Encyclopedia of India–China Cultural Contacts v1.c1: Front matter

Encyclopedia of India–China Cultural Contacts v1.c1

Language: English

Front matter

v1.c1.7

The Public Diplomacy Division Ministry of External Affairs Room No. 255, 'A' Wing, Shastri Bhawan, New Delhi-110001, INDIA T: +91-11-23383316 F: +91-11-23384663 Website: www.indiandiplomacy.in

MaXposure Media Group (I) Pvt. Ltd. Unit No. F2B, 2nd floor Mira Corporate Suites, Plot No. 1&2 Ishwar Nagar, Mathura Road New Delhi - 110065, INDIA T: +91-11-43011111 F: +91-11-43011199 Email:info@maxposure.in Website: www.maxposure.in CIN Number: U22229DL2006PTC152087

v1.c1.11

v1.c1.12

CONTENTS

v1.c1.13

VOLUME I

v1.c1.14

PREFACE . . . . . xi CREDITS . . . . . xii

v1.c1.15

SECTION I

v1.c1.16

INDIA-CHINA CULTURAL EXCHANGES . . . . . 1

v1.c1.17

Timeline of Chinese Dynasties and Other Key Events . . . . . 2 General Introduction . . . . . 3

v1.c1.18

SECTION II

v1.c1.19

COMMERCIAL INTERACTIONS BETWEEN

v1.c1.20

INDIA & CHINA . . . . . 19

v1.c1.21

Overview . . . . . 22

v1.c1.22

A. Products . . . . . 30

v1.c1.23

Bodhi Tree . . . . . 30 Sala Tree . . . . . 31 Asoka Tree . . . . . 32 Clover . . . . . 32 Cucumber . . . . . 33 Pepper . . . . . 34 Bhallataka . . . . . 35 Cotton . . . . . 36 Saffron . . . . . 38 Zebu . . . . . 39 Porcelain . . . . . 40 Silk . . . . . 40 Embroidery . . . . . 41 Cat’s Eye . . . . . 42 Fine Cloth . . . . . 43

v1.c1.24

B. Early Modern Era . . . . . 43

v1.c1.25

Opium Trade . . . . . 43 India-China Cotton Yarn Trade . . . . . 45 Abdoolally Ebrahim & Co . . . . . 46 E D Sassoon & Co . . . . . 46 Parsis . . . . . 47 Shikarpuri Financiers . . . . . 48 Ismaili Traders . . . . . 48 The Tatas . . . . . 49 The Harilelas . . . . . 50 Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy . . . . . 50 K R Cama . . . . . 51 H N Mody . . . . . 51 Paul Chater . . . . . 52 Ellis and Elly Kadoorie . . . . . 52

v1.c1.26

SECTION III

v1.c1.27

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY . . . . . 55

v1.c1.28

Overview . . . . . 58

v1.c1.29

A. Mathematics and Astronomy . . . . . 71

v1.c1.30

Ancient Indian Mathematics and Astronomy...... 71 *Terms, Items* . . . . . 75 Zero . . . . . 75 Portraits of Constellation Gods . . . . . 75 *Personalities* . . . . . 76 Zhen Luan . . . . . 76 Yixing . . . . . 77 Dharmacandra . . . . . 78 Kasyapa . . . . . 79 Gautama Siddhartha . . . . . 80 Kumara . . . . . 80 *Works* . . . . . 80 Kai Yuan Zhan Jing . . . . . 80 Jiuzhi Calendar . . . . . 81 Sardulakarnavadana . . . . . 82 Sardulakarnavadana, Pictures of Constellations . . . . . 83 Prince Shetoujian’s Twenty-Eight Constellations Scripture . . . . . 84 Constellation Scripture . . . . . 84 Brahman Siddhanta . . . . . 87

v1.c1.31

B. Medical Sciences . . . . . 88

v1.c1.32

Cikitsāvidyā . . . . . 88 Indian Medical Science and its Transmission to China . . . . . 89 *Personalities* . . . . . 93 Ge Hong . . . . . 93 Tao Hongjing . . . . . 93 Sun Simiao . . . . . 94 Wang Tao . . . . . 96 Li Shizhen . . . . . 96 George Hatem . . . . . 97 Tang Youzhi . . . . . 98 Nagarjuna - the Physician . . . . . 99 Buddhacinga . . . . . 99 Jīva . . . . . 100 Buddhasena . . . . . 101 Jīva Jīvaka . . . . . 101 *Works* . . . . . 102 Valuable Prescriptions for Emergency . . . . . 102 Supplement to Valuable Prescriptions . . . . . 103 Arcane Essentials from the Imperial Library . . . . . 104 Bodhisattva Nagarjuna’s Treatise on Ophthalmology . . . . . 105 Sutra of Buddhist Medicine . . . . . 106 Bower Manuscript . . . . . 107 Siddhasāra . . . . . 108 Jivaka Pustaka . . . . . 109 Essentials of Prescriptions by Various Medical Scientists . . . . . 110

v1.c1.33

C. Technological Exchanges . . . . . 111

v1.c1.34

Qi Min Yao Shu . . . . . 111 Sugar Making . . . . . 111 Tea Cultivation . . . . . 112 Zhu Kezhen . . . . . 113

v1.c1.35

SECTION IV

v1.c1.36

EXCHANGES BASED ON BUDDHISM . . . . . 115

v1.c1.37

Overview . . . . . 118

v1.c1.38

A. Sects . . . . . 132

v1.c1.39

Chinese Buddhism . . . . . 132 Tiantai School . . . . . 136 Faxiang School . . . . . 139

v1.c1.40

Tibetan Buddhism . . . . . 141 rnying ma pa Sect . . . . . 142 sa skya pa Sect . . . . . 143 bkav brgyud pa Sect . . . . . 144 dge lugs pa Sect . . . . . 146 jo nang pa Sect . . . . . 147 thi byed Sect . . . . . 148 Theravada Buddhism in Yunnan . . . . . 149 Acharya Buddhism . . . . . 151

v1.c1.41

B. Buddhist Sacred Places . . . . . 151

v1.c1.42

Lumbini . . . . . 151 Kapilvastu . . . . . 152 Bodhgaya . . . . . 153 Vajrasana . . . . . 154 Gaya . . . . . 155 Mrigdava . . . . . 156 Sarnath . . . . . 156 Shravasti . . . . . 157 Rajgriha . . . . . 158 Griddhkuta Hill . . . . . 159 Vaishali . . . . . 160 Kushinagar . . . . . 161 Mahabodhi Vihar . . . . . 162 Nalanda . . . . . 164 Vikramasila Mahavihar . . . . . 165

v1.c1.43

C. Monasteries . . . . . 166

v1.c1.44

Mount Wutai . . . . . 166 Mount Putuo . . . . . 169 Mount E'mei . . . . . 171 Mount Jiuhua . . . . . 172 White Horse Temple . . . . . 173 Famen Temple . . . . . 174 Jianchu Temple . . . . . 175 Daxingshan Temple . . . . . 175 Asoka Temple . . . . . 176 Tanzhe Temple . . . . . 176 Lingyin Temple . . . . . 177 Caotang Temple . . . . . 178 Shaolin Temple . . . . . 178 Yongning Temple . . . . . 179 Jiming Temple . . . . . 180 Xiangguo Temple . . . . . 180 Fayuan Temple . . . . . 181 Dacien Temple . . . . . 181 Xingjiao Temple . . . . . 182 Kaiyuan Temple . . . . . 182 gtsug lag khang . . . . . 183 Potala Palace . . . . . 184 bsam yas dgon . . . . . 189 mtho ldings dgon . . . . . 189 Miaoying Temple . . . . . 190 bya khyung dgon . . . . . 191 Dabaoen Temple . . . . . 192 vbras spungs dgon . . . . . 193 se ra theg dgon . . . . . 193 bkra shis lhun po dgon . . . . . 194 sku vbum dgon . . . . . 195 dgon lung dgon . . . . . 196 chu bzang dgon . . . . . 196 gsar khog dgon . . . . . 197 dpal yul dgon . . . . . 197 Yonghegong Temple . . . . . 198 Eight Temples of Chengde . . . . . 198

v1.c1.45

D. Personalities . . . . . 200

v1.c1.46

Indian Personalities* . . . . . 200

v1.c1.47

Sakyamuni . . . . . 200 Mahamaudgalyayana . . . . . 204 Asoka . . . . . 204 Asokan Inscriptions . . . . . 206 Kasyapamatanga . . . . . 207 Dharamaratna . . . . . 207 Nagarjuna . . . . . 208 Deva . . . . . 211 Dharmakala . . . . . 212 Dharmamitra . . . . . 213 Buddhabhadra . . . . . 214 Gunavarman . . . . . 215 Dharmaraksa . . . . . 216 Gunabhadra . . . . . 217 Punyatara . . . . . 218 Sanghadeva . . . . . 219 Dharmayasas . . . . . 220 Vimalaksa . . . . . 220 Buddhaysas . . . . . 221 Sanghavarman . . . . . 222 Asanga . . . . . 222 Vasubandhu . . . . . 224 Buddhajiwa . . . . . 225 Gunavriddhi . . . . . 225 Bhavaviveka . . . . . 226 Narendrayasas . . . . . 227 Paramartha . . . . . 228 Buddhabhadra . . . . . 229 Dignaga . . . . . 230 Ratnamati . . . . . 231 Bodhiruci . . . . . 231 Gautamaruci . . . . . 233 Bodhidharma . . . . . 233 Jnanagupta . . . . . 234 Prabhakarmitra . . . . . 236 Silabhadra . . . . . 237 Gunaprabha . . . . . 237 Dharmagupta . . . . . 238 Dharmakirti . . . . . 239 Candrakirti . . . . . 239 Divakara . . . . . 239 Cunda . . . . . 240 Subhakarasimha . . . . . 240 Atigupta . . . . . 242 Jnanaprabha . . . . . 242 Prajnanadeva . . . . . 243 Bhagavaddharma . . . . . 243 Nati . . . . . 243 Buddhatrata . . . . . 244 Vajrabodhi . . . . . 244 Buddhapala . . . . . 245 Jnanacandra . . . . . 246 Simharashmi . . . . . 246 Manicinta . . . . . 247 Pramiti . . . . . 247 Amoghavajra . . . . . 248 Santiraksita . . . . . 249 Prajna . . . . . 251 Bodhiruci . . . . . 252 Kamalasila . . . . . 252 Sarivarma . . . . . 253 Padma . . . . . 253 Padmasambhava . . . . . 254

v1.c1.48

Vimalamitra . . . . . 255 Munisri . . . . . 256 Candragupta . . . . . 256 Dharmapala . . . . . 256 Danagupta . . . . . 257 Devasanti . . . . . 258 Manjusri . . . . . 259 Atisha . . . . . 259 Tilopa . . . . . 262 Naropa . . . . . 262 Dharmadeva . . . . . 263 pha damba sangje . . . . . 263 Maitrabhadra . . . . . 265 Niguma . . . . . 265 Sukha Siddhi . . . . . 265 Omkarasri . . . . . 265 kha che pan chen shaky shi . . . . . 265 Sudhasri . . . . . 265 Buddhasri . . . . . 266 Sunyadisya . . . . . 266 Sahajasri . . . . . 267 Devadasa . . . . . 267 Samghapala . . . . . 267 Sakyayasas . . . . . 268 Virupa (bir wa ba) . . . . . 268 ***Western Region Personalities*** . . . . . **269** An Shigao . . . . . 269 Lokaksema . . . . . 269 Kang Senghui . . . . . 270 Zhiqian . . . . . 271 Srimitra . . . . . 271 Kumarajiva . . . . . 272 She Gong . . . . . 276 Kalayasas . . . . . 276 Dharmanandi . . . . . 276 Dharmaruci . . . . . 277 Buddhavarman . . . . . 277 Dharmayasas . . . . . 278 Samgha . . . . . 279 Siksananda . . . . . 279 Jnanabhadra . . . . . 280 Li She . . . . . 281 Siladharma . . . . . 281 Wutitichanyu . . . . . 282 Purnacandra . . . . . 282 ***Chinese Personalities*** . . . . . **282** Liu Ying . . . . . 282 Zuo Rong . . . . . 283 Zhu Shixing . . . . . 283 Dharmaraksha . . . . . 284 Daoan . . . . . 285 Zhidun . . . . . 286 Fahe . . . . . 287 Faxian . . . . . 288 Huirui . . . . . 291 Baoyun . . . . . 292 Zhimeng . . . . . 292 Kang Falang . . . . . 293 Huisheng . . . . . 293 Fali . . . . . 294 Sengmeng . . . . . 295 Tanlang . . . . . 295 Zhiyan . . . . . 295 Daorong . . . . . 296 Xuanzang . . . . . 296 Yijing . . . . . 304 Fazang . . . . . 309 Huiri . . . . . 310 Shenhui . . . . . 310 Wukong . . . . . 311 yeshe tshogyal . . . . . 312 Virocana . . . . . 313 Li Chengmei . . . . . 314 lo chen rin chen bzang po . . . . . 314 Daoyuan . . . . . 315 Xingqin . . . . . 315 Cihuan . . . . . 315 Jiye . . . . . 315 Guangyuan . . . . . 316 Fayu . . . . . 316 Jiansheng . . . . . 316 Jicong . . . . . 316 Chongda . . . . . 317 Weijing . . . . . 317 vbrog mi shakya ye shes . . . . . 317 Huaiwen . . . . . 318 Jiquan . . . . . 318 Daoyuan . . . . . 319 vbrom ston pa rgyal bavi vbyung gnas . . . . . 319 nag tsho tshul khrims rgyal ba . . . . . 320 mar pa chos kyi blo gros . . . . . 320 Macig Labdron . . . . . 321 rngog blo ldan shes rab . . . . . 323 rngog legs pvishes rab . . . . . 323 rgya brtson vgrus seng ge . . . . . 324 cha pa chos kyi seng ge . . . . . 324 kun dgav rgyal mtshan . . . . . 324 Yuanyi . . . . . 325 klong chen rab vbyams pa . . . . . 326 red mdav ba gzhon nu blo gros . . . . . 326 tsong kha pa . . . . . 326 Zhiguang . . . . . 328 dge vdun rgya mtsho . . . . . 329 bson nams rgya mtsho . . . . . 329 pan chen blo bzang chos kyi rgyal mtshan ... 330 ta ra na tha . . . . . 330 yon ldan rgya mtsho . . . . . 332 grags pa vod zer . . . . . 332 ngag dbang rgya mtsho . . . . . 332 blo bzang bstan pvi rgyal mtshan . . . . . 333 lcang skya ngag dbang blo bzang chos ldan . . . . . 333 si tu chos kyi vbyung gnas . . . . . 334 lcang skya rol pvi rdo rje . . . . . 335 vju mi pham vjam dbyangs rhamgyal rgya mtsho . . . . . 335

v1.c1.49

E. Scriptures . . . . . 336

v1.c1.50

Tripitaka . . . . . 336 Buddhist Canon in Chinese . . . . . 337 bod yig gyi bkav bstan vgyur . . . . . 338 Buddhist Canon in Mongolian . . . . . 339 Buddhist Canon in Manchu Language . . . . . 340 Buddhist Canon in Tangut Language . . . . . 341 Buddhist Canon in Dai Language . . . . . 341 Ullambana Sutra . . . . . 342 A Biography of Tripitaka Master . . . . . 342 Biographies of Eminent Monks of the Great Tang Seeking Scriptures in the Western Regions . . . . . 343

v1.c1.51

A Record of the Buddhist Religion as Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago . . . . . 346 Bodhimargadipasastra . . . . . 349 Moksalankarasastra . . . . . 350 bu ston chos vbyung . . . . . 351 rgya gar chos vbyung . . . . . 352 chos vbyung dpag bsam ljon bsang . . . . . 352 thuvu bkwan grub mthav . . . . . 353 gu bkrvi chos vbyung . . . . . 353

v1.c1.52

**F. Doctrines** . . . . . **354** grub mthav smra ba . . . . . 354 gzhung bkav pod lnga . . . . . 355 gzhan stong gi lta ba . . . . . 356 rgyud . . . . . 357 Way of Great Perfection . . . . . 360 lam vbras . . . . . 361 phyag rgya chen po . . . . . 361 sbor drug . . . . . 362 naro chosdrug . . . . . 362 smon lam chen mo . . . . . 362

v1.c1.53

**SECTION V** **PHILOSOPHY** . . . . . **365** Overview . . . . . 368

v1.c1.54

**A. Theory** . . . . . **375** Pancavidya . . . . . 375 Hetuvidya . . . . . 376 Hetuvidya of Tibetan Buddhism . . . . . 383 Collected Topics of Tibetan Buddhism ........... 383 Adhyàtma Vidyà . . . . . 384 Metaphysics of the Wei and Jin Dynasties ... 384 Neo Confucianism of Song and Ming Dynasties . . . . . 389 Jainism . . . . . 393 Six Orthodox Schools . . . . . 399 Samkhya . . . . . 402 Yoga . . . . . 407 Vaisheshika . . . . . 413 Nyaya . . . . . 418 Mimamsa . . . . . 424 Vedanta . . . . . 425 Six Stramana Masters . . . . . 432 Lokayata . . . . . 435 Ajivaka . . . . . 438

v1.c1.55

**B. Concepts** . . . . . **440** Brahmatmaikya . . . . . 440 Samsara . . . . . 441 Vimukti . . . . . 444

v1.c1.56

**C. Personalities** . . . . . **446** Laozi . . . . . 446 Confucius . . . . . 450 Ma Dexin . . . . . 455 Kang Youwei . . . . . 456 Sun Yat-sen (Sun Zhongshan) . . . . . 457 Zhang Binglin (Zhang Taiyan) . . . . . 460 Liang Qichao . . . . . 461 Swami Vivekananda . . . . . 462 Aurobindo . . . . . 466 Surendranath Dasgupta . . . . . 471 Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan . . . . . 471 Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya . . . . . 473

v1.c1.57

**D. Works** . . . . . **474** Lao Zi . . . . . 474 Analects . . . . . 476 Vedas . . . . . 477 Rig Veda . . . . . 481 Brahmanas . . . . . 482 Upanishad . . . . . 483 Yogasutra . . . . . 488 Vaisheshika Sutra . . . . . 491 Nyaya Sutra . . . . . 496 Brahma Sutra . . . . . 497 Bhagavadgita . . . . . 500 Hiran yasaptati . . . . . 501 Dasapadarthasastra . . . . . 502

v1.c1.58

**E. Events** . . . . . **504** Debate between Buddhism and Daoism ........ 504

v1.c1.59

**SECTION VI** **LINGUISTICS** . . . . . **509** Overview . . . . . 512 Ancient Chinese Translation . . . . . 515

v1.c1.60

**A. Terms - Concepts** . . . . . **517** Shabdavidya . . . . . 517 Siksa . . . . . 518 Nirukta . . . . . 519 Vyakarana . . . . . 519 Brahmi Script . . . . . 520 Kharosthi Script . . . . . 521

v1.c1.61

**B. Personalities** . . . . . **522** Xuanying . . . . . 522 Huilin . . . . . 523 Zhiguang . . . . . 524 Shouwen . . . . . 524 Panini . . . . . 525 Patanjali . . . . . 526

v1.c1.62

**C. Dictionaries** . . . . . **526** Sanskrit-Tibetan Dictionary . . . . . 526 Nighantu . . . . . 527 Siddharastu . . . . . 527 Shabdavidya Sastra . . . . . 528

v1.c1.63

VOLUME II

v1.c1.64

**SECTION VII** **LITERATURE** . . . . . **531** Overview . . . . . 534

v1.c1.65

**A. Literary Genre** . . . . . **547** Fictional Narratives of the Supernatural World . . . . . 547 The Legend of the Tang Dynasty . . . . . 548 Transformational Texts . . . . . 548 Stories of Gods and Demons . . . . . 549 Maudgalyayana Opera . . . . . 549 Indian Mythology . . . . . 550 Buddhist Literature in India . . . . . 555 Indian Folk Literature . . . . . 556

v1.c1.66

**B. Personalities** . . . . . **557** Chen Duxiu . . . . . 557 Lu Xun . . . . . 559 Su Manshu . . . . . 561 Guo Moruo . . . . . 564 Xu Dishan . . . . . 565 Lin Yutang . . . . . 567

v1.c1.67

Mao Dun . . . . . 568 Xu Zhimo . . . . . 569 Zheng Zhenduo . . . . . 570 Bing Xin . . . . . 571 Ba Jin . . . . . 573 Ai Qing . . . . . 575 Yang Shuo . . . . . 576 Wu Xiaoling . . . . . 576 Shi Zhen . . . . . 577 Mu Dan . . . . . 578 Asvaghosa . . . . . 579 Kalidasa . . . . . 581 Bana . . . . . 586 Rabindranath Tagore . . . . . 589 Thakur Gadadhar Singh . . . . . 596 Mahendulal Garg . . . . . 597 S C Chatterjee . . . . . 597 Muhammad Iqbal . . . . . 598 Amar Singh . . . . . 599 Munshi Premchand . . . . . 599 Jaishankar Prasad . . . . . 601 Yashpal . . . . . 601 Jainendra Kumar . . . . . 602 Mulk Raj Anand . . . . . 602 R K Narayan . . . . . 603 Agyeya . . . . . 604 K A Abbas . . . . . 605 Krishan Chander . . . . . 605 Maitreyi Devi . . . . . 606 V Akilan . . . . . 607

v1.c1.68

C. Works . . . . . 607

v1.c1.69

The Tale of the Procurement of Scriptures by the Tripitaka Master of the Great Tang . . . . . 607 The Investiture of the Gods . . . . . 608 The Drama of Journey to the West . . . . . 609 Journey to the West . . . . . 609 Expedition to the Western Oceans . . . . . 611 Mahabharata . . . . . 612 Ramayana . . . . . 615 Jatakamala . . . . . 620 Harsacarita . . . . . 620 Nagananda . . . . . 621 Pancatantra . . . . . 622 Puranas . . . . . 623 Padmavat . . . . . 627 Ramacaritamanas . . . . . 627 Sursagar . . . . . 628 Kabirgranthavali . . . . . 629

v1.c1.70

SECTION VIII VISUAL AND PERFORMING ARTS . . . . . 631

v1.c1.71

Overview . . . . . 634

v1.c1.72

A. Music • Dance • Drama . . . . . 650

v1.c1.73

Kucha Music . . . . . 650 Buddhist Music . . . . . 651 Indian Music . . . . . 652 Saptaswaras . . . . . 656 Tianzhu Music . . . . . 657 Indian Dance . . . . . 657 Bharatanatyam . . . . . 663 Indian Drama . . . . . 666

v1.c1.74

B. Personalities . . . . . 668

v1.c1.75

Wan Baochang . . . . . 668 Cao Miaoda . . . . . 668 Sujiva . . . . . 668 Cui Lingqin . . . . . 669 Nan Zhuo . . . . . 670 Duan Anjie . . . . . 671 Mei Lanfang . . . . . 671 Zhang Jun . . . . . 674 Uday Shankar . . . . . 676 Ravi Shankar . . . . . 677 Kamala Lakshman . . . . . 680

v1.c1.76

C. Types of Songs and Dances . . . . . 680

v1.c1.77

Lion Dance . . . . . 680 Triumphant March of Prince of Qin . . . . . 681 Nishangyuyi Melody . . . . . 683 Brahman Sangeet . . . . . 684 Natyashastra . . . . . 685

v1.c1.78

D. Painting • Sculpture . . . . . 686

v1.c1.79

Concepts and Schools* . . . . . 686

v1.c1.80

Chinese Painting . . . . . 686 Cao Zhongda Technique . . . . . 688 Iron Line Drawing . . . . . 688 Ancient Indian painting Technique . . . . . 689 Gandhara Art . . . . . 690 Gupta Art . . . . . 691 Nimnonnata . . . . . 694

v1.c1.81

Architecture* . . . . . 695

v1.c1.82

Dunhuang Caves . . . . . 695 Binglingsi Caves . . . . . 696 Yungang Caves . . . . . 697 Qizil Caves . . . . . 699 Dayan Stupa . . . . . 699 Ajanta Caves . . . . . 700 Great Stupa of Kanishka . . . . . 701 Sanchi Stupa . . . . . 702

v1.c1.83

Personalities* . . . . . 702

v1.c1.84

Gu Kaizhi . . . . . 702 Dai Kui . . . . . 703 Zhang Sengyou . . . . . 704 Cao Zhongda . . . . . 704 Wu Daozi . . . . . 705 Yuchi Yiseng . . . . . 706 Yang Huizhi . . . . . 706 Zhang Yanyuan . . . . . 706 Qi Baishi . . . . . 707 Xu Beihong . . . . . 707 Zhang Daqian . . . . . 709 Ye Qianyu . . . . . 709 M F Hussain . . . . . 710 Abanindranath Tagore . . . . . 711 Nandalal Bose . . . . . 712

v1.c1.85

E. Films . . . . . 712

v1.c1.86

Chinese Films in India . . . . . 712 Indian Films in China . . . . . 713

v1.c1.87

Personalities* . . . . . 717

v1.c1.88

Bruce Lee . . . . . 717 Zhang Yimou . . . . . 718 Jackie Chan . . . . . 718 Sachindranath Sengupta . . . . . 719 Satyajit Ray . . . . . 719 Raj Kapoor . . . . . 720

v1.c1.89

Works* . . . . . 721

v1.c1.90

Awara . . . . . 721 Do Bigha Zamin . . . . . 721

v1.c1.91

Jhansi Ki Rani . . . . . 722 Karwan . . . . . 723 3 Idiots . . . . . 723

v1.c1.92

SECTION IX

v1.c1.93

FOLK CUSTOMS, HEALTH & FITNESS ........... 725 Overview: Folk Customs . . . . . 728 Buddhism and Chinese Popular Beliefs ......... 733 Buddhism and Chinese Popular Festivals ...... 737 sa ga zla ba Festival . . . . . 742 zho ston Festival . . . . . 742 bcu bavi lnga mchod Festival . . . . . 742 Overview: Health & Fitness . . . . . 743 Concept & Terms . . . . . 749 Qigong . . . . . 749 Wushu . . . . . 750 Indian-style Massage . . . . . 751 Yoga . . . . . 751 Kalaripayattu . . . . . 757 *Works* . . . . . 758 Tendon-strengthening Sutra . . . . . 758

v1.c1.94

SECTION X

v1.c1.95

COMMUNICATIONS LINKS AND SITES OF INTERACTION . . . . . 761 Overview . . . . . 764 Silk Road . . . . . 771 India-China Transport and Communication Lines During World War II . . . . . 775

v1.c1.96

A. Names of Places . . . . . 776

v1.c1.97

China . . . . . 776 Chang’an . . . . . 776 Luoyang . . . . . 777 Kashgar . . . . . 778 Yarkand . . . . . 779 Turfan . . . . . 779 Shanghai . . . . . 780 Hong kong . . . . . 781 India . . . . . 782 Magadha . . . . . 783 Takshasila . . . . . 783 Pataliputra . . . . . 784 Kalinga . . . . . 784 Gandhara . . . . . 785 Kashmir . . . . . 786 Chola . . . . . 786 Tamralipta (now Tamluk) . . . . . 787 Uddiyana . . . . . 788 Kamarupa . . . . . 788 Kanchipuram . . . . . 789 Purushapura (now Peshawar) . . . . . 789 Kollam (Quilon) . . . . . 790 Bengala . . . . . 791 Kochi . . . . . 792 Varanasi . . . . . 792 Madras (now Chennai) . . . . . 794 Ladakh . . . . . 795 Bombay (now Mumbai) . . . . . 796 Calcutta (now Kolkata) . . . . . 797 Assam . . . . . 798

v1.c1.98

B. Personalities and People . . . . . 799

v1.c1.99

Zhang Qian . . . . . 799 Wang Dayuan . . . . . 800 Yang Dazhao (Atchew) . . . . . 801 Chinese Community in India . . . . . 801

v1.c1.100

C. Works . . . . . 803

v1.c1.101

Records of the Western Regions of the Great Tang . . . . . 803

v1.c1.102

SECTION XI

v1.c1.103

DIPLOMATIC EXCHANGES . . . . . 807 Overview . . . . . 810

v1.c1.104

A. Concepts . . . . . 817

v1.c1.105

Panchsheel (Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence) . . . . . 817 Hindi Chini Bhai Bhai . . . . . 817

v1.c1.106

B. Events . . . . . 818

v1.c1.107

Visit of Chiang Kai-shek and his wife to India . . . . . 818 Chinese Army in India 1942-1945 . . . . . 819 Establishment of India-China Diplomatic Relations . . . . . 819 Visit of Indian Leaders to China Since the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations......... 820 Visit of Chinese Leaders to India Since the Establishment of India-China Diplomatic relations . . . . . 822 Rajiv Gandhi’s Visit to China in 1988 ......... 825 Chinese Cultural Delegation’s Visit to India in 1954 . . . . . 825

v1.c1.108

C. Organisations, Institutions,

v1.c1.109

Delegations . . . . . 826 China-India Friendship Association . . . . . 826 India-China Goodwill Mission . . . . . 827 Indian Residents Association, Tianjin ......... 827 The Ghadar Party . . . . . 828 Indian National Association of China ......... 828 Indian Youth League . . . . . 829 Indian Independence League . . . . . 829 India-China Friendship Society . . . . . 830 Indian Women’s Society for India-China Friendship . . . . . 831 Indian Medical Mission . . . . . 831 All India Dr Kotnis Memorial Committee ..... 832

v1.c1.110

D. Personalities . . . . . 832

v1.c1.111

Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty . . . . . 832 Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei Dynasty.... 834 Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty . . . . . 835 Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty .......... 837 Empress Wu Zetian . . . . . 838 Wang Xuance . . . . . 840 Li Yibiao . . . . . 842 Kublai Khan . . . . . 843 Yang Tingbi . . . . . 845 Emperor Chengzu of Ming Dynasty . . . . . 845 Zheng He . . . . . 846 Huang Maocai . . . . . 847 Ma Jianzhong . . . . . 848 Wu Guangpei . . . . . 849 Soong Ching-ling . . . . . 850 Mao Zedong . . . . . 851 Zhou Enlai . . . . . 852 Deng Xiaoping . . . . . 853

v1.c1.112

Gupta King . . . . . 854 King Harsavardhana (Siladitya) . . . . . 854 Narasimhavarman II Rajasimha . . . . . 858 Chandrapida . . . . . 858 Luo Haoxin . . . . . 859 Rajendra Chola . . . . . 859 Devakara . . . . . 860 Tie Ge . . . . . 860 Qasar Qaya . . . . . 860 Ibrahim Sharqi . . . . . 861 Saifuddin Hamza Shah . . . . . 861 Jalaluddin . . . . . 863 Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi . . . . . 863 Raja Mahendra Pratap . . . . . 868 M N Roy . . . . . 868 Benoy Kumar Sarkar . . . . . 869 Jawaharlal Nehru . . . . . 870 Subhash Chandra Bose . . . . . 871 Dr M Ramachandra Cholkar . . . . . 872 Dr Madan Mohanlal Atal . . . . . 872 Dr Dwarkanath Shantaram Kotnis . . . . . 873 Dr Bejoy Kumar Basu . . . . . 875 Dr Deben Mukherji . . . . . 875 K P S Menon . . . . . 876 K M Panikkar . . . . . 876 Bishambhar Nath Pande . . . . . 877 Bhakti Bhushan Mandal . . . . . 877

v1.c1.113

SECTION XII

v1.c1.114

MODERN ACADEMIC EXCHANGES . . . . . 879

v1.c1.115

Overview . . . . . 882 India Studies in China . . . . . 884 China Studies in India . . . . . 887

v1.c1.116

A. Organisations, Institutions . . . . . 890

v1.c1.117

Peiping Lecture Association . . . . . 890 Sino-Indian Cultural Society . . . . . 890

v1.c1.118

B. Personalities . . . . . 891

v1.c1.119

Xu Chonghao . . . . . 891 Feng Chengjun . . . . . 892 Taixu . . . . . 892 Huang Chanhua . . . . . 894 Tao Xingzhi . . . . . 894 Hu shi . . . . . 896 Tang Yongtong . . . . . 897 Liang Shuming . . . . . 898 Lü Cheng . . . . . 899 Chen Hansheng . . . . . 900 Su Xuelin . . . . . 901 Wen Yiduo . . . . . 903 Zhou Shujia . . . . . 904 Xiang Da . . . . . 905 Shanti Tseng . . . . . 906 Chang Renxia (Chang Jen-hsieh) . . . . . 907 Fa-fang . . . . . 908 Chen Hongjin . . . . . 909 Dongchu . . . . . 909 Xu Fancheng . . . . . 910 Mi Wenkai . . . . . 911 Yu Yu . . . . . 912 Fang Hao . . . . . 912 Ji Xianlin . . . . . 913 Jin Kemu . . . . . 916 Wei Fengjiang . . . . . 918 Zhu Jieqin . . . . . 919 Yang Yunyuan . . . . . 919 Wei Guisun . . . . . 920 Jao Tsung-I (Rao Zongyi) . . . . . 920 Wu Yan . . . . . 921 W Pachow (Bazhou) . . . . . 921 Wu Baihui . . . . . 922 Yang Ruilin . . . . . 923 Wu Juncai . . . . . 923 Ran Yun-hua . . . . . 924 Yin Hongyuan . . . . . 924 Sun Peijun . . . . . 925 Huang Xinchuan . . . . . 926 Shih Shu-lu . . . . . 927 Li Zhifu . . . . . 928 Liu Anwu . . . . . 928 Jin Dinghan . . . . . 929 Liu Guonan . . . . . 930 Wang Huaiting . . . . . 930 Zhang Mantao . . . . . 931 Shan Yun . . . . . 931 Li Yuanshan . . . . . 932 Jiang Zhongxin . . . . . 932 Zhao Guohua . . . . . 933 Zhou Dafu . . . . . 934 Kshitimohan Sen . . . . . 934 Kalidas Nag . . . . . 935 Rahul Sankritiyayana . . . . . 935 Tan Yun-shan . . . . . 936 Prabodh Chandra Bagchi . . . . . 939 Dr Raghuvira . . . . . 940 Sujit Kumar Mukherji . . . . . 941 Pandit N Aiyaswami Sastri . . . . . 941 Prahlad Pradhan . . . . . 941 K Venkataramanan . . . . . 942 Amitendranath Tagore . . . . . 942 Vidya Prakash Dutt . . . . . 942 V V Paranjpe . . . . . 943 Lokesh Chandra . . . . . 943 Narayan Chandra Sen . . . . . 944 Rajesh Saran . . . . . 944 Tan Chung . . . . . 944 Biswadev Mukherjee . . . . . 946 Vimla Saran . . . . . 946 Haraprasad Ray . . . . . 946 Mira Sinha-Bhattacharjea . . . . . 947 Giridhar Dattatrey Deshingkar . . . . . 948 Govind Purushottam Deshpande . . . . . 948 Haridas Mitra . . . . . 949 Krishna Kinkar Sinha . . . . . 949 Satiranjan Sen . . . . . 949