[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [General history and culture](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general) › [A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.sastri-1955) › c19.s2.25 # A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar c19.s2.25 A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar c19.s2.25 - **Language:** English ### [c19.s2.25](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.sastri-1955.c19.s2.25) In the field of Tamil grammar, the \*Yāpparungalam\* and \*Yāpparungalakkārigai\*, two authoritative works on prosody, were composed by Amitasāgara, a Jaina ascetic of the close of the tenth century. Both the works have lucid commentaries, that on the \*Kārigai\* being by a certain Guṇasāgara, also a Jaina ascetic and most probably a pupil of Amitasāgara. The \*Yāpparungalam\* is unique in its range and offers an exhaustive treatment of the metres in Tamil, and the \*Kārigai\* (Skt. \*Kārikā\*) is its abridgement. Amitasāgara quotes the \*Sūḷāmaṇi\* and is himself quoted by Buddhamitra, the Buddhist author of \*Vīraśōliyam\*. Both Amitasāgara and Buddhamitra were patronized by the contemporary Chola monarchs and granted liberal assignments of territory. The latter mentions king Virarājēndra as a great Tamil scholar. His work written in \*kalittuṛai\* metre attempts a synthesis between the Tamil and Sanskrit systems of grammar, and comprises all the five sections of a complete treatise—\*sandhi\* (\*eḻuttu\*), \*śol\*, \*poruḷ\*, \*yāppu\* and \*alaṅkāra\* (\*aṇi\*). The work is full of interest for a student of the history of grammatical theory in Tamil; it has a commentary by Perundēvanār, a pupil of the author. The \*Daṇḍiyalaṅkāram\* treats mainly of figures of speech and, as its name implies, it is modelled on the famous \*Kāvyādarśa\* of Dandin. It is composed in \*sūtra\* (aphoristic) style and, like its model, it treats of the nature of poetry and \*Kāvya\*, and of figures of speech under two generic heads—\*arthālaṅkāra\* (\*poruḷaṇi\*) and \*śabdālaṅkāra\* (\*śollaṇi\*). Each \*sūtra\* is followed by an explanation and illustration, all believed to be by the author, and some of the illustrative stanzas are in praise of Anapāya Chola (Kulottunga II). The name of the author and the details of the life are lost. The \*Neminādam\* of Guṇavirapaṇḍita is a short treatise of less than 100 verses in the \*veṇbā\* metre treating of the orthographs and parts of speech (\*eḻuttu\* and \*śol\*) of the Tamil language. The author, a Jain of the time of Kulottunga III, named his work after Neminātha, the \*tīrthankara\* of South Mylapore. Another work of the same writer on prosody was \*Vaccaṇandi-mālai\* (‘the Garland of Vaccaṇandi’), named after the author’s guru; it is also known as \*Veṇbāppāṭṭiyal\*. The \*Nannūl\* (‘The Good Book’) was the work of Pavaṇandi, another Jaina grammarian patronized by a Ganga feudatory of Kulottunga III. It treats only of \*eḻuttu\* and \*śol\*, and it is not known whether the author stopped there or the rest of the work has been lost. By its simplicity and terseness, it has practically displaced all other books as the beginner’s handbook of Tamil grammar. The \*Purapporuḷ-veṇbāmālai\* of Aiyanāridanār, yet another Jaina writer, defines the conventions governing the \*tuṟais\* (situations) of \*puṟam\* and illustrates each \*tuṟai\* by a \*veṇbā\*; in some respects it differs from the \*Tolkāppiyam\*, and is said to be based on an early work called \*Pannirupaḍalam\*. - [Previous: c19.s2.24](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.sastri-1955.c19.s2.24) - [Next: c19.s2.26](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.sastri-1955.c19.s2.26) - [Up: c19.s2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.sastri-1955.c19.s2) ## Linked texts (12) - [Tolkāppiyam](https://indike.org/pramana/in.sangam.grammar.tolkappiyam) — Tolkāppiyar, Tamil - [Cūḷāmaṇi](https://indike.org/pramana/in.sangam.five_minor_epics.culamani) — Tōlāmoḻittēvar, Tamil - [Kāvyādarśa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.alamkara.sahitya.kavyadarsa) — Daṇḍin, Sanskrit - [Naṉṉūl](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.tamil.grammar.nannul) — Pavaṇanti, Tamil - [Puṟapporuḷ Veṇpāmālai](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.tamil.grammar.puraporul_venpamalai) — Aiyaṉāritaṉār, Tamil - [Taṇṭiyalaṅkāram](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.tamil.grammar.tantiyalankaram) — Taṇṭi, Tamil - [Nēminātam](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.tamil.grammar.neminatam) — Kuṇavīra Paṇṭitar, Tamil - [Yāpparuṅkalakkārikai](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.tamil.grammar.yapparunkalakkarikai) — Amitacākarar, Tamil - [Pannirupaṭalam (Twelve disciples of Akattiyam)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.sangam.grammar.pannirupatalam) — Twelve disciples of Akattiyam, Tamil - [Vīracōḻiyam](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.tamil.grammar.viracoliyam) — Puttamittiraṉ, Tamil - [Yāpparuṅkalam](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.tamil.grammar.yapparunkalam) — Amitacākarar, Tamil - [Vaccaṇanti Mālai](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.tamil.grammar.vaccananti_malai) — Kuṇavīra Paṇṭitar, Tamil --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.sastri-1955.c19.s2.25](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.sastri-1955.c19.s2.25) · Pramāṇa