Encyclopedia of India–China Cultural Contacts v1.c7.s1.t5: rnying ma pa Sect
Encyclopedia of India–China Cultural Contacts v1.c7.s1.t5
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rnying ma pa Sect
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Mying ma pa, one of the major sects of Tibetan Buddhism, the *dharma* lineage sourced from bstan pa snga dar (the 8th century CE) and it was called mying ma by posterity to distinguish from gsar ma founded in bstan pa phyi dar. Rnying ma pa had three major lineage systems of ring brgyud bkav ma, nye brgyud gter ma and zab mo dag snang gi brgyud pa. In reality, ring brgyud bkav ma and nye brgyud gter ma spread and zab mo dag snang gi brgyud pa depended on ring brgyud bkav ma and nye brgyud gter ma and thus it was not classified as an independent lineage system.
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Ring brgyud bkav ma went through the early, intermediate and late development stages and became a sect boasting long history and orthodox dharma lineage in Tibet. The *sutras* such as sgyu vphrul, vdus pa mdo and sems phyogs expounded the doctrine of Ring brgyud bkav ma. It is worth mentioning that gnyags dzanya na ku ma ra (the 8th century CE) in the early stage, gnubs sangs rgyas ye shes (772～867 CE) in the intermediate stage and zur gsum in the late stage all made a great contribution to promoting the development of Ring Brgyud bkav ma.
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Zur po che shakya vbyung gnas (1002-1062 CE), zur chung shes rab grags pa (gsang bdag sgro phug pa, 1014～1074 CE) and zur shakya seng ge (gsang bdag sgro phug pa, 1074～1134 CE) were collectively known as zur gsum. After zur gsum preached ring brgyud bkav, especially gsang bdag sgro phug pa developed many disciples, ring brgyud bkav spread widely. When it spread to mdo khams, ring brgyud bkav was called khams lugs.
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Nye brgyud gter ma is the most important Sharia teaching lineage of Nyingma and its *dharma* lineage traces its history back to bstan pa snga dar (the 8th century CE). Eminent monks such as pad ma vbyung gnas stored Tantric *sutras*, Buddha statues and sacred vessels in different secrete places and named it gter ma. In bstan pa phyi dar (the 12th century CE), many Tertons appeared with legend unearthed the Terma and built temples to teach it, creating Terma lineage system. Nye brgyud gter ma split into byang gter and lho gter.
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Byang gter was founded by Terton rig vdzin rgod ldem dngos grub rgyal mtshan (1337-1409). After unearthing mdzod lnga and other Terma sutras at the age of 19, he compiled and taught Terma and founded byang gter. The temples such as rdo rje brag dgon and dzogs chen dgon were representative temples that preach the doctrine of byang gter.
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Mindrolling Monastery, Lhasa, Tibet, China
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Lho gter was founded by Terton gter bdag rat na gling pa (1403～1482 CE) who complied and collated Terma Part Iunearthed by nyang nyi ma vod zer (1124～1192 CE), Terma Part IIunearthed by gu ru chos kyi dbang phyug (1212-1273 CE) and Terma unearthed by himself and founded lho gter. The temples such as Mindroling Kloster and Palyul Temple were representative temples that preach the doctrine of lho gter.
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Nyingma eminent monk Klong chen rab vbyams pa (1308-1363 CE) built thar pa gling in Bhutan/vbrug yul. Then, Nyingma spread to regions such as vbras ljongs, Nepal and India and built many temples in different regions and Nyingma monks went to rdzogs chen dgon to study Buddhism in the 1950s.
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(*Kalsang gyal*)
Cites (2)
- Guhyasamāja — Sanskrit
- Māyājāla — Sanskrit