[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Historical geography](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.geography) › [The Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Mediaeval India](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.geography.dey-1899) › c3.s2 # The Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Mediaeval India c3.s2: II.—Change of Consonants The Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Mediaeval India c3.s2 - **Language:** English ## Contents - [c3.s2.t1 Change of Nasals](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.geography.dey-1899.c3.s2.t1) — 1 part - [c3.s2.t2 Change of Semi-Vowels](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.geography.dey-1899.c3.s2.t2) — 13 parts ### II.—Change of Consonants ### [c3.s2.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.geography.dey-1899.c3.s2.1) (a) (1) Tenues change into corresponding mediæ:— k=g, as Śâkala, Sâgala; Kilkilâ, Kilgila. ch=j, as Achiravatî; Ajiravatî; Achinta, Ajanta. ṭ=ḍ, or d, as Lâṭa, Lâḍa (Larike of the Greeks). t=d, as Tâmlipta, Dâmalipta; Nâtikâ, Nâdikâ; Bâtâpî-pura, Bâdâmi Timiṅgila, Diṅdigala; Airâvatî, Irâvadi. p=b (v), as Goparâshṭra, Govarâshṭra; Parṇâsâ, Barṇâsâ; Pâpa, Pâvâ puri; Rantipura, Rintambur. (2) Mediæ change into corresponding tenues:— g=k, as Nava-Gândhâra, Kandahar. j=ch, as Nilâjan, Nîlañchan (nasalized). ḍ=ṭ, as Kuṇḍagrâma, Koṭigâma. d=ṭ, as Pouḍanya, Potana; Samedha-giri (Samâdhi-giri), Samet-śekhara; Tripadî, Tirupati. b (v or w)—p, as Pâvâ, Pappaur; Varusha, Polusha. (3) Unaspirated surds are aspirated:— k=kh, as Kustana, Khotan; Śûkarakshetra, Ukhalakshetra; Pushkara Pokhrâ. ch=chh, as Vichhigrâma in its Sanskritised form is evidently Bṛiśchika-grâm. ṭ=ṭh, as Ashṭa (Vinâyaka), Âṭh (eight); Yashṭivana, Jeṭhian. t=th, as Stambha-tîrtha, Thamba-nagara (Cambay); Śrâvastî, Sâvatthi; Pâṭharghâṭâ from Prastaraghâṭa; Hastakavapra, Hâthab: p=ph, as Surpâra, Sophir, Ophir of the Bible. (4) Aspirated surds are unaspirated:— kh=k, as Khamba (Stambha-tîrtha), Cambay; Kheṭaka, Kaira. chh=ch, as Kachh, Kach (Cutch); Bhrigukachchha, Broach. ṭh=ṭ, as Bhuriśreshṭhika, Bhursut; Pîṭha, Piṭa-sthâna; Kâshṭha-maṇḍapa, Kâṭmandu; Purâṇâdhishṭhâna, Pandritan. th=t, as Śakasthâna, Sistan; affix Prastha, Pat by elision of s; Mûlasthâna, Multan. ph=p, as Phenâ, Pain-Gaṅgâ. ### [c3.s2.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.geography.dey-1899.c3.s2.2) (5) Unaspirated sonants are aspirated :— g=gh, as Śṛiṅgagiri, Siṅgheri; Kubjagṛha, Kajughira; Jahnugṛha Janghira; Śrīraṅgam, Seringham; Nagarahāra, Nangenhāra. j=jh, as Jejabhukti, Jajhoti. d=ḍh, as Puṇḍarīkapura, Pāṇḍharpur. ḍ=ḍh, as Varaḍā, Waḍhā; Niṣāda, Niṣadha bhūmi. b (v or w)=bh, as Vidiśā, Bhilsā; Bāgmatī, Bhāgvatī; Avagāna, Abhagana (Afghanistan) ### [c3.s2.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.geography.dey-1899.c3.s2.3) (6) Aspirated sonants are unaspirated :— gh=g, as Meghanāda, Megnā, Ghargharā, Gagrā ḍh=ḍ, as Vasāḍhya, Besāḍ. dh=d, as Sudhāpura, Sunda, Samādhugu, Samedagiri, Sairindha, Sarhind bh=b (v or w), as Bhushkara, Bolhara, Bhalansab, Bolaṅ; Sābhramatī, Sābaramati, Surabhu, Bhadrā, Waḍhā; Alambhika, Alavi, Bhūgaprastha, Bāgpat, Kubhā, Kabul ### [c3.s2.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.geography.dey-1899.c3.s2.4) (7) Dentals change into corresponding cerebrals — t=ṭ, as the affix Pattana, Paṭṭana; Kustana, Khoṭān, Rohitāśwa, Roṭas. th=ṭh, as Kapisthala, Kāpṣṭhālā d=ḍ, as Tilodaka, Tiḷḍā dh=ḍh, as Virūdhaka, Virūḍhaka n=ṇ, as Mahānadī, Maḷūnāī ### Change of Nasals ### [c3.s2.t1.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.geography.dey-1899.c3.s2.t1.1) (8) ṅ=m, as Śṛiṅgagiri, Simhīr. n=(1) ḍ, as Gana-mukteśvara, Gaḍa-mukteśvara (2) ṭ, as Kṛishṇapura, Kṛishṭapura (3) ṭ, as Tṛishṇā, Tiṣṭā n=(1) ṭ, as Maulisnāna, Mulṭān (2) ṇ, as Mahānadī, Mahūṇāī (3) ḍ, as Gonanda, Gonardda (4) r, as Nirañjanā, Nirañjarā. m=(1) b or v, as Mañjulā, Bañjulā, Yamunā, Jabunā, Narmadā, Narḷudā, (2) n, as Tamasā, Tonse (3) p, as Sumha, Suppa (-devī) ### Change of Semi-Vowels ### [c3.s2.t2.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.geography.dey-1899.c3.s2.t2.1) (c) y=(1) i, as Rishikulyā, Rishikuḷia; Subrahmanya, Subrahmanīa. (2) u, as Pāṇḍya, Pāṇḍu. (3) p, as Pāriyātra, Pāripātra (4) bh, as Sarayu, Sarabhu (5) l, as Yashṭivana, Lāṭṭhivana (6) j,³ as Yayātīpura, Jājpur, Yavanapura, Jaunpur; Yavadvīpa, Java. r=l,⁴ (see Interchangeables). ### [c3.s2.t2.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.geography.dey-1899.c3.s2.t2.2) ³ Yaya jah (Prākṛita prakāśa, 11, 31) ### [c3.s2.t2.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.geography.dey-1899.c3.s2.t2.3) ⁴ Roḷah (Pāṇini). ### [c3.s2.t2.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.geography.dey-1899.c3.s2.t2.4) l = (1) n, as Kulinda, Kuninda. (2) r, (see Interchangeables). (3) d, as Kolagiri, Koḍagiri. ### [c3.s2.t2.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.geography.dey-1899.c3.s2.t2.5) v is changed into its cognate vowels. (1) u, as Lavaṇâ, Luni : affix vana, un : Kumâravana, Kumâun. (2) o, as Vakshu, Oxus ; Deva, Deo ; Valabhî, Ollâ ; affix vatî, otî. (3) au, as Yavanapura, Jaunpur ; Navadevakula, Naual (Nawal). (4) b, (see Interchangeables). (5) l, as Mâlava, Malla-deśa ; Malâbâr, Mallâra. ### [c3.s2.t2.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.geography.dey-1899.c3.s2.t2.6) ś = (1) ch, as Śrikaṇkâli. Chikâkole : Triśirapalli, Trichinopoli ; Śitamba. Chidambara. (2) k, as Śyeni, Ken. (3) ksh, as Śiprâ, Kshiprâ ; Śûdraka, Kshudraka, Oxydrakai. (4) kh, as Khaśa, Khakha. (5) s, as Śiprâ, Siprâ ; Sûkarakshetra, Soron. ### [c3.s2.t2.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.geography.dey-1899.c3.s2.t2.7) sh = (1) k, as Vṛishabhânupura, Brikabhânupura (Varshân). (2) kh, as Naimishâranya, Nimkhâravana ; Tushâra, Tukhâra. (3) s, as Naimishâranya, Nimsar. h, as Sapta Sindhu, Hapta Hendu ; Rasa, Ranha (in the Zend and in the dialect of Eastern Bengal). ### [c3.s2.t2.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.geography.dey-1899.c3.s2.t2.8) h = (1) bh, as Sumha, Sumbha ; Vaihâra-giri, Baibhâra-giri. (2) gh, as Bâlu-bâhini, Bâghin (Bâgin). (3) dh, as Abhikhatna, Adhikhatna. ### [c3.s2.t2.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.geography.dey-1899.c3.s2.t2.9) t=(1) kh, as Stambha tîrtha, Khambhât (Kambay) (2) ch, as Sânti, Sâñchi (3) th, as Petenika, Potana, Paiṭhan (4) d, as Revavantî, Revadaṇḍa, Matipura, Madwai (5) m as Vatsya, Vaṃsa, Vitatâ, Vitamsâ th=(1) t, as Prasthala, Pâṭalâ (Piṭṭiala) (2) d, as Pârtha, Parada d=(1) d, as Tilodaka, Tilâdu (2) h, as Udakhaṇḍa, Ohind v=m, as Lodhravana, Lodhmuna ### [c3.s2.t2.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.geography.dey-1899.c3.s2.t2.10) CHANGE OF ASPIRATES. (b) The following aspirates are changed into h —⁵ gh, as Videgha, Vidcha, Baghelkhand, Bahela dh, as Madhupurî, Maholî, Madhumatî, Mohwar bh, as Kubha, Kuhu, Tirabhukti, Tirhût ### [c3.s2.t2.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.geography.dey-1899.c3.s2.t2.11) ⁵ Khaghathadhavd h kah (Prâkṛita prakâśa, II 27) ### [c3.s2.t2.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.geography.dey-1899.c3.s2.t2.12) CHANGE OF COMPOUND LETTERS. (c) chchh=chh as Kachchha Kachh Machchherî, Machherî kt=tth, as Suktimatî, Sotthivatî ksh=(1) kh, as Kshûagrîma, Khuragrama Lakshmanîvatî, Lakhnautî (2) khh, as Dakshina, Dakhhina (Dekhan) (3) ch, as Baloksha, Beluchistân (4) chchh, as the affix Kshetra, Chehchhatra, Ahuchchhatra (5) chh, as the affix Kshetra, Chhatra, Ahichhetra, Ahichhatra tt=t, as Mârttanda, Matan ts or tsy=(1) chchh } as Matsyadesa, Machchherî Machherî (2) chh dy=(1) j, as Vidyânagara, Bijanagar (2) jj, as Udyânaka, Ujjânaka dhy=jjh, as Madhyadesa, Majjhimadesa st=(1) t, as Suvâstu, Swaṭ \[see II, (7), I, (9)\] (2) tth, as Srâvastî, Sâvatthi sm=sv, as Aśmaka, Asvaka sv=ss (by assimilation), as Asvaka, Assaka ### [c3.s2.t2.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.geography.dey-1899.c3.s2.t2.13) THE INTERCHANGEABLES. (d) n and l, as Nilajana, Lilâjana, (Lavanâ=) Lunî, Nun-nadî, Kulinda, Kuninda, Potana, Potalî, Kundinapura Kundilyapura, Lichchhavî, Nichchhavî; Pâṭaliputra, Pâṭnâ n and ṇ, as Mahânadî, Mahânaṭ, Suvarnagrâma, Sonârgâon r and l, as Korkai, Kolkai, Muchalinda, Muchirim, Chera, Chela, Nalapura, Narwar, Chola, Chora v and b, as Vardhamâna, Puṇḍrabardhana, Veṭhadwîpa, Bethua, Parvatî, Parba, Vâlhika, Balkh ś and s, as Śiprâ, Siprâ, Śûrpâraka, Sûrpâraka ## Linked texts (2) - [Prākṛtaprakāśa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vedanga.vyakarana.prakrit.prakrtaprakasa.2.27) — Vararuci, Sanskrit - [Aṣṭādhyāyī](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vedanga.vyakarana.astadhyayi) — Pāṇini, Sanskrit --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.geography.dey-1899.c3.s2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.geography.dey-1899.c3.s2) · Pramāṇa