Shivaji and His Times c3: Contents

Shivaji and His Times c3

Language: English

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Chapter I. The Land and the People ... 1—15

Population speaking Marathi, 1—boundaries of Maharashtra, 1—rainfall and crops, 2—isolated valleys of the western belt, 4—hill-forts, 5—all people work hard, 6—character: lack of elegance and taste, 6—pride, courage and hardiness, 7—social equality, 9—religious reformers, 9—literature and language, 10—minstrels, 12—Maratha caste, 13—defects of character, 14.

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Chapter II. Boyhood and Youth ... ... 16—47

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Shivaji's ancestors, 16—rise of Shahji, 18—early history obscure, 20—Shivaji's birth and infancy, 22—lonely boyhood, 24—miserable condition of Puna, 25—Dadaji Kond-dev's improvements, 26—Shiva's education, 27—the Mavals described, 28—Shivaji's love of independence, 31—early officers, 33—decline of Bijapur, 33—Shiva captures Torna, 34—gains forts, 34—Shahji imprisoned, 35—Shiva appeals to Murad, 37—his doings (1650-55), 39—Javli, 41—Mores murdered, 42—critical study of Javli affair, 43—Shiva's gains from conquest of Javli, 46—extent of territory, 46.

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Chapter III. First Wars of the Mughals and Bijapur . . . . . 48—73

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Shiva's early negotiations with Aurangzib, 48—raids Junnar and Ahmadnagar, 50—Mughal defensive measures, 50—Nasiri Khan defeats Shiva, 51—Shiva makes peace, 53—Aurangzib's distrust of him, 54—Shiva invades N. Konkan, 55—extent of his territory (1659), 57—officers, 58—Afzal Kh. sent against him, 59—his sacrileges, 60—Afzal's doings at Wai, 61—Shiva's perplexity, 62—envoy from Afzal, 63—Afzal reaches place of meeting, 65—is killed, 66—his army routed, 67—local legends about Afzal, 69—the "Afzal Khan" ballad, 70—Appendix: Affair of Afzal Khan, evidence discussed, 72.

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Chapter IV. Strenuous Warfare ... ... 74—104

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Shaista Khan viceroy of Deccan, 74—Shivaji besieged in Panhala, 74—his escape, gallantry of Baji Prabhu, 76—Shaista Khan's march on Puna, 78—siege of Chakan, 80—Mughals in N. Konkan, 82—Kar Talb Kh. defeated at Umbarkhind, 83—Shiva's conquest of Dabhol, Pallivana, Shringarpur, Rajapur &c. 84—loses Kalian, 86—fighting in 1662, 87—Netaji's disastrous retreat, 87—night-attack on Shaista Kh., 89—Surat described, 93—panic and neglect of defence, 95—heroic action of English factors, 95—Shivaji's first sack of Surat, 97—attempt on his life, 100—Jaswant besieges Kondana, 103—Shivaji's movements in 1664, 103.

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Chapter V. Shivaji and Jai Singh ... 105—138

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Jai Singh sent to Deccan, 105—his character, 106—his plan of war, 108—unites all the enemies of Shiva, 108—theatre of war described, 111—Mughal outposts, 112—march on Purandar, 114—Purandar hill described 115—Vajragarh stormed, 117—Daud Khan's faithless conduct, 118—Shiva's villages ravaged, 119—Marathas make diversions, 121—outer towers stormed, 123—Murar Baji's death, 124—Shivaji opens negotiations, 125—visits Jai Singh, 127—treaty of Purandar: its terms, 128—forts delivered, 131—Jai Singh and Shiva invade Bijapur, 133—battles, 134—retreat from Bijapur, 135—Shiva sent against Panhala, why? 136—fails to storm it, 137—Netaji Palkar's desertion, 137.

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Chapter VI. Visit to Aurangzib ... ... 139—161

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Shiva's reluctance to go to Aurangzib's Court, 139—hopes held out to him, 139—his arrangements for home defence, 141—audience with Aurangzib, 143—is placed under guard, 146—appeals to prime-minister, 147—changes in Aurangzib's policy to Shivaji, 147—Shiva's escape from Agra, 150—adventures during flight, 153—return home, 156—Jai Singh's anxieties, 157—his plot to catch Shiva, 160.

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Chapter VII. 1667—1670 ... ... 162—186

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Death of Jai Singh, 162—disunion in Mughal viceroy's camp, 162—Shiva makes peace with Emperor again, 164—

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causes of fresh rupture with Mughals, 166—captures Kondana (Singh-garh), 168—Daud Khan's campaign, 169—Dilir disobeys Prince Muazzam, 171—is pursued, 173—Shiva's second loot of Surat, 174—frequent panic and ruin of commerce at Surat, 178—battle of Dindori, 180—sack of Karinja, 183—Shivaji captures Salhir, 185—Chhatra Sal Bundela visits him, 185.

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Chapter VIII. Struggle with the Mughals and Bijapur, 1670—1674 ... 187—207

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Large armies sent against Shiva, 187—Daud Khan's campaign in Chandor range, 188—Bahadur Kh. invades Maharashtra, massacre of Puna, 189—defeat of Ikhlas Kh. near Salhir, 190—capture of Mulhir, 190—Marathas conquer Jawhar and Ramnagar, 191—chauth demanded from Surat, 192—Koli Rajahs, 194—raid into Berar, 195—Pedgaon, Mughal base, 197—Shiva fails at Shivner, 198—gains Panhala, 199—battle of Umrani, 200—raid into Kanara, 202—battle of Nesari, death of Pratap Rao, 203—Anand Rao's raids, 204—Bahlol's victory, 205—Dilir defeated by Shiva, 205—extent of Shiva's territory (1674), 206.

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Chapter IX. Coronation of Shivaji ... 208—225

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Why Shiva wanted to be crowned, 208—Gaga Bhatta declares him a Kshatriya, 210—preparations for coronation, 211—religious ceremonies, 212—Shiva performs penance and is "made a Kshatriya," but is denied Vedic mantras, 212—lavish gifts, 213—bath on coronation day, 214—coronation hall described, 215—enthronement, 216—Oxinden presented, 217—street procession at Raigarh, 218—cost of coronation 219—loot of Mughal camp, 220—raid into Baglana and Khandesh, 221—into Kolhapur, 221—Bahadur Khan deceived by pretended negotiations, 222—Maratha activities, 223—Shiva's illness, 224—Mughals invade Bijapur, 225.

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Chapter X. South Konkan and Kanara ... 226—253

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Kanara uplands and coast, 226—trade and ports, 227—Rustam-i-Zaman's concert with Shiva, 227—first raid on Rajapur, 228—Adil Shah invades Bednur, 230—Shiva in S.

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Konkan coast, 231—disorders in the coast, 232—Shiva's contest with Bahlol, 234—massacre of Ghorpares, 235—conquest of Savant-vadi, 236—loot of Vingurla, Hubli, 237—sack of Barcelore and blackmailing of Karwar, 238—Bijapuris recover and lose S. Konkan, 240—siege of Phonda raised, 242—plot to surprise Goa, 243—sack of Hubli, 245—Bahlol expels Marathas from Karwar district, 246—Rustam II. against Shiva, 248—Shiva captures Phonda, 249—and other forts 251—Sunda and Bednur, 252.

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Chapter XI. Naval Enterprises ... 254--278

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The Siddis of Janjira, 254—Shiva's early conflicts with Siddis, 256—battle between Kay Savant and Bali Pasalkar, 257—Shivaji's navy described, 258—his sailors, 259—mercantile marine, 260—doings of Maratha fleet, 260—grand attack on Janjira (1670), 262—revolution in Siddi State, 262—Portuguese defeat Maratha fleet, 264—Siddis recover Danda, 265—naval war of 1672-75, 267—battle of Satavli, 268—attack on Janjira, 269—naval war of 1676-80, 270—Shivaji fortifies Khanderi, 273—naval battles with the English, 274—English end war, 276—Siddis fortify Underi, 277.

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Chapter XII. Invasion of the Karnatak ... 279--315

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Shiva's need of money, 279—Karnatak, its wealth, 280—internal discord among its Hindu princes, 281—Bijapuri local governor, 283—Sher Kh. attacks Jinji nawab, 284—Golkonda invited by Jinji nawab, 284—Madanna's pro-Maratha policy, 285—Raghunath Hanumanté leaves Vyankoji, instigates Shivaji, 286—Shiva secures Mughal viceroy's neutrality, 288—and alliance with Golkonda, 289—grand entry into Haidarabad, 290—audience with Qutb Shah, 293—treaty with Golkonda, 294—pilgrimage to Shri Shaila, 296—Jinji fort captured, 298—siege of Vellore, 299—anarchy and plunder in Karnatak, 299—local robbers join, 300—Sher Khan Lodi at Tiruvadi, 301—routed, flees to Bonagir-patam, 302—his end, 303—Shiva on the bank of the Kolerun, 303—spoils Nayak of Madura, 304—Vyankoji's visit and escape, 304—description of Shivaji's camp, 306—Shiva at Vriddhachalam, 307—his letter to Madras, 307—

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Vellore falls, 308—value of Shiva's conquests in Karnatak, 308—Vyankoji attacks Shantaji near Ahiri, 310—peace, 311—European trader's relations with Shivaji, 312—Vyankoji's character, 314.

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Chapter XIII. His Last Years ... ... 316—341

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Route of return from Karnatak, 316—fight with Savitri Bai, 316—attempt to gain Bijapur fort by bribery, 317—Shambhuji attacks Goa territory, 318—Peshwa plunders Trimbak-Nasik, 319—the Mianas of Kopal district, 319—annexations beyond Tunga-bhadra, 320—second failure at Shivner, 321—disorder in Bijapur and weakness of Masaud, 322—Shambhuji deserts to Dilir, 323—Maratha stratagem to seize Bijapur fort, detected, 324—Mughals and Bijapuris against Shiva, 325—Dilir captures Bhupalgarh, 325—Marathas fight Ikhlas Khan, 326—Shivaji's letter to Aurangzib against the jaziya, 327—Dilir invades Bijapur, 331—Shiva arrives near Bijapur to help, 332—Dilir ravages environs of Bijapur, 333—sacks Athni, 333—Shambhuji returns to father, 334—Shivaji sacks Jalna, 335—fights Ranmast Khan, 336—escapes to Patta, 336—fortifies Panhala as a refuge, 337—raids Khandesh, 337—anxiety about succession, 338—illness and death of Shivaji, 339—was he poisoned? 340. Appendix; Shivaji's wives and children, 341.

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Chapter XIV. Shivaji's relations with the English and the Portuguese ... ... 342—366

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First attack on Rajapur, 342—seizure of Gyffard and Balji, 343—sack of English factory at Rajapur (1661) and arrest of factors, 345—imprisoned factors wrangle with Surat Council, 346—proposed reprisal, 347—English negotiate for compensation for Rajapur factory, 348—their delicate position, 350—Ram Shenvi's report, 351—Maratha envoy at Bombay, 352—mission of Lt. Ustick, 353—embassy of Niccolls, 354—Shiva's evasions, 356—embassy of Oxinden, 357—Rajapur factors interview Shivaji, 358—Austen's embassy, 360—later history of indemnity, 361—Portuguese power in India, 362—their quarrels with Shiva, 363—treaty of 1667, 364—treaty of 1670, 365—chauth, its origin, 365.

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Chapter XV. Government, Institutions, and Policy ... ... ... 367—385

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Extent of his kingdom, 367—belt of territory subject to *chauth*, 368—effect of *chauth*, 369—his annual revenue and hoarded treasure, 369—strength of army, 370—elephants and guns, 371—early administrative officers, 371—*ashta pradhans*: their duties, 372—Prabhu clerks, 374—Army: organization of forts, 374—cavalry, 375—infantry, 376—how his army subsisted, 377—Revenue system, 378—no military fiefs, 379—district administration, 380—Religious policy, 381—Ramdas, 381—practical effect of Shivaji's regulations, 382—Aurangzib's despair of subduing Shivaji, 383. *Appendix*: Shivaji's personal appearance and portraits, 385.

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Chapter XVI. Shivaji's Achievement, character and place in History ... ... 386—406

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Shivaji's foreign policy like that of Muslim kings, 386—*mulkgiri*, 387—causes of his failure to build an enduring State, 388—caste quarrels, 388—no elevation of people, 390—personal character of administration, 391—desire for land the strongest feeling of the people, 391—confused land-claims, example, 392—selfishness kills patriotism, 393—minute sub-divisions of Hindu society hinder nationality, 393—leaders blind to country's interests, 395—Marathas neglect the economic factor, 396—necessity of raids and their ruinous effect, 397—excess of trickery and intrigue, 397—failure against Wellesley, 398—Character of Shivaji, 398—his genius analyzed 400—his political ideas, 402—natural insecurity of his kingdom, 403—his relations with Bijapur, 403—his true greatness, 404—his influence on the Hindu spirit, 406.