[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Historical geography](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.geography) › [The Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Mediaeval India](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.geography.dey-1899) › c3.s2.1 # The Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Mediaeval India c3.s2.1 The Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Mediaeval India c3.s2.1 - **Language:** English ### [c3.s2.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.geography.dey-1899.c3.s2.1) (a) (1) Tenues change into corresponding mediæ:— k=g, as Śâkala, Sâgala; Kilkilâ, Kilgila. ch=j, as Achiravatî; Ajiravatî; Achinta, Ajanta. ṭ=ḍ, or d, as Lâṭa, Lâḍa (Larike of the Greeks). t=d, as Tâmlipta, Dâmalipta; Nâtikâ, Nâdikâ; Bâtâpî-pura, Bâdâmi Timiṅgila, Diṅdigala; Airâvatî, Irâvadi. p=b (v), as Goparâshṭra, Govarâshṭra; Parṇâsâ, Barṇâsâ; Pâpa, Pâvâ puri; Rantipura, Rintambur. (2) Mediæ change into corresponding tenues:— g=k, as Nava-Gândhâra, Kandahar. j=ch, as Nilâjan, Nîlañchan (nasalized). ḍ=ṭ, as Kuṇḍagrâma, Koṭigâma. d=ṭ, as Pouḍanya, Potana; Samedha-giri (Samâdhi-giri), Samet-śekhara; Tripadî, Tirupati. b (v or w)—p, as Pâvâ, Pappaur; Varusha, Polusha. (3) Unaspirated surds are aspirated:— k=kh, as Kustana, Khotan; Śûkarakshetra, Ukhalakshetra; Pushkara Pokhrâ. ch=chh, as Vichhigrâma in its Sanskritised form is evidently Bṛiśchika-grâm. ṭ=ṭh, as Ashṭa (Vinâyaka), Âṭh (eight); Yashṭivana, Jeṭhian. t=th, as Stambha-tîrtha, Thamba-nagara (Cambay); Śrâvastî, Sâvatthi; Pâṭharghâṭâ from Prastaraghâṭa; Hastakavapra, Hâthab: p=ph, as Surpâra, Sophir, Ophir of the Bible. (4) Aspirated surds are unaspirated:— kh=k, as Khamba (Stambha-tîrtha), Cambay; Kheṭaka, Kaira. chh=ch, as Kachh, Kach (Cutch); Bhrigukachchha, Broach. ṭh=ṭ, as Bhuriśreshṭhika, Bhursut; Pîṭha, Piṭa-sthâna; Kâshṭha-maṇḍapa, Kâṭmandu; Purâṇâdhishṭhâna, Pandritan. th=t, as Śakasthâna, Sistan; affix Prastha, Pat by elision of s; Mûlasthâna, Multan. ph=p, as Phenâ, Pain-Gaṅgâ. - [Previous: c3.s1.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.geography.dey-1899.c3.s1.7) - [Next: c3.s2.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.geography.dey-1899.c3.s2.2) - [Up: c3.s2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.geography.dey-1899.c3.s2) --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.geography.dey-1899.c3.s2.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.geography.dey-1899.c3.s2.1) · Pramāṇa