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The Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Mediaeval India c3: Affixes

The Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Mediaeval India c3

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English

Contents

Affixes

c3.1

Adri is changed into ar, as Gopâdri, Goaliar (Gwaliar); Charaṇâdri, Chunar. Bhukta is changed into hut, as Tīrabhukta, Tīrhut. Bhukti is changed into huti, as Jejâkabhukti, Jejahuti. Dhâtugarbha is changèd into
(a) Dhapa as Śila-dhâtugarbha, Śila-dhâpa.
(b) Dipa, as Śila-dhâpa, Śila-dipa.
(c) Diâ, as Veṭha-dhâtugarbha (=Veṭhadhâpa=Veṭhadipa), Beṭha-diâ.
(d) îâ=Beṭhiâ. Dvipa (pronounced Dipa) is changed into
(1) diâ, as Navadvipa, Nadiâ.
(2) n, as Kaṭadvipa, Kâṭwâ. K is changed into 1 Ayuktasyânas Mudgagiri, Munger. Kolagiri, Koḍagu (Koorg).

c3.2

The first of these, the *Gospel of the Hebrews*, was used by the Jewish Christians of Palestine, and was probably a version of the Gospel of Matthew, though it contained some traditions not found in our canonical books. The *Gospel of the Egyptians* was used by the ascetic sects of Egypt, and was marked by a strong tendency towards mysticism and asceticism. The *Gospel of Peter* was used by the Docetists, and taught that Christ did not really suffer, but only appeared to do so.

c3.3

These gospels, and others like them, were not accepted by the Church as a whole, and were gradually lost or suppressed. The Church, however, felt the need for a standard collection of writings that would serve as a guide for faith and practice. This led to the formation of the New Testament canon, a process that took several centuries to complete.

c3.4

The first step in this process was the collection of the letters of Paul, which were widely circulated among the churches. Then came the four Gospels, which were accepted as the authoritative accounts of the life and teachings of Jesus. The Acts of the Apostles and the other epistles were gradually added, and finally the Book of Revelation.

c3.5

By the end of the second century, the core of the New Testament was generally accepted by the Church. The process of canonization was not a formal act of a council, but rather a gradual recognition by the churches of the writings that were most valuable for their life and worship. It was only in the fourth century that the canon was formally closed by the councils of the Church.

c3.6

The formation of the New Testament canon was a crucial event in the history of the Church. It provided a standard of faith and practice that helped to unify the Church and to protect it from the influence of heretical sects. It also ensured that the teachings of Jesus and the apostles would be preserved for future generations.

c3.7

*Sthana* is changed into
(a) thân, as Śrî-sthânaka, Thân ; Sthânvîśwara, Thâneswar.
(b) stân, as Darada-sthâna, Dardistân.
(c) tân, as Mûlasthâna, Multân ; Śakasthâna, Sisṭân. *Vana* is changed into
(a) muna, as Lodhravaṇa, Lodhmuna.
(b) un, as Kumâravaṇa, Kumâun.
(c) ain, as Buddhavana, Budhain.
(d) ân, as Yaṣṭivana, Jeṭhiân. *Vatî* is changed into
(a) autî, as Lakshmaṇâvatî, Lakhnauti ; Champâvatî, Champauti.
(b) bal, as Charmaṇvatî, Chambal.
(c) oi, as Darbhavatî, Dabhoi
(d) otî, as Amarâvatî, Amroti.
(e) vâ, as Vetravatî, Betwâ.

I.—Elisions

c3.s1.1

Many of the aforesaid changes, which are formed by a process of contraction, may be accounted for by the application of the well-known rule of elision of the Prâkṛita grammars : the consonants *k, g, ch, j, t, d, p, y* and *v* when non-initial and not compounded are elided.¹ I give only a few illustrations :—

c3.s1.2

¹ *Ayuktasyânddau kagachajatadapayavâṁ prâyalopaḥ* (Vararuchi's Prâkṛita-prakâśa, II, 1, 2).

c3.s1.3

Elision of *k*, as Kauśikî, Kusi ; Sûrpâraka, Supâra ; Aparântaka, Aparânta ; Sâkambharî, Sambhâr. " *g*, as Bhṛigu-kachchha, Bharu-kachchha, Baroach ; affix nagara, nâr, Trigartta, Tahora. " *ch*, as Chakshu, Akshu, Oxus ; Achiravatî, Airâvatî ; Chakshuṣmatî, Ikshumati. " *j*, as Bhojapâla, Bhopâl (Bhûpâl) ; Ajiravatî, Airâvatî ; Tuljabhavânî, Tulâbhavânî-nagar. " *t*, as Kuluta, Kulu ; Jyotirathâ, Johita ; Yayâtipura, Jâjpur. " *d*, as Meghanâda, Megnâ ; Arbuda, Abu ; Achchhoda-sarovara, Achchhâvat, " *p*, as the affix pura, ur ; Purushapura, Peshâwâr ; Gopakavana, Goa ; Gopâdri=(Gopâlâdri), Goâlior (Gwalior) ; Mâyâpura, Mayura. " *y*, as Ayodhyâ, Audh ; Nârâyaṇasara, Nârânsar ; Ujjayinî, Ujjainî ; Sañjayantî, Sañjân. " *v*, as Yavananagara, Junâgar ; Yavanapura, Jaunpur ; Karṇa-suvarṇa, Kânsoṇa.

c3.s1.4

Besides the above, the following letters are often elided :—

c3.s1.5

(1) Final *a*, as the affixes Pura, Pur ; Nagara, Nagar ; Grâma, Grâm ; sometimes initial *a*, as Apâpa-puri, Pâpa.
(2) *i*, as Iriṇa, Raṇ or Runn of Cutch ; Irâvatî, Râvi ; Tâlikaṭa, Talkâḍa.
(3) *u*, as Uḍaṇḍapura, Daṇḍapura.
(4) *th*, as Mithilâ, Miyul.
(5) *n*, as Pratiṣṭhâna, Pratiṣṭhâ ; Kuntalapura, Kauttalakapura ; Kuṇḍagrâma, Koṭigâm ; Kaṇṭakadvîpa, Kâṭwâ ; Baruṇa, Bârâ ; Anamâ, Aumi.

c3.s1.6

(6) Non-initial m, as Ârâmanagara, Ârâ; Kumârî, Kuârî.
(7) Compound r,² including ṛ, as the affix Grâma, Gâma; Gayâśirsha, Gayâsisa Varendra, Barenda; Lodhravana (Kânana), Lodhmuna; Trikaliṅga, Tiliṅga Pṛthûdaka, Pihoâ, Pehoâ.
(8) l, as Mudgala-giri, Mudga-giri; Chaṭṭala, Chaṭṭa-grâma; Kolâhala, Kalhuâ.
(9) The sibilants ś, sh, s, especially when compounded with another consonant, as Śâlwapura, Âlwar; Śûkarakshetra, Ukhalakshetra; Peshṭhapura, Piṭhâpur; Kâshṭhamaṇḍapa, Kâṭmaṇḍu; Pushkara, Pokhrâ; Mânasa-sarovara, Mânsaro-vara; the affixes Sṭhâna, Sthala, Sthâna becoming Thâna, Thala, Thâna, respectively; Skhalatika-parvata, Khalatika-parvat; the affix Râshṭra, Râṭ; Hastisomâ, Hâtsu; Pâraskara, Thala Pârakara. In some cases of elision of the compound sibilants the preceding vowel is lengthened.
(10) h, as Varâha-kshetra, Bâramula; Hushkapura, Uskur; Hastakavapra, Astaka-vapra; Hṛishîkeśa, Rishikes; Hûṇadeśa, Undes; Praṇahîtâ, Praṇitâ.

c3.s1.7

² Sarvatra lavarâm (Prâkṛita-Prakâśa, III, 3).

II.—Change of Consonants

c3.s2.1

(a) (1) Tenues change into corresponding mediæ:— k=g, as Śâkala, Sâgala; Kilkilâ, Kilgila. ch=j, as Achiravatî; Ajiravatî; Achinta, Ajanta. ṭ=ḍ, or d, as Lâṭa, Lâḍa (Larike of the Greeks). t=d, as Tâmlipta, Dâmalipta; Nâtikâ, Nâdikâ; Bâtâpî-pura, Bâdâmi Timiṅgila, Diṅdigala; Airâvatî, Irâvadi. p=b (v), as Goparâshṭra, Govarâshṭra; Parṇâsâ, Barṇâsâ; Pâpa, Pâvâ puri; Rantipura, Rintambur.
(2) Mediæ change into corresponding tenues:— g=k, as Nava-Gândhâra, Kandahar. j=ch, as Nilâjan, Nîlañchan (nasalized). ḍ=ṭ, as Kuṇḍagrâma, Koṭigâma. d=ṭ, as Pouḍanya, Potana; Samedha-giri (Samâdhi-giri), Samet-śekhara; Tripadî, Tirupati. b (v or w)—p, as Pâvâ, Pappaur; Varusha, Polusha.
(3) Unaspirated surds are aspirated:— k=kh, as Kustana, Khotan; Śûkarakshetra, Ukhalakshetra; Pushkara Pokhrâ. ch=chh, as Vichhigrâma in its Sanskritised form is evidently Bṛiśchika-grâm. ṭ=ṭh, as Ashṭa (Vinâyaka), Âṭh (eight); Yashṭivana, Jeṭhian. t=th, as Stambha-tîrtha, Thamba-nagara (Cambay); Śrâvastî, Sâvatthi; Pâṭharghâṭâ from Prastaraghâṭa; Hastakavapra, Hâthab: p=ph, as Surpâra, Sophir, Ophir of the Bible.
(4) Aspirated surds are unaspirated:— kh=k, as Khamba (Stambha-tîrtha), Cambay; Kheṭaka, Kaira. chh=ch, as Kachh, Kach (Cutch); Bhrigukachchha, Broach. ṭh=ṭ, as Bhuriśreshṭhika, Bhursut; Pîṭha, Piṭa-sthâna; Kâshṭha-maṇḍapa, Kâṭmandu; Purâṇâdhishṭhâna, Pandritan. th=t, as Śakasthâna, Sistan; affix Prastha, Pat by elision of s; Mûlasthâna, Multan. ph=p, as Phenâ, Pain-Gaṅgâ.

c3.s2.2

(5) Unaspirated sonants are aspirated :— g=gh, as Śṛiṅgagiri, Siṅgheri; Kubjagṛha, Kajughira; Jahnugṛha Janghira; Śrīraṅgam, Seringham; Nagarahāra, Nangenhāra. j=jh, as Jejabhukti, Jajhoti. d=ḍh, as Puṇḍarīkapura, Pāṇḍharpur. ḍ=ḍh, as Varaḍā, Waḍhā; Niṣāda, Niṣadha bhūmi. b (v or w)=bh, as Vidiśā, Bhilsā; Bāgmatī, Bhāgvatī; Avagāna, Abhagana (Afghanistan)

c3.s2.3

(6) Aspirated sonants are unaspirated :— gh=g, as Meghanāda, Megnā, Ghargharā, Gagrā ḍh=ḍ, as Vasāḍhya, Besāḍ. dh=d, as Sudhāpura, Sunda, Samādhugu, Samedagiri, Sairindha, Sarhind bh=b (v or w), as Bhushkara, Bolhara, Bhalansab, Bolaṅ; Sābhramatī, Sābaramati, Surabhu, Bhadrā, Waḍhā; Alambhika, Alavi, Bhūgaprastha, Bāgpat, Kubhā, Kabul

c3.s2.4

(7) Dentals change into corresponding cerebrals — t=ṭ, as the affix Pattana, Paṭṭana; Kustana, Khoṭān, Rohitāśwa, Roṭas. th=ṭh, as Kapisthala, Kāpṣṭhālā d=ḍ, as Tilodaka, Tiḷḍā dh=ḍh, as Virūdhaka, Virūḍhaka n=ṇ, as Mahānadī, Maḷūnāī

Change of Nasals

c3.s2.t1.1

(8) ṅ=m, as Śṛiṅgagiri, Simhīr. n=(1) ḍ, as Gana-mukteśvara, Gaḍa-mukteśvara
(2) ṭ, as Kṛishṇapura, Kṛishṭapura
(3) ṭ, as Tṛishṇā, Tiṣṭā n=(1) ṭ, as Maulisnāna, Mulṭān
(2) ṇ, as Mahānadī, Mahūṇāī
(3) ḍ, as Gonanda, Gonardda
(4) r, as Nirañjanā, Nirañjarā. m=(1) b or v, as Mañjulā, Bañjulā, Yamunā, Jabunā, Narmadā, Narḷudā,
(2) n, as Tamasā, Tonse
(3) p, as Sumha, Suppa (-devī)

Change of Semi-Vowels

c3.s2.t2.1

(c) y=(1) i, as Rishikulyā, Rishikuḷia; Subrahmanya, Subrahmanīa.
(2) u, as Pāṇḍya, Pāṇḍu.
(3) p, as Pāriyātra, Pāripātra
(4) bh, as Sarayu, Sarabhu
(5) l, as Yashṭivana, Lāṭṭhivana
(6) j,³ as Yayātīpura, Jājpur, Yavanapura, Jaunpur; Yavadvīpa, Java. r=l,⁴ (see Interchangeables).

c3.s2.t2.2

³ Yaya jah (Prākṛita prakāśa, 11, 31)

c3.s2.t2.3

⁴ Roḷah (Pāṇini).

c3.s2.t2.4

l = (1) n, as Kulinda, Kuninda.
(2) r, (see Interchangeables).
(3) d, as Kolagiri, Koḍagiri.

c3.s2.t2.5

v is changed into its cognate vowels.
(1) u, as Lavaṇâ, Luni : affix vana, un : Kumâravana, Kumâun.
(2) o, as Vakshu, Oxus ; Deva, Deo ; Valabhî, Ollâ ; affix vatî, otî.
(3) au, as Yavanapura, Jaunpur ; Navadevakula, Naual (Nawal).
(4) b, (see Interchangeables).
(5) l, as Mâlava, Malla-deśa ; Malâbâr, Mallâra.

c3.s2.t2.6

ś = (1) ch, as Śrikaṇkâli. Chikâkole : Triśirapalli, Trichinopoli ; Śitamba. Chidambara.
(2) k, as Śyeni, Ken.
(3) ksh, as Śiprâ, Kshiprâ ; Śûdraka, Kshudraka, Oxydrakai.
(4) kh, as Khaśa, Khakha.
(5) s, as Śiprâ, Siprâ ; Sûkarakshetra, Soron.

c3.s2.t2.7

sh = (1) k, as Vṛishabhânupura, Brikabhânupura (Varshân).
(2) kh, as Naimishâranya, Nimkhâravana ; Tushâra, Tukhâra.
(3) s, as Naimishâranya, Nimsar. h, as Sapta Sindhu, Hapta Hendu ; Rasa, Ranha (in the Zend and in the dialect of Eastern Bengal).

c3.s2.t2.8

h = (1) bh, as Sumha, Sumbha ; Vaihâra-giri, Baibhâra-giri.
(2) gh, as Bâlu-bâhini, Bâghin (Bâgin).
(3) dh, as Abhikhatna, Adhikhatna.

c3.s2.t2.9

t=(1) kh, as Stambha tîrtha, Khambhât (Kambay)
(2) ch, as Sânti, Sâñchi
(3) th, as Petenika, Potana, Paiṭhan
(4) d, as Revavantî, Revadaṇḍa, Matipura, Madwai
(5) m as Vatsya, Vaṃsa, Vitatâ, Vitamsâ th=(1) t, as Prasthala, Pâṭalâ (Piṭṭiala)
(2) d, as Pârtha, Parada d=(1) d, as Tilodaka, Tilâdu
(2) h, as Udakhaṇḍa, Ohind v=m, as Lodhravana, Lodhmuna

c3.s2.t2.10

CHANGE OF ASPIRATES.
(b) The following aspirates are changed into h —⁵ gh, as Videgha, Vidcha, Baghelkhand, Bahela dh, as Madhupurî, Maholî, Madhumatî, Mohwar bh, as Kubha, Kuhu, Tirabhukti, Tirhût

c3.s2.t2.11

⁵ Khaghathadhavd h kah (Prâkṛita prakâśa, II 27)

c3.s2.t2.12

CHANGE OF COMPOUND LETTERS.
(c) chchh=chh as Kachchha Kachh Machchherî, Machherî kt=tth, as Suktimatî, Sotthivatî ksh=(1) kh, as Kshûagrîma, Khuragrama Lakshmanîvatî, Lakhnautî
(2) khh, as Dakshina, Dakhhina (Dekhan)
(3) ch, as Baloksha, Beluchistân
(4) chchh, as the affix Kshetra, Chehchhatra, Ahuchchhatra
(5) chh, as the affix Kshetra, Chhatra, Ahichhetra, Ahichhatra tt=t, as Mârttanda, Matan ts or tsy=(1) chchh } as Matsyadesa, Machchherî Machherî
(2) chh dy=(1) j, as Vidyânagara, Bijanagar
(2) jj, as Udyânaka, Ujjânaka dhy=jjh, as Madhyadesa, Majjhimadesa st=(1) t, as Suvâstu, Swaṭ [see II, (7), I, (9)]
(2) tth, as Srâvastî, Sâvatthi sm=sv, as Aśmaka, Asvaka sv=ss (by assimilation), as Asvaka, Assaka

c3.s2.t2.13

THE INTERCHANGEABLES.
(d) n and l, as Nilajana, Lilâjana, (Lavanâ=) Lunî, Nun-nadî, Kulinda, Kuninda, Potana, Potalî, Kundinapura Kundilyapura, Lichchhavî, Nichchhavî; Pâṭaliputra, Pâṭnâ n and ṇ, as Mahânadî, Mahânaṭ, Suvarnagrâma, Sonârgâon r and l, as Korkai, Kolkai, Muchalinda, Muchirim, Chera, Chela, Nalapura, Narwar, Chola, Chora v and b, as Vardhamâna, Puṇḍrabardhana, Veṭhadwîpa, Bethua, Parvatî, Parba, Vâlhika, Balkh ś and s, as Śiprâ, Siprâ, Śûrpâraka, Sûrpâraka

VI.—Transposition of Letters

c3.s3.1

Sometimes letters are transposed, as Dehalī, Delhi; Bārāṇasī, Benares; Tāmra, Tāmor; (Mahārāṣṭra =) Māhrāṭṭā, Mārhaṭṭā; Mātaṅga-liṅga, Maltaṅga.

VII.—Synonyms

c3.s4.1

Synonyms are frequently used for names of places, as Hastināpura, Gajaśahvyayanagara, Nāgapura; Kumārasvāmī, Kārttikasvāmī, Subrahmanya; Gaṇḍakī, Gallakī; Uragapura, Nāgapura; Goratha Parvata or Godhana-giri, Bāthānī-kā-pāhār; Mṛgadāva, Sāraṅganātha (Sārnath); Kusumapura (Kumrār), Pushpapura; Mātaṅgāśrama, Gandha hasti stūpa; Pradyumnanagara, Mārapura.

VIII.—Abbreviations

c3.s5.1

Sometimes names are formed by the clipping of a member of a compound word, as Kārttika-svāmī, Svāmī-tīrtha; Bhīma-rathā, Bhīmā; Tuljā-bhavānī, Tuljāpur or Bhavānīnagar; Bālu-bāhini, Bāgin; Kṛṣṇa-veṇwa, Kṛṣṇā or Veṇwā; Ahichhatra, Chhatrāvatī; Dhanushkoṭi Tīrtha, Dhanu-Tīrtha or Koṭi Tīrtha; Ṛishya-śṛingagiri, Śṛingārī; Tāmrachuḍa-krora, Karura; Pañchāpsarā Tīrtha, Pañcha Tīrtha; Bikramaśilā-saṅghārāma, Śilā-saṅgam.

IX.—Compounding of Letters

c3.s6.1

Disconnected letters, especially r, are compounded by the elision of the middle vowel, as Pārāli-grāma (or pura), Pārlī-gāon, Palu-gāon; Pārasya, Pārsia (Persia).

c3.s6.2

The rules of phonetic changes given above cannot but remain tentative so long as they are not confirmed by a fuller induction; but they may be of some help in tracing the history of a word from its ancient form to its present structure through the several mutations or transformations it has undergone in its passage from place to place, climate to climate, or one zone of influences to another. A complete set of established rules considered along with the testimony of authoritative records, traditions, events, and superstitions, is calculated to be the criterion of both past and future identifications of names of places, and the labour devoted to this subject can never be labour spent in vain.

c3.s6.3

My cordial thanks are due to my nephew, Dr. Narendra Nath Law, M.A., B.L., Ph. D., Premchand Roychand Scholar and author of Studies in Ancient Hindu Polity, Promotion of Learning in India, etc., for the help I have received from him.

c3.s6.4

The system of transliteration followed in this work is the same as that of Sir Monier Monier-Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary with only this difference that b, v, and w have been used as interchangeables.

c3.s6.5

The map appended hereto is the same as that used in the first edition. Though the ancient names of places added in this edition have not been shown on the map, yet it may help the reader to make a rough idea of their locations with reference to those that do appear.

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