Cunningham's Ancient Geography of India c5: List of Works
Cunningham's Ancient Geography of India c5
- Language
- English
List of Works
c5.1
BY MAJOR-GENERAL SIR ALEXANDER CUNNINGHAM.
c5.2
1. Essay on the Aryan Order of Architecture, as exhibited in the Temples of Kashmir. —Calcutta, 8vo, 1848.
c5.3
2. Ladak, Physical, Satistical and Historical —London, roy. 8vo, 1854.
c5.4
3. The Bhilsa Topes, or Buddhist Monuments of Central India. —London, roy. 8vo, 1854.
c5.5
4. The Ancient Geography of India I. The Buddhist Period. —London, 8vo, 1871.
c5.6
5. Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol. I. Inscriptions of Asoka. —Calcutta, 4to, 1877.
c5.7
6. The Stupa of Bharhut, a Buddhist Monument. —London, 4to, 1879.
c5.8
7. Book of Indian Eras, with Tables for calculating dates. —Calcutta, roy. 8vo, 1883.
c5.9
8. Coins of Alexander's Successors in the East. —London, 8vo, 1884.
c5.10
9. Archæological Survey of India, Vols. 1, 2, 3, 5, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, (13 vols.). —Calcutta, roy. 8vo, 1862-1885. (The remaining volumes, Nos. 4, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13, 18, 19, 22, 23, 24 were written by Genl. Cunningham's Assistants under his superintendence).
c5.11
10. Coins of Ancient India from the earliest times down to the 7th century A. D. —London, 8vo, 1891.
c5.12
11. Mahabodhi or the Great Buddhist Temple under the Bodhi Tree at Buddha Gaya. —London, 4to, 1892.
c5.13
12. Coins of the Indo-scythians, Sakas, and Kushans. —London, 8vo, 1893.
c5.14
13. Later Indo-scythians. —London, 8vo, 1893.
c5.15
14. Coins of Mediæval India.—London, 8vo, 1893.
c5.16
15. Numerous Papers in the Journals of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, and Royal Asiatic Society, and in the Numismatic Chronicle. —Calcutta and London, 1834 to 1893.
c5.17
The *fraternities* of the Middle Ages, which were so numerous and so varied in their objects, were not all of the same origin. Some were religious, some social, some charitable, and some industrial. The religious guilds, or *gilds*, as they were often called, were associations of laymen for the purpose of performing religious duties, such as the maintenance of a chaplain, the celebration of masses, or the support of a hospital. The social guilds were formed for the purpose of mutual aid and good fellowship, and often included in their objects the relief of the poor, the sick, and the aged. The charitable guilds were established for the purpose of supporting hospitals, almshouses, and other institutions of mercy. The industrial guilds, or *craft guilds*, were associations of men engaged in the same trade or industry, and were formed for the purpose of regulating the trade, protecting the interests of the members, and maintaining the quality of their work.
c5.18
The craft guilds, which became so powerful in the later Middle Ages, were the successors of the earlier *collegia* of the Roman Empire. The *collegia* were associations of artisans and tradesmen, which were recognized by the state and had a legal existence. When the Roman Empire fell, these associations were largely destroyed, but the idea of association for mutual protection and the regulation of trade survived. In the early Middle Ages, the *gilds* began to reappear, and by the twelfth century they were firmly established in many of the cities of Europe.
c5.19
The craft guilds were organized on a democratic basis, and every member had a voice in the management of the guild's affairs. The officers were elected by the members, and the rules and regulations were made by the guild as a whole. The guilds had the power to fix prices, to regulate the hours of labor, and to determine the conditions of apprenticeship. They also had the power to punish members who violated the rules, and to expel those who were guilty of serious offenses. The guilds were thus a powerful force in the economic life of the Middle Ages, and they played an important part in the development of the modern industrial system.
c5.20
The decline of the craft guilds began in the sixteenth century, when the rise of the factory system and the growth of international trade made it difficult for the small, local guilds to compete with the larger and more efficient industrial organizations. The guilds were also weakened by the growth of the power of the state, which began to regulate trade and industry directly, and by the rise of the capitalist class, which sought to break the power of the guilds and to establish a system of free competition. By the end of the eighteenth century, the craft guilds had largely disappeared, but their influence lived on in the trade unions and other labor organizations of the modern world.
c5.21
MAP OF INDIA showing the POLITICAL DIVISIONS IN A D 629-642
c5.22
[Figure: References N — Northern India W — Western India C — Central India E — Eastern India S — Southern India — Hwan Thsang's Route]
c5.23
THE
c5.24
OF INDIA.
c5.25
I. THE BUDDHIST PERIOD,
c5.26
INCLUDING THE CAMPAIGNS OF ALEXANDER, AND THE TRAVELS OF HWEN-THSANG.
c5.27
BY ALEXANDER CUNNINGHAM, MAJOR-GENERAL, ROYAL ENGINEERS (BENGAL RETIRED)
c5.28
“Verum et terrena demonstratio intelligatur, Alexandri Magni vestigiis insistamus.”—Plinii Hist Nat. vi. 17.
c5.29
WITH THIRTEEN MAPS
c5.30
LONDON: TRÜBNER AND CO., 60, PATERNOSTER ROW. 1871.
c5.31
[All Rights reserved.]
c5.32
TAYLOR AND CO., PRINTERS, LITTLE QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS.
c5.33
TO
c5.34
MAJOR-GENERAL
c5.35
SIR H. C. RAWLINSON, K.C.B.
c5.36
ETC ETC ,
c5.37
WHO HAS HIMSELF DONE SO MUCH
c5.38
TO THROW LIGHT ON
c5.39
THE ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY OF ASIA,
c5.40
THIS ATTEMPT
c5.41
TO ELUCIDATE A PARTICULAR PORTION OF THE SUBJECT
c5.42
IS DEDICATED
c5.43
BY HIS FRIEND,
c5.44
THE AUTHOR.
c5.45
The *fraternities* of the Middle Ages, which were so numerous and so varied in their objects, were not all of the same origin. Some were religious, some social, some charitable, and some industrial. The religious guilds, or *gilds*, as they were often called, were associations of laymen for the purpose of performing religious duties, such as the maintenance of a chaplain, the celebration of masses, or the support of a hospital. The social guilds were formed for the purpose of mutual aid and good fellowship, and often included in their objects the relief of the poor, the sick, and the aged. The charitable guilds were established for the purpose of supporting hospitals, almshouses, and other institutions of mercy. The industrial guilds, or *craft guilds*, were associations of men engaged in the same trade or industry, and were formed for the purpose of regulating the trade, protecting the interests of the members, and maintaining the quality of their work.
c5.46
The craft guilds, which became so powerful in the later Middle Ages, were the successors of the earlier *collegia* of the Roman Empire. The *collegia* were associations of artisans and tradesmen, which were recognized by the state and had a legal existence. When the Roman Empire fell, these associations were largely destroyed, but the idea of association for mutual protection and the regulation of trade survived. In the early Middle Ages, the *gilds* began to reappear, and by the twelfth century they were firmly established in many of the cities of Europe.
c5.47
The craft guilds were organized on a democratic basis, and every member had a voice in the management of the guild's affairs. The officers were elected by the members, and the rules and regulations were made by the guild as a whole. The guilds had the power to fix prices, to regulate the hours of labor, and to determine the conditions of apprenticeship. They also had the power to punish members who violated the rules, and to expel those who were guilty of serious offenses. The guilds were thus a powerful force in the economic life of the Middle Ages, and they played an important part in the development of the modern industrial system.
c5.48
The decline of the craft guilds began in the sixteenth century, when the rise of the factory system and the growth of international trade made it difficult for the small, local guilds to compete with the larger and more efficient industrial organizations. The guilds were also weakened by the growth of the power of the state, which began to regulate trade and industry directly, and by the rise of the capitalist class, which sought to break the power of the guilds and to establish a system of free competition. By the end of the eighteenth century, the craft guilds had largely disappeared, but their influence lived on in the trade unions and other labor organizations of the modern world.
Linked texts (1)
- Naturalis historia — C. Plinius Secundus, Latin