-July. Bahlol I. (minister of Bijapur) dies. 27 Sep. Sh. returns to Jai Singh's camp (Purandar) to receive a farman (on 30th.) Oct.-Nov. Sh. reconquers S. Konkan from Bijapuris (except Kudal and Vingurla.) 20 Nov. Jai Singh and Shiva start on invasion of Bijapur. 25 Dec. First battle with Bijapuris, 2nd battle on 28th.
c21.26
1666. 5 Jan. Jai Singh begins his retreat from environs of Bijapur. 11 Jan. J. S. sends Shiva away to attack Panhala. 16 Jan. Shiva's attack on Panhala fails. 5 March. Sh. starts for Agra. 20 March. Netaji comes back from Bijapuri side to Jai S. Feb.-March. Shiva's first attempt on Phonda fails. 9 Mar. Sh. reaches outskirts of Agra. 12 May. Sh. has audience of Aurangzib. 19 Aug. Sh. escapes from Agra. 20 Aug. Raghunath Korde arrested at Agra. 20 Nov. Sh. returns to Rajgarh. [11 Dec. acc. to Shivapur Yadi.] Dec. Pir Mian and Taj Kh. slain at Devrukh.
c21.27
1667. 23 Mar. Jai S. recalled from Deccan; Muazzam sent as viceroy. April. Sh. writes to Aurangzib offering submission. 3 Apr. Trimbak and Raghunath escape from Agra. c. 1-8 May. Bahlol and Vyankoji lay siege to Rangna; Sh. raises it. 2 July. Jai Singh dies at Burhanpur. Aug. Sh. makes peace with Adil Shah. 27 Oct. Shambhuji reaches Aurangabad, sees Jaswant (28th) and Muazzam (4th Nov.), leaves Aurangabad on return, 5th Nov.
c21.28
1668. 9 March. Muazzam writes to Sh. reporting Emperor's recognition of his title of Rajah. 5 Aug. Pratap Rao goes with a contingent to serve at Aurangabad. Oct. Sh.'s plot to surprise Goa detected. c. 20 Oct. Sh. at Ashtami (near Chaul.) Nov. Sh. inspects his forts in Ratnagiri district; returns to Raigarh early in Dec.
c21.29
1669. c. 1 March. Sh. at Raigarh and very quiet. April. Siddi besieges some of Sh.'s forts. 9 April. Aurangzib issues general order for temple destruction throughout Mughal empire; Benares Vishweshwar demolished in Aug. 1669, Mathura Keshav Rai in Jan. 1670. May-Oct. Sh. continues vigorous attack on Siddi of Janjira. Oct. Ludi Kh. holds Kalian. c. 1 Nov. Sh. seizes Portuguese vessels, they make reprisals.
c21.30
1670. c. 1 Jan. Sh. breaks with Mughals. Pratap Rao returns from Aurangabad. 4 Feb. Tanaji captures Kondana (Singhgarh.) 24 Feb. Rajaram born. Sh. recovers Purandar (8 Mar.), Kalian (c. 15 Mar.), Lohgarh (13 May), Mahuli (16 June), Karnala (22 June), Rohira (24 June.) Aug. Sh. invades Mughal territory; siege of Shivner fails. Grand attack on Janjira. 3-5 Oct. Sh. loots Surat (second time.) 17 Oct. Battle of Dindori. c. 25 Oct. Moro Pant captures Trimbak. c. 24 Nov. Sh. marches north of Bombay, turns back on 26th. Dec. Sh. captures Ahivant &c.; raids Khandesh and Berar, sacks Karinja.
c21.31
1671. c. 5 Jan. Shiva captures Salhir. c. 10 Feb. Siddi Qasim recovers Danda. Early Feb. Mahabat and Dilir besiege Ahivant. May. Mahabat captures Ahivant &c. June? Bahadur and Dilir lay siege to Salhir, raise the siege in Oct. Sep. Sh.'s ambassador visits Bombay. Oct. Sh. in Raigarh. Dec. Dilir sacks Puna, massacre.
c21.32
1672. c. 10 Jan. Shiva at Mahad, assembling an army against Dilir. c. 1-7 Feb. Moro Pant raises siege of the *machi* of Salhir after defeating Ikhlas Kh., Muhakam S., and other Mughal generals; then takes Mulhir. c. 15 Feb. Sh. at Raigarh. c. 15 Mar.—8 May. Lt. Ustick visits Raigarh on embassy to Sh.; fails. 21 April. Abdullah Qutb Shah dies; Abul Hasan succeeds. June. Muazzam leaves Deccan; Bahadur Kh. acts as viceroy till Aug. 1677. 5 June. Moro Pant captures Jawhar town, and Ramnagar (c. 19th.) July. Moro Pant raids Nasik district. 24 Nov. Ali II. dies; Sikandar Adil Shah succeeds; Khawas Kh. becomes wazir (for 3 years.) Nov.-Dec. Maratha raid into Berar and Telingana foiled by Mughals. 29 Dec. Shiva breaks with Bijapur and sets out on campaign.
c21.33
1673. 6 March. Anaji gains Panhala for Shiva. 9 March. Sh. starts from Raigarh, reaches Panhala c. 16th. 1 April. Sh. gains Parli. c. 15 April. Battle of Umrani. Early May. Pratap Rao sacks Hubli (2nd.) Bahlol expels Maratha raiders from Kanara uplands, then takes post at Kolhapur and presses the Marathas hard from June to Aug. 2 June. Sh. returns to Raigarh from pilgrimage. 27 July. Sh. gains Satara. 10 Oct. (Dashahara.) Sh. starts on Kanara expedition, reaches Satara 13th, takes Pandavgarh on 13th [7th, acc. to Shivapur Yadi], loots Bankapur. c. 15 Oct.-12 Dec. Sh. absent campaigning in Kanara. Nov. Sharza Kh. kills Vitoji Shinde in battle. 4-8 Dec. Sh. at Kadra; his troops twice defeated by Adil-Shahis. 16 Dec. Sh. returns from Kanara.
c21.34
1674. c. 20 Jan. Dilir repulsed in attempt to descend into Konkan. 24 Feb. Pratap Rao slain at Nesari. c. 1 March. One wife of Sh. dies. 23 March. Anand Rao loots bazar of Sampgaon, then fights Khizr Kh. March. Daulat Kh. defeats Siddi fleet in Muchakundi creek. 3 April. Narayan Shenvi meets Sh. at Raigarh. 8 April. Sh. reviews his troops at Chiplun; arrives near Karwar 22nd; takes Kelanja 24th. 7 April. Aurangzib leaves Delhi for Hasan Abdal to suppress Khaibar Pass rebellion; returns 27th March 1676. 12 May. Sh. returns to Raigarh after pilgrimage to Chiplun. 16 May. Sh. goes on pilgrimage to Pratapgarh, returns to Raigarh on 21st. 28 May. Sh. invested with sacred thread; marries with Vedic mantras on 30th.
c21.35
6 June. Shivaji's coronation; Rajyabhishek era founded. 8 June. Sh. marries again, "without ceremony." 18 June. Jija Bai dies. c. 15 July. Sh. plunders Bahadur Kh.'s camp at Pedgaon. c. 26 Aug. Anaji arrives at Kudal, is foiled by Muhammad Kh. 24 Sep. Second enthronement of Shiva. Nov.—15 Dec. Sh. raids Baglana and Khandesh.
c21.36
1675. End of Jan. Dattaji raids Kolhapur district. 4 Feb. Shambhuji invested with sacred thread. c. 15 Feb. Mughals sack Kalian. 6 Mar. Shiva starts on campaign; takes Kolhapur, reaches Rajapur (22nd) and halts four days; English merchants meet him; then he marches to Kudal. 8 April. Sh. lays siege to Phonda, captures it c. 6 May; his general burns Karwar town 26th April. May. Sh. captures Shiveshwar, Ankola, Karwar fort, &c. March—May. Shiva befools Bahadur Kh. by false peace proposals. 12 June. Shiva passes by Rajapur, on return to Raigarh. June-Aug. Marathas invade Sunda country. July-Dec. Grand attack on Janjira fails. 7 Sep. Shiva at Raigarh; embassy of Austen. Nov. Bahadur Kh. invades N. Konkan. 11 Nov. Bahlol arrests Khawas and becomes wazir of Bijapur (for 2 years.)
c21.37
1676. 18 Jan. Bahlol murders Khawas. Civil war in Bijapur. Jan.-Mar. Shiva very ill; his perfect recovery reported in Surat letter of 7th April. May. Moro Pant occupies Ramnagar; returns to Raigarh at end of the month. 31 May. Bahadur Kh. crosses the Bhima near Halsangi for attacking Bahlol. 1 June. Bahlol defeats Bahadur at Halsangi; Islam Kh. slain. [M. A. gives 13 June as date.] 19 June. Netaji Palkar made a Hindu again by purifying rites. June-Dec. Attack on Janjira renewed. Early Oct. Narayan Shenvi present at Raigarh. 1 Nov. Shambhuji goes to Shringarpur. Dec. Siddi Sambal burns Jaitapur.
c21.38
1677. Jan. Hambir Rao defeats Husain Kh. Miana near Yelburga. Feb. Shiva reaches Haidarabad, halts for one month, leaves in March. c. 24 Mar.—1 April. Sh. at Shri Shaila. 4 May. Date of Sh's grant to a Brahman for puja at Tirupati. c. 5 May. Sh. reaches Peddapolam (near Madras); his cavalry advances through Conjeveram (9 May) to Jinji. c. 13 May. Jinji sold to Shivaji; he arrives there c. 15th. c. 23 May. Sh. arrives at Vellore, begins siege. 26 June. Sh. arrives at Tiruvadi, routs Sher Kh. Lodi, who flees to Bonagirpatam (27th), which Shiva invests.
c21.39
5 July. Sher Kh. gives up his territories to Shiva by treaty. c. 12 July. Sh. arrives at Tirumala-vadi (on the Kolerun.) c. 23 July. Vyankoji flees away from Sh's camp. c. 27 July. Sh. begins return from Tirumala-vadi, at Tundumgurti (31 July,) Vriddhachalam (1-3 Aug,) Vanikam-vadi (22 Sep.,) two days' march of Madras (3 Oct.) c. 2 Sep. Skirmish between Marathas and Portuguese of Daman. Oct. Arni falls to Sh. c. 5 Nov. Sh. ascends Mysore plateau on return home. 16 Nov. Vyankoji attacks Shantaji near Ahiri. Nov. Dattaji loots Hubli (3rd.) Dec. Shivaji's envoy Pitambar Shenvi reaches Goa. 23 Dec. Bahlol Kh. dies after long illness. 7 July. Bahadur Kh. captures Kulbarga; and Naldurg on 2 Aug. [acc. to M. A. 14 May.] Aug. Bahadur is recalled from Deccan, Dilir left in charge. Sep. Dilir invades Golkonda, is defeated at Malkhed and driven back to Naldurg. Nov. Masaud on behalf of Bijapur makes humiliating peace with Dilir.
c21.40
1678. Jan. Moro Pant plunders Trimbak, Nasik, &c. c. 16 Jan. Sh. at Lakshmishwar. c. 26 Jan.—23 Feb. Sh. besieges Belvadi. 21 Feb. Siddi Masaud becomes wazir of Bijapur. 2 April. Aurangzib reimposes jaziya on Hindus. c. 4 April. Sh. reaches Panhala. c. 25 April. Marathas plunder Mungi-Pattan. May? Sh's second attempt on Shivner fails. May. Sh. returns to Raigarh. 21 July. Vellore capitulates to Sh. c. 1 Sep. Pitambar Shenvi dies at Goa. 18 Sep. Muazzam (Shah Alam) reappointed viceroy of Deccan. Oct. Daulat Kh. bombards Janjira. Dec. Raghunath Shenvi Kotari sent from Goa as envoy to Shiva. 13 Dec. Shambhuji escapes to Dilir Kh.
c21.41
1679. 25 Feb. Shah Alam reaches Aurangabad. 3 Mar. Moro Pant secures Kopal fort. 2 April. Dilir captures Bhupalgarh. 9 April. Anand Rao captures Balapur. 18 Aug. Dilir crosses the Bhima to invade Bijapur, halts up to 16 Sep. Sep. Mughals capture Mangalbirah. c. 10 Sep. Sh. seizes and fortifies Khanderi island. 19 Sep. First naval battle between English and Shiva; second battle 18 Oct. 7 Oct. Dilir arrives near Bijapur fort, leaves on 14 Nov. 30 Oct. Shiva arrives at Selgur to aid Adil Sh. 4 Nov. Sh. starts from Selgur to raid Mughal provinces. c. 15-18 Nov. Sh. raids Jalna, fights Ranmast Kh. for 3 days.
c21.42
c. 21 Nov. Sh. reaches Patta, halts for about a fortnight. 20 Nov. Dilir sacks Athni. Shambhu escapes from his camp on 21st. 30 Nov. Shambhuji flees from Bijapur, reaches Panhala c. 4 Dec. c. 24-30 Nov. Marathas raid Khandesh, sack Dharangaon. c. 4-25 Dec. Sh. resides in Raigarh?
c21.43
1680. c. 1 Jan. Shiva reaches Panhala. 13 Jan. Shiva meets Shambhuji in Panhala. 26 Jan. Daulat Kh's attack on Underi fails. Feb? Sh. returns from Panhala to Raigarh. 7 March. Rajaram invested with sacred thread. 15 March. Rajaram married. 22 March. Shiva's last illness begins. 4 April. Death of Shivaji.