[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [General history and culture](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general) › [The Early History of India, from 600 B.C. to the Muhammadan Conquest, including the Invasion of Alexander the Great](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.smith-1924) › c35.s2.33 # The Early History of India, from 600 B.C. to the Muhammadan Conquest, including the Invasion of Alexander the Great c35.s2.33 The Early History of India, from 600 B.C. to the Muhammadan Conquest, including the Invasion of Alexander the Great c35.s2.33 - **Language:** English ### [c35.s2.33](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.smith-1924.c35.s2.33) ¹ The date of Tirujñānāsambandar and Kūna Pāṇḍya was settled by Hultzsch in 1894–5 (\*Ep. Ind.\*, iii, 277). See also \*Tam. Ant.\*, vol. i (1909), No. 3, p. 65. The approximate date thus determined is one of the most important fixed points in the early political and literary history of the South. The event took place at Madura, where it is celebrated as 'the impalement of the Jains' on the 7th day of the \*mahōtsava\* of Siva, and is treated as an \*utsava\* (T. A. Gopinatha Rao, \*Elements of Hindu Iconography\*, 1914, Introd., p. 55). The persecution is described in the 62nd and 63rd \*Tiruvalliadal\* (\*Wilson, Mackenzie MSS.\* 2nd ed., Calcutta, 1828, p. 41). The story is repeated in Rodriguez (\*The Hindu Pantheon\*, Madras, 1841–5), illustrated by a plate depicting the horrid tortures of the victims; also by Gribble in \*Calc. Rev.\*, 1875, p. 70; and by Elliot, \*Coins of Southern India\* (1885), p. 126. The Pāṇḍya king is named Neḍumāraṇ in the \*Periyapurāna\* (\*Ind. Ant.\*, xxii, 63). All the southern kings had many names and titles, which cause much confusion. For the sculptures, see Sewell, \*Lists\*, vol. i, p. 167. - [Previous: c35.s2.32](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.smith-1924.c35.s2.32) - [Next: c35.s2.34](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.smith-1924.c35.s2.34) - [Up: c35.s2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.smith-1924.c35.s2) ## Linked texts (1) - [பெரிய புராணம்](https://indike.org/pramana/in.sampradaya.saiva.siddhanta.tirumurai.periyapuranam) — Cēkkiḻār, Tamil --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.smith-1924.c35.s2.33](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.smith-1924.c35.s2.33) · Pramāṇa